نشریه ذهن، حرکت و رفتار
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 2، تابستان 1402)

Athletes have to compete with their competitors to succeed, and as a result, in many situations, they face challenges and get excited. Emotion regulation involves the strategies a person uses to manipulate the occurrence, experience, duration, intensity, and expression of emotion. The aim of the present study is which of the nine strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, which of the Compatible (adaptive) and maladaptive (non-adaptive) strategies have the most predictive power for sports success? The statistical population of the present study included 20 semi-skilled archers in two categories of recreo and compound, which due to the limited statistical population, the sampling method is All members. The present study is a descriptive study in terms of the type of correlation. For this purpose, standard questionnaires of sports success of Mousavi and Vaez Mousavi (2015) and Garnfsky and Craig (CERQ) (2006) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were examined, were used to collect information. Descriptive and inferential statistics of Pearson correlation with SPSS 26 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sports success. On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sports success. And there is a significant relationship between the cognitive strategies that archers use to regulate their emotions, and their athletic success rate.

Acrophobia is one of the most common fears that one loses thinking and even standing in face of it. The purpose of this study was to investigate psychometric properties of Cohen Acrophobia Questionnaire (ACQ) among Iranian athletes. 225 athletes (75 girls and 150 boys) age ranged 18-50 years old (25.70±6.86 years) and sport experiences of 8.5 ± 3 year participated in this study. The acrophobia questionnaire includes two items of anxiety and avoidance, each containing 20 questions. Prior to the factor analyses, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's test of sphericity was used to assess the suitability of the respondent data for factor analysis. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the construct validity of the questionnaire using Absolute, Comparative and Parsimony fit indices. It was used the internal consistency coefficient of Cronbach's alpha to calculate the reliability of questions in each subscale. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the comparative, absolute, and parsimony indices are in acceptable range. Also, the results of Cronbach's alpha test showed that reliability coefficient of anxiety and avoidance subscales were .96 and .97 respectively. the findings of this study indicate that, Cohen acrophobia questionnaire could be used as a reliable tool to measure acrophobia among Iranian athletes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of linear and non-linear training on learning badminton long serve skills in 9-12-year-old boys with Down Syndrome. The present study was applied, semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test with control group. 45 boys from 9 to 12 years old with Down Syndrome in Tabriz Welfare Center were selected and after homogenization based on the pre-test scores randomly in three groups of linear training (15 people), non-linear training (15 people) and control group ( 15 people) were placed. The acquisition phase consisted of 12 weeks and 2 sessions per week and each session lasted for 60 minutes. The task of the test was badminton long serve. After the end of the acquisition phase, the post-test and 48 hours later the memory test was performed. So that there is a significant difference between the measured steps in linear and non-linear training methods. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the different experimental groups in the post-test and memorization stages, so that the subjects of the linear and non-linear training groups performed better than the control group. In the explanation of the current research, it can be stated that in most motor learning studies, especially those conducted in young people, researchers believe that interventions and training have a significant effect on growth, learning and motor performance, and therefore the type of intervention is necessary.

Mental fatigue is defined as a psychological state that occurs due to a required cognitive activity. Mental fatigue manifests itself in different ways and is associated with increased error probability and decreased reaction time speed during simple cognitive tasks. The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effect of mental fatigue on the performance of semi-skilled badminton players.

This research is among semi-experimental research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of methodology. The research design was carried out as a pre-test and post-test as a counterbalance. The sample of the present study included 20 semi-skilled female badminton athletes who were selected as available. The tools used in this research were Stroop Effect, Multidimensional Mental Fatigue, Scale, showing a neutral documentary film and Scott and Fox performance test. First, the participants were given a pre-test, after that they were given a Stroop effect task and after 48 hours of watching a neutral documentary, and after each task, they were asked to perform a long serve badminton performance test.

The obtained results indicated that mental fatigue significantly caused the performance of semi-skilled badminton players to decrease in the performance of long serve badminton, but the neutral documentary show had no significant effect on the mental fatigue of semi-skilled badminton players in the performance of long serve badminton.

