نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 57 (پاییز 1402)

The ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and to examine the two mythical creatures of these two works from mythological perspective and to investigating their similarities and differences. The results of this research which carried out in analytical-descriptive method, seek to answer the commonalities and differences in the aspects of the two mythical creatures of the aforementioned works and the common criteria between these two works to show that among the numerous characters of these two epic works, similarities between Simorgh and Garuda are noticeable. These similarities and differences could be studies from various perspectives such as their unique place among the mythical birds, their appearances, their full presence as required, and their life on the sacred mountain. Another result of this research is that there are significant differences between these two mythical creatures; For example, in terms of outstanding personality traits, there is a significant difference between these two mythical birds: Simorgh's character relies on his wisdom, while Garuda is admired by his overwhelming physical strength.

Feminine dialect, feminine writing, and feminine style, or in general the feminist movement is a self-conscious movement that seeks to persuade women to emancipate themselves from the domination of the male-dominated intellectual and linguistic system of society and asks them to liberate themselves and their desires, and  explore their hopes and aspirations as an active part of human society. Jaleh Ghaem Maghami is considered by most researchers to be one of the founders of women's literature. Her poems are full of feminine perspective and mentality, and even the anonymous rendition of her poems, would immediately attract the reader’s attention to its female authority. Jaleh's emphasis on her gender in her poetry reflects her efforts to introduce femalehood to society and to change social representation of women. The emergence of the constitutional movement caused a great change in the minds of Iranians. This event revealed its impact in two ways. First, it led to the improvement of literacy, and the necessity of a literature that was accessible to all and that its themes were relevant to the lives of the masses. Second, the extensive connection with the West became more prominent due to the emphasis on the themes of freedom, homeland, nationality, and political and social criticism of poetry and literature. In this research, the author has tried to identify the signs in Jaleh’s Divan in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method, which distinguishes her female poems from male poems and refers to those works as a distinct female writing style.

In the feature of "connection" or "non-connection" in Hafez's lyric poems, there are two dominant and contradictory theories, "verse independence" and "continuity of meaning of verses".according to Shah Shoja's famous critique in Hafez's poems both theories has existed in Hafez's living time and now, in our time these theories are in the center of attention for Hafez's researchers.The theory of the continuity of the verses of Hafez's lyric poems under the title of "logical sequence of verses" as opposed to the theory of "independence of verses" which by comparing Hafez's lyric poems to the surahs of the Qur'an and using the term "Pashan" in the group "Independence of verses", Offered many reasons to reject the "logical sequence of verses".In the last century, many Hafez's researchers have proposed theories in defense of "semantic coherence of verses", but the way each of them proposed to link Hafez's verses was different and sometimes contradictory to the other theories.In this research, while introducing and examining the views of Hafez's researchers in this field, an attempt has been made to identify and analyze their methods for connecting the poet's verses, because belief and commitment to "semantic continuity of verses" leads to better understanding and deeper knowledge in Hafez's poems.The statistical population of this research is the works of Hafez's researchers in the last century who have expertise on the "semantic continuity of verses" of Hafez's poem or have provided a way to connect Hafez verses. The sample size is all books, articles and sources that have been referred to in this research. the research method is descriptive-analytical and the theoretical framework, views and analyzes that believe in the semantic continuity of Hafez's verses.

Russian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning and meaning is nothing but the connections between the formal components of the word.In this article, the researcher has studied three lyrics of Rumi from the perspective of Russian formalism based on the theory of Jacobsen and Grammon in a descriptive-analytical method. It is worth mentioning that Rumi has created tones in the lyrics through repeated words, symmetry, imagery, metaphor, expression, pauses, emphasis and etc., which interact with the emotional dimension of the work. The role of structural art, which is one of the principles of formalism, has an aesthetic aspect in Rumi's lyrics and has led to innovation in the construction and form of verses in order to become richer and more artistic through harmony, de-familiarization, anomaly, metaphorical and figurative images.

The Jungle Uprising, following the failure of the Constitutional Revolution, occurred in the last years of the thirteenth century AH, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, with the aim of fighting the Shah's dictatorship and overthrowing the Russian and British occupiers from the north and supporting the oppressed people against the courtiers. Corrupt, oppressive landlords and wealthy merchants were formed. The life of this movement was very short due to internal and external attacks. The common people’s support and human goals of the movement caused its incredible influence among farmers and artisans, and at the same time had a profound effect on political, social and cultural institutions and paved the way for a kind of resistance literature in Iran in the form of poetry and literature. The data of this research are provided by documentary method and are analyzed and described using content analysis tools and qualitative methods. The most important achievement of this research is that, firstly, the government and its affiliates have not hesitated to stop killing people in order to protect their interests, and secondly, the emotional impact on the movement's data on the people has been more than its historical impact.

