نشریه زبان کاوی کاربردی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 13، تابستان 1402)

Constituent interrogatives are employed to request for more than yes/no answers from interlocutors. Extant works on constituent interrogatives in Yorùbá are yet to pay adequate attention to the syntactic behaviour of question nouns (QNs), question verbs (QVs) and interrogative qualifiers in the language. Therefore, this paper investigated the syntax of constituent interrogatives in Yorùbá with a view to providing plausible evidence showing QNs, QVs and interrogative qualifiers as constituent interrogative markers in the language. Primary and secondary data were collected and subjected to syntactic analysis within the confines of Minimalist Program (MP). Yorùbá uses the following to form its constituent interrogatives: QVs (dà, ńkọ́), QNs (ta, kí, èwo, mélòó, èló, ìkelòó) and interrogative qualifiers (wo, kelòó). A QN is copied to the clause left peripheral position in a content-word question unlike an echoed question.  Wo as the interrogative qualifier, that is the question marker (QM) in ìgbà wo ‘when’ ibo (ibi è(wo) ‘where’, báwo (bá wo) ‘how’ has its [+Q], the question feature percolated through the entire DPs, that is the question phrases (QPs). A QN does more than satisfying focus requirement in the language while the QVs (dà and ńkọ́) perform predicate function. A QN qualifies a preceding noun just like a nominal qualifier does in an affirmative sentence in the language.

One of the common discussions in literacy criticism is how his mental concerns are reflected in his work. As literature, especially poems, take their themes from the depth of the human spirit, we can point to the effects the governed psychological situation on the poet's characteristics has on the literary creations. Individual psychology is considered a personality theory that is founded by Alfred Adler, the Austrian psychologist. According to this approach, feeling inferiority is one of the mental states that is formed at the beginning of a person's life at his personality and affects his different behavioral aspects till the end of life. The feeling of inferiority is considered the main human encouraging force toward his objectives and wishes. From the individual psychology viewpoint, the effort to gain superiority is formed as the consequence of this feeling of inferiority and makes the individual's personality coherent. According to this approach, all peoples has the feeling of inferiority inside themselves only to different degrees. If the feeling of inferiority does not exceed its limit leads to progress and superiority of the person. However, if this feeling is not controlled finally leads to an inferiority complex in the person. The feeling of inferiority in its different kinds is affected by the unique situations of each person in childhood, his initial training, and their spiritual, social, political, and geographical situations. The current study tries to study the verbal signs of inferiority feeling at the personality of Ali Fouda, the contemporary Palestinian poet, according to Alfred Adler's viewpoint. Of these signs in Ali Fouda's poetry, the reprimanding and blaming tone (using reversals), the proud word (using Hazage rhythm or shortening the hemstitches in addition to selecting stretched syllables at the ends, repeating identity signs), contradiction (using contradictory atmosphere at the concept of the words arrangements), complain of the situation and conditions of the time (using the selection of the human primary needs), using folk songs and alien words can be pointed out. All of these are revealed due to the effect of an inappropriate social environment as well as the difficult situation in his family life.

From a cognitive linguistics viewpoint, metaphor not only is a linguistic process but also is connected with human thought and we can be aware of the speaker's method of thought with it. The main cognitive application of metaphor is to provide an understanding of an abstract concept through a more tangible concept. Then it plays a significant role in the determination of mystical concepts. One of the main and fundamental issues in religious literature is the concept of "Love" due to its abstractness, it is expressed generally at the framework of conceptual metaphor.  Imam Ali has used this art structure in Nahj Al-Balagheh as a tool to understand abstract concepts. Therefore, in the current study, those metaphorical statements containing the concept of "Love" are extracted from Nahj Al-Balagheh's speeches adapting a quality approach and analytical-descriptive method and they were analyzed and studied based on cognitive metaphorical theory. The conceptual metaphor has been categorized from different aspects. Metaphors in the first category are studied from the role viewpoint (structural, ontological, and orientational), and in the second category from the nature viewpoint (propositional, pictorial-schematic, and pictorial). According to the results of this study, Imam Ali made the abstract concept of "love" understandable for the audiences at the cognitive metaphorical framework, schema, and tangible and objective areas of destination. In structural metaphors, he depicted the concept of "love" using "Hijab", "Disease", "Commodity", and "Object' as the areas of origin for the audiences. The ontological metaphors play an important role in the description of the "love" concept and the sentences implied it. He tried to stabilize its meaning in the mind of the audience by objectification to abstract concepts, sometimes using description and animatism. He used the volumetric schema for conceptualization of the "love" and introduced the love of God internalized in the angels' beings as the cup of love. On the other place imagined the concept of "guidance" as a place where its doors are open for the entrance of lovers and the people should use this opportunity, to enter the atmosphere of divine mercy, and be on the way of guidance before the door is closed. Imam Ali at a motion schema used the motion that is an inevitable and objective behavior of every person to do daily affairs to describe the concept of "love". In such a way, using "God" visualization at a place framework, encouraged the God lovers to step and move toward the path of salvation through jihad and fighting which is a means to reach the true god.

