نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، زمستان 1401)

The flow of tourism indicates the spatial displacement of tourists in a region, while also the ‎spatial distribution of tourists throughout the tourist destinations is influenced by many factors. ‎Therefore, recognizing the most important factors affecting tourism flows helps to develop ‎tourism. Therefore, in this study, the main goal is to identify the most important factors affecting ‎rural tourism attraction streams. The research is a practical methodology in terms of descriptive-‎analytical methodology and in terms of purpose. The sample of the research includes 30 experts ‎in the field of tourism who have been selected by snowball method. The study area is rural ‎tourism destinations in the field of tourism influence of Mashhad. To analyze the findings, SPSS ‎software, PLS structural equations and DFAHP multi-criteria decision making model have been ‎used. In this study, the variable of tourism absorption flows using 7 factors in the form of 31 ‎components has been studied. The findings show that the highest mean belongs to the average ‎accessibility index of 3.82. Also, the study of factors using single sample T-test, PLS path ‎analysis and fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchy process showed that the most important factors ‎are accessibility, attractions and spatial-spatial factors. The study of components using DFAHP ‎model also showed that the components of accessibility quality, accommodation facilities and ‎accessibility are the first to third priorities affecting the creation and strengthening of tourism ‎attraction streams.‎

Determining the optimal growth rate of expenditures and the size of the government and its effect on macroeconomic variables is one of the important issues in the field of public sector economics. The increase in government spending has an impact on economic variables and can lead to an increase in production and employment.The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the optimal size of the government in Iran's economy and its effect on the employment of the agricultural sector. In this research, the optimal growth rate for the size of the government was estimated using the dynamic optimal control method. In the following, the effect of optimal size of the government on the employment of the agricultural sector was investigated with the ARDL method and the use of Eviwes software. The results of the estimation of the equation show that in the current situation, the variable government expenditure trend has had a negative and significant effect on the employment of the agricultural sector, both in the short term and in the long term.But the effect of government size in the optimal state has had a positive effect on the employment of the agricultural sector. Therefore, in the implementation of financial policy, the issue of improvement in policy making should be taken into consideration.

Tourism is one of the economic sectors that is affected by the changes in the global system and the technology of the new age has played an important role in its development. Considering the importance of technology in tourism, paying attention to the smart approach is one of the most important topics that can help the growth and development of tourism. Based on this, creating the necessary platforms for the smartening of tourism in rural areas requires knowing and analyzing the factors and obstacles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the smart tourism platform in the target villages of tourism and the upcoming obstacles on a case-by-case basis in Paveh county. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey studies using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research is made up of the residents of three tourist villages including Shamshir, Hajij and Khanqah. Their population is equal to 3848 people and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated as 349 people. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elite society and the reliability was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.82. The result showed that the social, economic and infrastructural factors that form the basis of smart rural tourism are significant at a level of less than 0.05 and the significance direction analysis indicates that their situation is inappropriate in the target villages of tourism. The analysis of the factors at the level of three villages of Shamshir, Khanqah and Hajij with the ANOVA test also confirms that no significant difference was observed between the villages and all three villages have the same situation in terms of smart tourism indicators. According to these conditions,

In the last few years, with the outbreak of Covid-19, human life has changed. One of the important economic sectors of countries that has a lot to do with the crisis and the spread of the pandemic is tourism; Because tourists plan and travel according to the situation of each region. Therefore, with the outbreak of the Covid-19, the tourism sector has also experienced new conditions. In this study, the aim is to first study the situation of rural tourism and then identify and analyze the effects of the prevalence of Covid-19 on rural tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey studies using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of residents of three tourist villages of Dasht Arjan, Band Amir and Qalat in Shiraz county, which amounted to 7465 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 365 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.84. A comparison of the type of imported tourists now compared to before the outbreak indicates that the number of domestic tourists entering the three villages is faster than foreign tourists. The test results confirmed that the Covid-19, economically and socially at a level of less than 0.05 negative effects in various fields such as reduced income, reduced employment, closure of tourist resorts, reduced product supply, reduced financial resources, reduced capital attraction , reduced interaction, reduced tourist tours and reduced women's participation in the tourism sector; But the three variables of rural education and knowledge of tourism, creativity and innovation of tourism, as well as the position of technology in tourism after the pandemic method, had more suitable conditions;

During the last 20 years, Gilan province has always been at the center of immigration and population growth in big and small cities. The city of Bandar Anzali has also been severely affected by the mentioned conditions, so that it has increasingly expanded towards its surroundings during recent decades. The phenomenon of creeping in Anzali city is increasing and it has become the basis for physical-spatial changes in the peri-urban settlements of these areas. The physical expansion of the city of Bandar Anzali has caused the annexation of settlements and their integration. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the various dimensions of the effects of the urban creep of Bandar Anzali on the physical-spatial stability of peri-urban settlements in the physical-infrastructural, social and cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. The results show that there is a correlation between the indices of urban creep and the stability of the studied settlements with a coefficient of 0.638. The adjusted coefficient of determination also shows that 64.8 is the stability of rural settlements through the linear combination of four indicators. Added value of land, improvement of economic status, optimal access to services, diversity in spatial structure, vitality have a greater contribution than other sub-criteria in predicting the dependent variable compared to other variables, and the least effective in the environmental field with the sub-criteria of cleaning and waste. , environmental pollution and the landscape of green space are observed. The physical index had the greatest impact on the sustainability of the studied peri-urban settlements, and the environmental index with a coefficient of 0.352 had the least impact on sustainability

Rural areas today face many problems and dilemmas, one of which is the natural hazards that occur suddenly in rural areas. How to deal with these risks has caused the issue of resilience to face risks in many societies today. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the resilience of rural areas against natural hazards in Golpayegan city. The present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. In the research process, first the theoretical foundations of resilience and its study records were studied. The statistical population of the study consists of rural household heads in Golpayegan city, which according to the 2016 census was equal to 15235 people equal to 5451 households. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size by which 379 people were randomly selected as the sample size. One-sample t-test and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the research data. The results of one-sample t-test showed that social resilience with an average of 2.831 in unfavorable condition, economic resilience with an average of 2.779 in unfavorable condition, physical-environmental resilience with an average of 3.109 in favorable condition And institutional resilience with an average of 3.101 is in good condition. Also, the results of linear regression analysis showed that natural hazards had the greatest effect on the economic index with a beta coefficient of 0.476 and the least effect with a beta value of 0.187 on the institutional index. Natural hazards also affected the social index with a beta coefficient of 0.347 and the physical-environmental index with a beta coefficient of 0.299.

The villager around Tehran due to economic and cultural poverty are more vulnerable to the citizens like poverty of social and social culture as well as avoiding hard accesses to educational centers which are concentrated in Tehran. The institute of human sciences has the best hardware and software facilities and government support, including strong centers in providing educational services to villagers around the city of Tehran. The study aims at the development of the educational portfolio services to spread the range of education for villagers with the aim of expanding the culture of villagers around Tehran, at the institute of human sciences. The research method is qualitative and exploratory. For the purpose, development is a deductive approach by using the found mental data analysis and in a theoretical saturation method, deep and targeted interviews were conducted with twelve of the top experts of the Humanities Research Institute who were sampled in a purposeful and judgmental manner to collect data. And with three stages of coding, finally, the studied pattern was extracted. The model consists of seven main categories, in twenty sub categories with eighty - six indicators within the paradigmatic model framework. Humanities Research Institute can develop the culture of the villagers around Tehran in various fields such as entrepreneurship, social and spiritual by expanding education, which can increase the credibility and reputation of the research institute