Post-colonialism is an Interdisciplinary approach that has been developed extensively during recent decades. These studies search and criticize manifestations of discourse of post-colonialism in the era of post-independence specifically in literary as well as cultural products. In this field of study, post-colonial concepts such as Euro-centrism, gender, inferior, the other, racism and Orientalist discourse, are analyzed in two general categories of colonizer and colonized. Based on the post-colonial theories, this article examines the representation of “the other” in the poems of two important poets of the Constitutional period (Mirzadeh Eshqi and Aref Qazvini) and in the light of the post-colonialism discourse,  the research shows how these poets deal with the duality of the discourse of postcolonialism and regain the identity of “self” against western making of “the other”. It is also investigated that in their struggle with colonizers, theses poets are at times influenced by radical nationalistic medievalism which misled them in the modern colonialist goals and has ultimately resulted in the double strengthening of the colonizers, the oppressors and the hegemonic power.

Peter Blau, as one of the exchange theory theorists, tried to develop a theory integrating behaviorism ad realism. Blau’s goal was to understand the social culture based on the social processes ruling the relations between individuals and groups. Blau stressed the exchange process as he assumed it directs human behaviors more and dominates the relationships among human beings and those of the groups. Analyzing the authors’ works in every period and in every nation suggests their attitude and mindset about the environments surrounding them and the social, political, economic issues and ... . The present study performed by descriptive-analytical method and based on the library references, the fables and stories of Marzban-Name viewed as one of the social classical literature fictions, will be analyzed via the perspective of Blau’s social exchange theory so that to be able to answer this question as to “Through what process of social exchanges the fictional characters in the two groups called the peasant and the king direct their behavior against each other in their work? “The results indicate that as the author of this fiction believes, various images emerge from the characters’ social behavior as the people of a society where the exchange structure has organized them; some powerful systems, though visible at an individual level, beyond which there is a robust hidden structure displaying itself in the exchange process among the society members.

Disagreeing means inconsistency and expression of words and sentences that are signs of dissatisfaction. If the opposition is rooted in socio-political anomalies, then the "opposition" is someone who takes on the role of fighting injustice and social corruption, especially among powerful groups in society, and using the opportunities that exist in the hand of power. Due to his criticism of social condition, Hafez is deemed amongst the poets of disagreement who utilizes symbolic words to take side with ethico-social norms. In his social, anti-readings he challenges the religious hypocrites who are corrupted.  The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze symbolic characters as one of the characteristics of intellectual style in opposition to social readings of Hafez's poetry, which has been done using a descriptive-analytical method. The result of this research shows that Hafez has been able to show one of his critical tricks in opposing the existing government by employing various personalities.

Women’s issues (implying a living creature, fertile, originally related to life), their personality, position and status in the family and society are among other issues that, similar to  other cultural and social issues, are reflected in the mirror of literature and culture of nations, embodying the personal and social attitudes of the authors and the general public to indicate the way women were treated . Do they think women have the same rights as men? Or that woman is a parasitic and second-hand creature dependent on man, who has no independence in her opinions and personality? Or what is the role of woman from the perspective of Quran and Islam and other holy books and religious leaders and experts? The present research seeks to address the aforementioned questions in various eras particularly in Qajar dynasty period to examine the status of women.

Modern sonnet is a new type of lyric with a new look and modern language that has emerged after the spread of modern poetry in the Iranian literary community. Simin Behbahani has introduced herself as one of the diligent pioneers of this poetic form with works such as: "Novelties", "Line of Speed ​​and Fire", "Arjan Plain", "A Window of Freedom" and "One, for example". Considering the effect of Nima's poetry on the emergence of new sonnets and the Simin’s new rendition in this type of sonnet, Nima's influence on Simin’s poetry cannot be ignored. In this research, the author has employed a descriptive-analytical method and library materials to examine Simin Behbahani's attitude towards herself, others and her environment in modern Nimai lyric poems. By examining such poems by Simin, it is concluded that Simin’s modern sonnet has combined forms for the romantic expression of social issues. Simin, with her numerous poems, has proved that many of the principles of Nimaian poetry can be applied in sonnets; According to the principle of poetic self-examination, in Simin Behbahani's new sonnets, there is no distance between the poet and her poetry. She is a socialist poet and similar to Nima has addressed current current social issues in her poetry.