The contemporary poem plays a special role given to society's atmosphere to express social themes to empower the spirit of cooperation and sympathy. The poem is not a phenomenon unique to the poet but social issues are important factors to create a poem, as the poet understands the spirit of his people's age and knows their happiness and grief. Investigating the poet's social commitment is one of the main pillars of studying literature sociology. We studied the social issues of Muhammad Ghazavi's collection of poems, which is published in concurrence with corona prevalence in 2020 and during corona epidemics crisis as “Love in the Time of Corona". The poet is influenced and infected by corona and he depicted missing friends who passed away without saying goodbye. He talked about the pain of the disease and he is the healer of the patients.  Meanwhile, he did not slack off against the corona's stubbornness and he did not calm down and relied on his art and poet and turned to poetry. He understood the pain and torture of his compatriots and took the dimensions and manifestations of the disease into account. As it can be seen, he made love with the excruciating pain and hardness of this disaster and may be found shelter or calm in this flirting. He regrets his past times. Ghazavi talked about the effects and damages of this epidemic the life and society such as the closure of mosques and places of worship as well as the effect of the disease on the behavior and ethic of the people. He reminded us of real heroes, honorable doctors who encountered this epidemic then ended his speeches with an elegy on the dead. The poet is eminent at depicting this epidemic and its dimensions on his characteristic and society from both art and literary viewpoint. He revealed the vices and virtues the people and the society indicated of themselves at the prevalence of this epidemic disease and the differences between good and bad people in his poems. He ended his poems with prayers and supplications to God Almighty. This feature distinguishes him from other poems. This prayer-like termination is adjusted with the spirit of his compatriots.

An important issue in learning a second language is to withdraw from learning the second language which affects directly the learning quality and arriving at educational objectives and its adverse consequences have been always aimed at language learners. Therefore, studying the effective factors in this social complex issue to take appropriate prohibitory strategies seems necessary. The statistical population of this study constitutes of 800 language learners of UACECR. The volume of the statistical sample was considered 261 persons using Morgan Table and with a 95% confidence coefficient. After arranging the statistical population based on the total score and given the provided categorization in this article, 261 statistical samples were selected with a simple random method from the first, third, and fourth quarters. The samples were composed of 12 to 18 years old boy and girl learners at the elementary level. The effect of the "gender" factor was studied in addition to the correlation between "absence" and "withdrawal of learning" factors. For this purpose, the samples were separated into two groups "the language learners with a total score higher than 90" and "the language learners with a total score lower than 80". The study's assumptions were studied using the chi-square test at SPSS V.24 software. The results of obtained data analysis indicated that the total absence coefficient of the boys is 123.2% which is 15.1% higher than the total girls. It is worth noting that girls in the diligent group absented 26.8% less, and the girls in the less diligent group absented 10.6% more compared to their boys' counterpart group. Meanwhile, the less diligent boys and girls absented 48% and 10.6% more compared to their same gender in the diligent group. The relative percentage indicated the learning withdrawal of the studied groups to the total complex. As indicated 19.95 of the girls in the studied population withdraw from learning the language in the next term of which 27.6% were related to the less diligent group and 47.4% were related to the diligent boys' group.  The coefficient of absence and learning withdrawal were significantly correlated with  0.048 and 0.011 respectively for diligent and less diligent groups at a 5% level. No significant correlation was seen among other variables at the 5% level. It can be also said that although according to structural strain theory, totally boys are more subjected to language learning withdrawal, this is completely reversed in the "less diligent" girl group. In other words, this group of girl language learners even withdraw more compared to their boy counterparts. Finally, it seems that the "absence" variable can be considered an appropriate factor to predict language learning withdrawal of English learners.

Mazandaran is the origin of Alevi Shiite and contains Islamic valuable buildings. The paintings of the ceilings are a kind of indigenous and religious architecture of the North Mazandaran, most of which are illustrated in the Qajar period. Drawings that originated from the artist's imagination, adapted from religious books and Quran, are the cultural and social life of the artist at his time. In other words, the themes such as plant, epic and mythological motifs, and geometrical and religious motifs are seen. The color is generated by the means of taking the light by the eye and it has emerged through the radiation and reflection of the light against the eye of the spectator. Meanwhile, color is a visual element that is used as an element or a metaphorical symbol in art. Many artists are using colors fit with the concept, which is due to transferring through their artistic work to the audiences.  Application of the color at the ceiling paintings is restricted and many ceiling paintings missed their color quality and drawing during the time. The colors are reconstructed in some of them including Fulad Kola at Babolsar and "Ahangar Kola" at Ghaemshahr. We studied how the religious visual signs are realized in the development of Mazandaran's vernacular ceiling paintings. This study aims to access the hidden and visible themes of these symbols and the paintings and study how much the people of Mazandaran tend to them in this era. It seems that these two arts, given their common content roots, benefit from common verbal elements too. These arts, aligned and influenced by each other, are an appropriate manifestation to draw the faith and religious beliefs of the people by the artists who are not generally trained and originated from society. The colors in the Quran and Nahj al Balagheh are in the form of the color name itself and their conceptual expression is mostly in yellow, white, black, green, red, and blue colors. Sometimes, the combination of two colors is seen. Of passing the light to darkness and passing the green to yellow color, the concept's replacement and change in the human spirits and actions, come to mind