It can be concluded that a cognitive task training session causes mental fatigue and can have a negative effect on athletes' performance.

Recently, the effect of the intensity and type of physical activity on executive functions has been the focus of many researchers. Our aim of this research was to investigate the effect of acute exhausting exercises on working memory of young athletes and non-athletes. The research method was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included male athletes and non-athletes, and the research sample included male athletes and non-athletes in Yazd. N-back 2 test was used to measure working memory and conconi training protocol was used as a retention training protocol. The working memory test was performed immediately after the conconi test, after 7 and 15 minutes. The mixed ANOVA method was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that immediately after the conconi test, the working memory of athletes and non-athletes drops. This decrease was significantly higher in non-athletes than in athletes. Also, the working memory of both groups improved after 5 and 7 minutes, and the working memory of the athlete group was significantly better than the non-athlete group in these stages. According to the results of this research, athletes had better performance in the working memory test than non-athletes.

It is not yet clear whether exposure to competitive exercise training (CET) can lead to adaptation and reduction of salivary markers of stress in adolescents or not? This study aimed to investigate the effects of six weeks of exposure to CET in modulating the response of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol to a single bout of acute competitive activity in adolescents. 24 healthy adolescents (12 girls and 12 boys) participated in this research in two groups of competitive (n=12) and noncompetitive(n=12) exercises with random allocation of 50% to each gender. Exercises were performed in both groups for six weeks and two sessions per week. The subjects performed the acute competitive activity with an interval of 48 hours before and after the training period. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase responses were evaluated before and 5 minutes after the acute competitive activity in two stages, pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was done with the Repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests at the statistical level of P≤0.05.The results indicated a significant increase in salivary alpha-amylase after the acute competitive activity in the pre-test and post-test in both groups (p<0.05), but cortisol did not change significantly in any of the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in cortisol and alpha-amylase responses (P<0.05). In summary the results showed that adolescents respond to the stress caused by acute competitive activity in the form of an increase in salivary alpha-amylase, and repeated participation in six weeks CET does not have an effect on modulating the response of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of cognitive styles on the amount of explicit and implicit learning, in order to find out whether cognitive style can be effective in the superiority of people's performance. This research was semi-experimental and its design included four pre-test and post-test groups. The participants of the present study were undergraduate physical education students of Tabriz University with an age range of (18-23) years. As a result of classification into four groups (12 people in each group) 1. Filed dependent-explicit learning 2. Filed dependent-implicit learning 3. Field independent-explicit learning 4. Field independent-implicit learning were. Hidden images group test was used to identify cognitive styles, and sequential reaction time was measured to study learning functions. In this study, ANOVA was used to examine the possible differences in pre-tests and learning stages and to investigate the possible differences within the group in the learning stages, analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of 0.05 was used. The results showed that in the filed dependent-implicit learning and filed independent explicit learning groups there was a significant difference between the pre-test stages with other stages and also in filed dependent-explicit learning and field independent-implicit groups there was a significant difference between the pre-test and retention stages. Comparing the results of the pre-test, acquisition, retention and transfer stages, it was observed that all groups performed better in the retention stage. According to the studied variable, individuals needed more time to perform the movement in the pre-test or the speed of movement had improved in the memorization stage, and also the exercise had improved the performance in all groups.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and personality types and the performance of elite (experienced) and novice (inexperienced) athletes in shooting task. The statistical population included athletes of pistol shooting, 30 of them were selected as elite and beginner participants based on their level of activity as the sample population. Bar-on emotional intelligence questionnaire and Freidman and Rosenman questionnaire were used respectively to measure emotional intelligence and to determine personality type. Shapiro-wilk test was used for determine normal distribution of data and Freidman test, and spearman correlation coefficient test were used for data analysis using SPSS 16. The results showed that there was a significant relationship among emotional intelligence, its components and subscales and the shooting performance of athletes. Also, factors like stress tolerance, problem solving and realism (being realistic) were at the highest level. In addition, elite athletes have type-B personality. According to the findings of this research, paying attention to the emotional intelligence skills and developing them in shooting performance of athletes can be considered by the concerning coaches and officials to improve the shooting skills.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of physical, mental and combined exercises on the balance disorders of elderly men with Parkinson's disease. The present semi-experimental research used the pre-test-post-test design and the purposeful sampling method. The statistical sample of the research was 40 male Parkinson's patients aged 55-70, who were placed in 4 groups of 10 (physical, mental, combined and control exercises). Research participants did 24 sessions of 45 minutes in their training groups. To measure balance, the force plate test was used to evaluate balance in a static state, the SEBT test was used to evaluate balance in a dynamic state, and the Wilson motor imagery ability questionnaire was used to measure motor imagery ability. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements (4x2) at a significance level of 0.05 and Tukey's post hoc test using S. P. S. S version 23 were analyzed. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in the displacement of the center of pressure on the X and Y axes, anterior dynamic balance, external and internal posterior dynamic balance, and the ability to visualize movement between the physical, mental, combined and control exercise groups in the post-test, and so that in the exercise group The combination was more improved than the physical group and the physical group was better than the mental group. Therefore, it is suggested to use physical training experts who are aware of physical and mental and combined exercises in order to improve Parkinson's patients in medical centers and hospitals.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Active video games‏) ‏Kinect‐Xbox‏(‏‎ on inhibitory control and visual/spatial ‎active memory children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.the research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all children aged 8 to 12 Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Urmia city, 24 of them were randomly selected and tested in two groups of 12 (average age: 10.14±1.20) and control (mean age: 9.50 ± 1.22). The participants performed the Go/no GO test to measure inhibitory control and the Corsi block ‎Test( CBT) to measure visual-spatial working memory in the pre-test and post-test similarly.‎ the experimental group played Active video games‏) ‏Kinect‐Xbox)‏ ‏ for 4 weeks, two sessions a week and each session lasted 60 minutes. The data was analyzed through one-way analysis of covariance in Spss software Version 25. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test score, there is a significant difference between the presentation error, omission error, visual/spatial active memory reaction time of the two experimental and control groups in the post-test (p=0.001). Active video games seem to have the potential to improve executive functions (inhibitory control and visual/spatial working memory), because it involves processing different types of information and adapting strategies dynamically and in real time