Undoubtedly, one of the glorious manifestations of Persian literature is Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi (604-672AH). Although, as he deems himself a follower of Sanai and Attar Neyshabouri in Persian literature and mysticism, he is considered as the leader of all poets of mystical poetry. Melted in wisdom and love, Rumi lived in the seventh century AH, and due to migration from east to west of Iran, he remained obscure from historians and the rest of poets. However, during ninth century Abd al-Rahman Jami (817-898), a prominent mystic and poet, introduced Rumi in his memoir "Nafahat al-Ons", and provided the readers with useful biographical information about the poet, his family and his masters. From the ninth century onwards, Rumi's enthusiasm increased in the central and eastern lands of the Persian speakers. Of course, Sheikh Ajal, Saadi, because of globe-trotting, in his own words in "Boostan", went to "Rome" with friends, to visit Rumi, " The wise mystic", who is an exception to the ignorant, yet unaware of Rumi’s greatness. It is from the second half of the ninth century that Rumi's admirers rush to Konya to visit his tomb, and the poets of Persian literature engage in "imitation", "estimation" and "thematization" of his lyric poems and Masnavi. Mystics began to describe Masnavi and poets embraced his passionate poems warmly. The researcher in the present article in a "descriptive-analytical" method intends to introduce a number of great figures of Persian literature, from Saadi to Saeb, who have followed Rumi in lyric poetry.

One of the signs of nostalgia and resentment of scholars and rationalists about the system or the order of existence of their time is their complaints reflected in the mirror of literature. Criticism of lack of an appropriate social status proper to one's knowledge and art, nostalgia for poverty, lack of freedom of speech and action to express scientific and philosophical views, ignorance of citizens, etc., whose speech is constantly accompanied by projections such as attributing difficulties to the sky, rooted in Zarwani culture and is referred to as  Destiny, implying the the will of God Almighty. Almost nobody admires the corruption, hypocrisy and coercion that dominates these poets’ social milieu. Therefore, occasionally the rationalists fail to grasp order and discipline in the universe.  Some wise people have examined the issue through the lens of wisdom and philosophy, and some from the perspective of religion and mysticism. It is a pity that the role of men of power and statesmen is less well-addressed regarding these shortcomings. Some have called it the religion of the sea and others have labelled it as the law of whirlwind. The author of this article tries to study (descriptive-analytical) some of the annoyances of the artists and to point out their origins.

Gerard Genet, a prominent structuralist narrator, has proposed a comprehensive blueprint for narrative texts. He has proposed three aspects of narrative structure in his narrative theory including grammatical time (order, frequency, duration), dimension (distance and focus) and the tone or sound (narrator in three levels: meta-narrative, narrative level and sub-narrative). This study, examines the novel Asfar Kataban, by Aboutrab Khosravi based on the theory of Genet’s narratology with a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research indicate that the author has created temporal distortion by using the method of flashback. He has slowed down the narration of the story by eliminating and summarizing it, and has slowed down the narration by expressing a descriptive delay. Also, in critical moments, with the frequent repetition of a narration, the importance of the incident has been highlighted, and the novel has reached the meta-fiction level with the multiplicity of narrators and narrations, anachronism, the death of the author and the narrative nature of history.

In Firdausi’s Shahnameh there are numerous families with their siblings where in the absence of father, the mother takes the responsibility. The presence of these families regardless of their mythological, heroic, or historical backgrounds has paved the way for interdisciplinary researches to recognize and unearth their issues and predicaments.Considering the significance of this issue, the present research is an attempt to introduce "mother-headed" families in Shahnameh, and  answer the question of what issues and problems these "mother-headed" families have encountered in Shahnameh which has led to their failures relying on qualitative data analysis and frequency of historical data.The results of this study shows that the number of" mother-headed" families in Shahnameh with a frequency of %11.76 is significantly close to the report provided by the Statistics Center of Iran in 2011 of the number of "mother-headed" families  (12%). It was also found that families who were rejected or abandoned by their fathers were more affected than those who lost their fathers. Other causes of failure in the mother-headed families were identified as "the mother remarrying and having children with her second spouse,"as well as "the mother's absence from the child and her lack of support for the child."

Supernatural forces are special forces that exist potentially in humans, animals, and even objects, and under certain circumstances, give rise to incredible actions the root of which must be sought in ancient times . Must be searched. In ancient myths, these supernatural beings compensate for the inadequacies and shortcomings of kings and heroes in achieving the goal. Belief in these forces can be seen in ancient and remarkable masterpieces such as Gilgamesh, The Shahnameh, Ramayana, Iliad and Odyssey. Therefore, the present study examines supernatural beings in two valuable ancient epics: The Shahnameh and Gilgamesh. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the authors seek to find out in which epic the influence of supernatural forces is more evident. The results show that supernatural beings and creatures in Shahnameh are superior to the epic of Gilgamesh in terms of diversity, role and function, so that some of these creatures and animals have played a fundamental and important role in the epic and national process of the work.

