نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 51 (شهریور 1401)

Sustainable Development is a form of development that can meet human needs without harming the resources of the future. Since sustainable development is possible through the civilian rights, it is necessary to consider the existing laws and relevant institution.This research with descriptive-analytic approach (data collection from national and international resources, etc.) has conducted the achievement of sustainable development considering the citizens’ rights. Analysis shows stabilizing of sustainable development will lead to the improvement of social participation with gaining the trust of citizens, which requires the establishment of the charter of civilian rights as a comprehensive law. familiarization of citizens with their dights and duties before the government, ultimately paves the way for sustainable urban development. This study also Examines the crises related to sustainable development (Air Pollution, Water Pollution, population growth, agriculture, deforestation, food security, etc.) and provides suggestions in cultural, social, economic, political and legal areas.

The principle of equality in the documents and declarations of international law, consider the social existence of man and emphasize the necessity of respecting the equal rights of individuals based on the freedom of the right to participate in self-determination, eliminate discrimination, and achieve human social rights, regardless of differences. The research, using the descriptive-analytical method, and related sources and texts, has examined the issue of equality of social roles of people in different societies without discrimination, from the point of view of international law. Is a person free according to his capabilities in creating a social role, or does ethnicity, nationality, race affect this? Or is the equality in social participation affected by nationality, race, and religion? According to the research findings, the articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights underscores ethnicity, nationality, race, skin color, gender, and religion should not cause discrimination, lack of equal rights and social participation in society.

From the Islamic point of view, the "ummah" as a "human being" is first of great importance and secondly, it has moderate effects on human beings, such as death and life, happiness, and cruelty. On the other hand, unity and empathy are desirable for Islam and it calls on Muslims to try to create it and avoid any division. In verses and hadiths, in addition to the rule of reason to praise the creation of unity and condemn division and separation, some jurisprudential rules can be used to prove this importance. The unity of the Islamic ummah is that all Muslims should act in a united, coordinated, and cohesive manner against their common enemies. According to the Qur’an, the necessity and importance of unity are one of the most fundamental social and religious issues of Muslims. The purpose of this article is to study the legal jurisprudential status of the unity of the Islamic ummah based on jurisprudential opinions.

Based on strong intellectual and narrative evidence, Imamiyyah considers Imamate as a divine position and believes that belief in twelve Imams is generally one of the wisdoms of religion, and since Imamate is part of the principles of religion, the claim of Imamate contradicts this matter and it is apostasy from religion. This article is written in a library method. The main question is: what extent the legislator has considered for the claimants of Imamate? The main purpose is to determine the extent of apostasy for the claimants of Imamate with the opinion of the legislator. The main hypothesis is that the legislator has set a limit for the claimants of Imamate. Results show, citing cases such as the reasons for apostasy, the reasons for the necessity of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, the reasons for the necessity of the rules of ta'zir, the claim of Mahdism faces punishment and the amount of this punishment depends on the scope of the plaintiff will have.

Today, organizations have well understood that in order to succeed in a complex economy and survive in a competitive environment, they need to have the best talents, and their competitive advantage lies in the talents of their people. The question of this article is, what are the strategies and consequences of applying talent management in Iranian sports organizations? Qualitative methodology and data theory based on Strauss and Corbin's approach have been used in this research. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the resulting data were coded and analyzed in a contextual way. The results of 8 main categories and 60 sub-categories emerged in the form of a paradigm model including strategies (attraction, selection, development, maintenance and use of talent) and consequences (organizational, individual and process development). In sports organizations, the key sources of talent are the people working in the organization. Therefore, sports organizations can achieve their goals by implementing the talent management process as an important factor.

This article aims to examine the criminal system of Iran and the United Kingdom regarding compensation for unintentional crimes. The question of the present article is about compensation for unintentional crimes in Iranian and British law, which was analyzed using a descriptive analytical method and was investigated using a library method.  The results of the article showed that in the criminal system of Iran, the rights of victims of quasi-crime do not have a proper place, and in the legislative policies, the compensation of their losses is not paid much attention, but in the criminal system of the United Kingdom, there are comprehensive regulations regarding the compensation of victims of quasi-crime. In Iran's courts, compensation for non-intentional crimes is done after proving the violation of a legal provision as a result of carelessness or recklessness, and in the courts of the United Kingdom, compensation is done after proving the violation of a legal obligation.