The purpose of this study was to determine comarison of winning and losing effect on early maladaptive schemas of female and female athletes of different disciplines. The present study is a descriptive-analytical (post-trait) research method. The statistical population of this study is all female athletes from team disciplines (basketball and handball) and individual (athletics and karate) who participated in the championship of the province (East Azarbaijan) and country in 2019. According to the statistics, the number of these people was estimated at 3,200 athletes. The statistical sample of this study, based on the sample size table, was Krjatsy and Morgan (1970), the sample size was 346 people. The current research tool was Yang Schema Questionnaire (2003). Data were analyzed using independent t-test. All data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 20. The results showed that athletes in a win group had significantly lower range of early maladaptive schemas. Team athletes had significantly higher early maladaptive schemas.

This study aimed to examine the differences between green physical activity and home-based physical activity on motivational regulations, physical literacy, subjective vitality, and intention to continue physical activity. One hundred and twenty secondary students (50% males) participated in this quasi-experimental study. They were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (first experimental group one: physical activity at the park and green space, second experimental group: home-based physical activity, and third experimental group: home-based physical activity behind flowers and flower bots), and followed exercises for 8 weeks. Compared to students in the second and third groups, students in the first experimental group reported higher autonomous motivation and vitality. Amotivation also decreased for students in the second group. Controlled motivation, physical literacy, and intention to continue physical activity did not change results from the interventions. Generally, green physical activity would help students to autonomously motivate toward activities and experience higher vitality, which also has important implications for teachers and physical activity psychologists during challenging times