Intercession is an interpretive, theological issue and one of the pillars of Islamic beliefs. Inspired by the verses of the Qur'an, Muslims have accepted the principle of intercession and mediation between divine prophets and saints and God Almighty and the people. By consensus, the prophethood of the prophets and saints on the Day of Judgment has been agreed upon by all Islamic religions; The present article, while explaining the concept, nature and scope of intercession in the monotheistic and Maadi system, after explaining the Quranic documents and the position of different theological schools on the subject of intercession, has examined the views of Ghazali and Rumi in Masnavi. Looking at the Masnavi, it becomes clear that the scope of Rumi for intercession is wider than the beliefs of most thinkers in the Islamic world; The Asharites and Mutazilites consider the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) as an intercessor and have not offered a specific theory about other Shafi'is. The Mutazilites consider intercession to increase the blessings of the believers in Paradise; Every prophet is the intercessor of his nation. But from Rumi's monotheistic point of view, the Almighty has mercy on his wrath, and God's standard in creation and resurrection is mercy and benevolence.

A significant part of Persian poetry consists of panegyric poem. Analyzing the works of Persian poets, it is evident that most of them have a trace of panegyric poems in their collection of poems. However, judging eulogy with the present criteria caused this unavoidable and valuable part of Persian poetry to be neglected. This problem leads to inaccurate perceptions concerning these poems along with inappropriate encounters with such kind of poets. This misjudgment has challenged the position of euology in Persian poetry since it is not assessed properly and few researches are devoted to this area.  In this article, first of all, a vivid image of panegyric poem is presented. Then, its structure is analyzed. Eventually, the most important functions and values of panegyric poems are listed. The main aim of this paper is correction of inaccurate perceptions and judgments of eulogic poems.

Discourse stylistics is influenced by critical discourse analysis and role-oriented linguistics, which goes beyond the sentence level in literary texts and analyzes the text in the context of the situation. In this method, in addition to traditional stylistic analysis, content, influence of thoughts, ideology, and the atmosphere of text creation are explained and examined. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to discover and recognize the various layers of Tazkirat al-Awliya as an outstanding mystical work, and examines the relationship between the layers of text, and language and ideology of the author. The results indicate that in the lexical level, the employment of religious vocabulary is influenced by the ideology of the text , highlighting the virtue and attention to the hereafter. This invites the reader to a world-hatred discourse of the text.  The high frequency of informative and imperative objects and active verbs has resulted in the certainty and dogmatism of the text in the syntactic layer, and in the layer of pragmatics, explicit and persuasive morphemes have been used in the form of many news sentences, which show the author's awareness, belief and understanding of the issues raised. As a matter of fact, the author informs others about his inner desires and feelings, concerns and truths that is bound to. In the meta level, the text encourages the reader to leave the material world behind, and to devote to virtuous and ascetic life manifested in the dominant discourse of the text.

Taalab ( seeking) is a verbal sign that has become widely used in Islamic mysticism. In order to find out the place of Taalab in Islamic Sufism, it is necessary to consider mysticism as a system, a system that is founded on the pillars of Sharia, Tariqat and Truth. This structure of conduct, is derived from tariqat and seeking is considered the first step in mystical conduct. Therefore, seeking is an inseparable part of the structure of mysticism, and traces of it can be seen in almost all works of mysticism. But in the meantime, two great mystics of Iran, Atar and Maulvi, have spoken about it a lot and accelerated its features. In Attar's thoughts, seeking is considered the first of the seven valleys of Saluk, and thus it should be considered as one of the defining components of his intellectual system, but in the Masnavi, it is basically a system of thought in which the place of the components of Rumi's thought can be recognized. There is no data. In the Masnavi, not one wadi of the wadi is considered as a saluk, and it is mentioned in a definite place; Rather, Masnavi can be present everywhere. Undoubtedly, it is difficult to find, categorize and measure them, which is a difficult task in Attar's thought. The result of this research shows that Attar and Maulavi consider the request as the beginning of conduct and one of the means to realize the nine goals. They know the truth, the health of the soul and the happiness of human beings, the data of this project was collected by the library method and after classification, it was described by the qualitative method.

The knowledge of modern linguistics and the collation of literary texts, which linguists refer to as "critical discourse from the point of view of semantic semiotics", is the science in which the collator of writing seeks a deep understanding of the various layers of thought and the atmosphere of composition. The texts go beyond the sentences and the context of the speech according to the artistic position and its position is linguistically explored and reveals the metatextual vision of the writer or the songwriter.Therefore, the author of the present research explores the hidden message in the linguistic layers of the three beginnings in the most precious epic masterpiece of the Persian language, Shahnameh with the  following titles: "In the name of God" , the tragic poems "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Rostam and Esfandiar" in  a descriptive-analytical method to explore the critical discourse.