In joint stock companies, capital is divided into shares and the shareholders' liability is limited to the nominal amount of their shares, that is, each share of the capital of the company that determines the extent of the corporation's shareholding, liabilities, and interests. In addition to the shareholders, there is another group of companies that are referred to as stakeholders. The stakeholders of a corporation are those who can be somehow beneficial and entitled to it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal and central stakeholder rights in joint stock companies. The results of the research indicate the companies are moving away from the traditional view that their main mission is to increase the value of the company and are moving towards a core stakeholder whose goal is to increase the value of the company while keeping the interests of all stakeholders balanced.

In Iran's domestic law, the principle is based on the criterion of the main residence, but in raising the question, what is the citizenship of electronic companies and the law governing their shares based on and what are its effects? These assumptions have been raised that in Iranian law based on Article 1002 of the Civil Code and Article 591 of the Trade Law. And Articles 1 and 3 of the Companies Registration Law, the citizenship of electronic companies and the law governing their shares is based on their operations and activity center. Some electronic companies are registered outside of Iran and their citizenship is certain, but the representation of these companies is based on Article 3 of the Companies Registration Law and Article 1002 of the Civil Code. But regarding a number of electronic companies that are neither registered nor have national citizenship and operate in the cyberspace, there is a legal gap in Iran's laws. The comparative method is used.

It is a certain fact that at the end of the 20th century, with the diminution of the role of the penal schools of thought in the process of responding to crime, the grounds for the formation of a type of justice emerged by the reformers of criminal law. which led to the scientific-legal conceptualization of an idea called restorative justice. This type of justice has a series of distinctive principles and characteristics based on its specific elements. The present research, using library resources, with a comparative method and with the aim of comparing these principles and features in the most important restorative document of the United Nations (UN) under the title of the fundamental principles of applying restorative justice programs in criminal matters with what is in the divine verses, has been done. The findings of the research indicate that these principles and features are more of a Quranic title than a product of an international knowledge document of criminology.

The special features of government contracts, such as the annexation of these contracts and the priority of public interests over private interests, create a situation that distorts the principle of equality of the parties and their freedom of will and also weakens the private party to these contracts. Weaknesses in the private side of the contract are not always in the public interest, and the escalation of this situation can lead to the weakening of the private sector and ultimately damage the public economy of countries. The purpose of this study is to apply the principles of competition and transparency in supporting the weak in government contracts. Research question: What are the principles of competition and transparency in supporting weak parties in government contracts? The result of weak party support in government transactions is to create a balance in the benefits of concluding and implementing these contracts and thus achieving public goals while strengthening and maintaining the interests of the private sector.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of urban management with an emphasis on urban green spaces (parks). The main question of the research includes: How is the performance of urban management and local governance in the development of public green spaces in district 10 of Tehran municipality? The findings show the performance of urban management and local government in the expansion of public green spaces in district 10 of Tehran municipality is not suitable. A questionnaire was prepared based on the theoretical foundations and background of the research and the final analysis and analysis of the findings were performed using the statistical models of the sample and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of green space in the region indicate that a severe shortage of green space is felt in it. It is an important indicator of poor performance of urban management in all indicators. It is necessary for urban green space and its spatial-spatial functions in the region to be reviewed and amended.

The importance of the human factor in organizations and its unique role in planning, implementing and monitoring organizational affairs in different fields and levels has made it a strategic factor, and that's why today organizations pay more attention to human resources as "human capital" than in the past. This article aims to answer this question, what model can be presented to improve the efficiency of human resources based on the components of the modern practices of the third millennium? In terms of the practical purpose, the method of collecting field information, the descriptive implementation method of the mixed exploratory type, the statistical population in the qualitative part of the experts and in the quantitative part included the employees and experts of the technical and professional university in 2013 was 1800 people. The sample size was determined based on the Krejcie and Morgan table of 317 people by stratified random quantitative sampling method and snowball qualitative sampling method.

The research aims to investigate the increase in crime with the lack of minimum human rights, which is emphasized in the religion of Islam. In this article, the authors are seeking to answer the question of whether Iran's preventive criminal policy has been able to provide the basic rights of people by relying on the principle of minimum human rights. Human dignity is emphasized in written laws. However, the executive branch has been challenged in the implementation of this principle and practice and has not been able to realize the basic rights of human beings according to the indicators of minimum rights. Due to the lack of these rights, various crimes appear in human behavior. Therefore, the research method in this article is library-documentary and descriptive-analytical.