Ritual Literature is inextricably linked to the Persian thought and culture, and ritual Poetry is an important part of Persian Literature, and the poets give it special importance and prestige. It has a special position and background in Persian language. Ritual Poetry is a kind of poetry which is composed on rituals and many occasions in individual, social, national, religious and regional life. This kind of poetry contains the praise of the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH), Imams (PBUT), etc. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Ritual Poetry enters a new and unprecedented stage, and poets, due to the religious and epic nature of the revolution, turn to the Ritual Poetry in a different way than in the past. This study aims to investigate the position of the Ritual Poetry in the Divaan of one of the well-known poets of Guilan province, Hazeen Lahiji; and his Ritual poems, which are composed in the praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Imams (PBUT) etc., will be analyzed. The results of this study show that Hazeen Lahiji has paid special attention to great human virtues of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Imams (PBUT) in his poems.

Citizen and citizenship are relatively new terms in the field of sociological and political studies. The citizen is always defined in a reciprocal relationship; He is a person who, on the one hand, has political and civil rights and, on the other hand, has duties under the law in question. Social movements are defined as a collective effort in which individuals achieve predetermined ideals. Social movements are organized for specific purposes and by informal institutions. Of course, in Shahnameh, the word citizen is not mentioned. Ferdowsi in some cases uses the word urban versus soldier to distinguish civilians from military. However, based on the evidence presented in the current study as well as the definition of citizen in sociological and political science culture, the word Iranian refers to Iranian citizens in the Shahnameh. The two selected movements (one from the epic part of the Shahnameh and the other from the historical part) testify to the robust presence and full participation of Iranian citizens in social movements for the realization of justice and law. This research has been done analytically and descriptively using library and electronic resources.

Rumi's Masnavi and Sanaei’s Hadiqah are truly the embodiment of the alchemy of surahs and hadiths with the transformation of words leading into spiritual heavenly poems to satiate the thirsty. Interpretation, which is one of the most important terms in the field of Quranic sciences and mystical teachings, assisted the artistic sense of the poets to provoke and accept their thoughts by pondering over the verses and deepening their expressions. Intuitive taste goes beyond the obvious and universal layers of the verse, and the messages and secondary meanings of wits, which have been overlooked by the superficial eyes, are captured from the depths of the verses with unparalleled skill. The issue has a high status in the poems of Sanai and Rumi and the poetry of the mystical theories is the belief of those who have used the interpretation of verses and hadiths with high frequency. Considering the influence of Rumi on Hakim Sanai, the necessity of their theories in the interpretation of verses, has led to this research conducted in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources to compare their commonalities in the interpretation of verses.

One of the most important subjects in Islamic mysticism is undoubtedly the human self and its mood and ranks. This is such an important concept that some expert writers in Islamic mysticism have written on it in details. Although many aspects and features of the self  have been considered so far, some arguments like the relationship between the mind and sense of wonder have not been argued yet. Wonder is classified as positive and negative .Unlike the negative wonder which is destructive, in positive wonder the mystic’s soul is elevated in his path of truth and so this essay is going to study the given subject. The mystic’s ultimate union with divine. Wonder has a close relationship with self-annihilation that is the highest position in mysticism. We are going to show how to achieve the constructive wonder through purification of the self. Another merit of this study refers to highlighting the similar views of three great mystics of Iran’s history Qazali, Ansari and Najm Razi.

Psychoanalysis is one of the most important theories which focuses on the inner and hidden meanings of the story. Currently, with the connection of literature and psychology more and more, we can find a way to discover the meaning hidden in the texts. Jung's theory of individuality reviews the realization of the archetype of the self, i.e. the balance between external and internal forces with the desire for evolution in the individual. We are going to reread a story from Masnavi with this perspective. Since Rumi is a mystic who has a symbolist mind and wrote the Masnavi in ​​the form of a mystical work, the work is potential for archetypal criticism. Thus, the present research tries to analyze the content, symbols and archetypes to extract the correct story and by understanding them and matching with the equal symbol for them, based on Jung's theory of individuation, draw this process. The result of the research indicates that in this story, Rumi has proposed transcendence with mystical principles in reaching the process of individuality, and finally, Rumi's goal, which is to achieve perfection and self-knowledge, is in line with Jung's theory. This research has been investigated with a library-documentary method, with an analytical-descriptive approach.