The most important tool for explaining criminal legislation is the definition of crime and punishment. A crime is the actual act or omission for which a punishment has been determined according to the Islamic Penal Code, and according to criminal philosophers, "taking a distance and moving away from the normality and defect of what should be" and criminalization is a process that considers new behaviors as crimes. With the assumption that the governments take their legislative policy based on their approach to how to deal with crimes, in this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, we decided to review some of the resolutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while briefly explaining the basics of criminalization and penalization, may we improve the legal and judicial situation of the country by improving the legislative situation and the performance of social monitoring institutions and optimal decriminalization, while preventing the issue of criminal inflation.

The annulment of marriage means that the marriage contract that was first correctly concluded is destroyed without the intention and will of the parties and according to the law; Therefore, the annulment of the marriage contract is a forced dissolution, which means that the marriage contract is automatically dissolved without the need for another legal action, and it does not leave the right of choice for the court and the parties to the contract, which, in the assumption of discussion, to establish a foster relationship after the marriage contract. Whether it is caused by breastfeeding, whether it is caused by renting a uterus, or receiving sperm, egg, or fetus, like other cases of annulment of the marriage contract, it causes the forced dissolution of the contract from the date of occurrence; Because the philosophy of banning maternal sexual immorality, which means the growth of flesh and the strengthening of bones, also exists in the case of the mother who owns the womb.

The parties of a contract are required to express their available information to the other party. What is the legal nature of the obligation to inform, the fulfillment conditions and cases of its violation? The principle of good faith and the necessity of cooperation in contracts and agreements in creating a balance in the knowledge and position of the parties is the basis for the birth of this contractual obligation. The goal is to support the elimination of one-sided ignorance and establish balance and exchange justice. Based on the type of contracts, depending on whether we consider the obligation to provide information as an obligation by the means or the result, the violation of the obligation is of two types: positive (failure to express information effective in the conclusion or execution of contracts) and negative (failure to express information effective in the conclusion and execution of works). Divided and refrained from stating the facts, the civil liability of the contract is established based on the principle of full compensation for the damage and the balance of the position of the ignorant party against the world.

The social-political phenomenon of the workers' strike is the result of industrial change and conflict between activists. To study this phenomenon, while paying attention to macroeconomic and social conditions, it is necessary to pay attention to the intentions, thoughts, and mindsets of the actors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the labor strike by phenomenological method. To collect data, the semi-structured interview technique was used and the participants of this study, by purposeful sampling method among workers of shahrbabak copper complex who have experienced strikes in the last 5 years have been selected. klaizi's seven-step method was used to analyze the data. An analysis of workers' experiences of the strike showed that they participated in the strike under the influence of stimuli such as feelings of inferiority, hopelessness about the future, failure to meet needs, inequality and discrimination, feelings of injustice, and deprivation.

Contracts governing patent commercialization are done in different forms. Its most important types are license contracts, franchise contracts and turnkey contracts. These contracts are especially important for developing governments like the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this contract, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, the main question is that from the perspective of Iran's legal system, in how many ways are contracts governing the commercialization of patent rights concluded? The result of the present research is that the methods of commercialization of inventions in Iranian law are in four forms: direct use of the owner, full sale of patent privilege known as Assignment, grant of exploitation privilege or license contract, and royalty. Licensing is one of the methods of commercialization. Of course, in the form of renting the technology to a company or companies requesting the technology.

Due to the beginning of the phenomenon of aging in the world, most countries are continuously monitoring the needs, the state of economic well-being, security, and social well-being of the elderly and identifying and ensuring their physical and mental health and their caregivers. Programs such as monitoring indicators are being carried out. Aging and active aging can be evaluated from the same dimension. Iran started policy making in this area in the 80s. Since then the discussion of aging has become one of the serious topics of demographic policy in Iran. The examination of the situation of aging in Iran shows that aging is far from international standards and in some indicators, this gap is so large that it can be called a gap. The reports of the organizations responsible for the field of aging also indicate failure in some indicators. Analysis of the situation generally suggests the lack of coordination among the responsible organizations and the lack of coherence in the programs. Therefore, this article aims to examine the harms of the programs and models of the organizations in charge of aging in Iran. Specifically, it seeks to identify the harms of the old age programs of the social welfare system.