نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 49 (اسفند 1400)

Given the recent phenomenon of the Corona virus pandemic in the world and its effects on the foreign policy of any political system, this article takes the idea from the main dissertation entitled "Foucault's productive power from the perspective of discourse and its role on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran" in which it is a position to explore the two strategic concepts of "power and discourse" in the foreign policy of the Chinese political system. The Objective of this paper is to study the role of power and foreign policy discourse in the Corona and post-Corona eras (case study: China). The present study is descriptive-analytical and seeks to answer the question that how has foreign policy of China been able to use the two concepts of power and discourse optimally to achieve its maximum national interests in the process of the Corona virus pandemic? In this respect our hypothesis is that the power and knowledge and implementation of a hegemonic discourse is essential for the establishment of an independent truth regime in the international system.

A thought does not appear in a vacuum. But these views and theories affect the future of a country and society. The intellectual foundations of current Iranian thinkers have originated from the history of Iran, tradition and Islamism, modernity, scientism, and development, which have been influenced by the period of modernity, transition to postmodernity, religious rule in Iran, and the challenges facing Iran. The intellectual foundations of Iranian thinkers such as Seyed Javad Tabatabai have been drawn under the influence of Western, traditional, and current Iran variables. These principles have led to the presentation of authoritarian thought, powerful government, bureaucratic authoritarianism, convergence in Iran, secular Islam, elitist thought. Of course, thinkers like Tabatabai, due to the hegemony of the discourse of tradition and modernity in epistemology and intellectual foundations, pay less attention to components such as globalization, information age, political democracy, and human rights.

The pursuit of justice is one of the inner desires of human beings since the formation of human societies, to the extent that the realization of justice in society, along with the establishment of order and security, can be considered desirable factors in the formation of the state. Administrative is introduced as a tool to control power and includes a set of general principles and rules that restrain public officials as agents of democratic government and hold them accountable for their actions. The present research has been conducted through library studies and its purpose is to investigate the effect of administrative justice in the realization of the desired government. The author's question and hypo th e sis in the present research are: Can the performance of departments pave the way for the realization of the desired government? How the departments function in achieving administ ra t i ve justice can be the basis for creating a favorable government.

The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of conformity of the good governance model and analyze the economic and political policies of Hassan Rouhani's government with the index of the good governance model of the World Bank. The results indicate that: 1- According to an index of efficiency and effectiveness, the government-controlled and reduced the inflation of the country in the first period of presidency, but in the second period, under the influence of internal brokerage structures and interfering factors abroad, lost their efficiency and effectiveness and the inflation rate increased. 2- Lack of transparency and accountability is evident according to examples such as oil production and trade and the subject of sanctions, oil revenues and their costs, and the relations between Iran and the domination system. 3- Administrative and financial corruption is a prominent feature of the government. Administrative and financial corruption related to astronomical rights, economic and financial corruption, and major banking corruption 4- The issue of unemployment of graduates. 5-The development of non-oil exports, which in recent years in terms of value, has been accompanied by a negative change coefficient as one of the signs of underdevelopment.

In recent decades, religious fundamentalism and sectarianism have grown significantly in Pakistan, so that today the country is known as the center of fundamentalism, especially sectarianism, and extremism in some parts of the country in the form of a purposeful and highly active current, relying on violent and armed approaches, seeks to achieve its ideological and strategic goals. Undoubtedly, extremist currents in Pakistan have been able to face many problems in the security of this country. To what extent has religious extremism affected the national security of Pakistan? The hypothesis that will be proven in this study is that religious extremism, through violence and terror inside Pakistan, disrupts order and security in this country. In this descriptive-analytical study, an attempt has been made to study the environment and extremism in Pakistan.

The Islamic society, as a democratic society, has considered the observance of the public rights of people of all religions and faiths in all social and political aspects. In the Islamic society, there are people who live with their religion and have social and cultural relations with other people in the society, and as citizens of the Islamic society, they have rights as religious minorities and are subject to special laws and rules under the control of the Islamic government. Now the question is what are the principles governing the rights of non-Muslims in Islamic society? Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to answer this question and, by looking at the country's constitution, determines the basis of their behavior. These inviolable principles are accepted by minorities and their violation is considered a crime that can be punished in the courts.

One of the direst issues of the modern era is terrorism and it’s financing. Fortunately, we see some strong will to tackle this malign problem in Afghanistan (2013), so the present criminal laws and the laws against terrorism (2017) financing are drafted in this respect. Recent findings demonstrate flaws in Iranian and Afghan laws and regulations to fight terrorism financing and even those laws present lack cohesion and does not encompass the whole aspects of their dangerous action. Therefore, this situation necessitates full and immediate cooperation between Iran and Afghanistan to draft appropriate criminal laws to take firm action to punish the terrorism financers and put an end to violators of state regulations in supporting terrorism. However, we have to examine the compliancy of the present Iranian and Afghan laws to the related convention which indicate full adherence by Afghan laws and some by the Iranian laws

International responsibility law is considered as an international legal entity and the international responsibility regime is a set of international rules and regulations related to the issue of responsibility of countries and international organizations, which play the role of creating cooperation, stability, assign rights and obligations for the states. This study, through a descriptive-analytical method of documents, conducts legal review of the regime of international responsibility of governments and international organizations in the face of US purposeful sanctions against the safety and security of Iran's aviation, which is in serious danger. Therefore, first the international responsibility of governments and international organizations for aviation safety and security in international law and then the elements of fulfillment of responsibility, ie commitment and assignment are examined. The findings indicate a violation of Article 44 of the Chicago Convention, the Charter of UN and aviation sanctions are inconsistent with the principles of international law.

Realism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly, the American realist movement seeks to exclude artificial and mysterious layers in the realm of law. Realism in this sense is somehow testing of legal theories considering the reality that takes place in the outside world. Legal reality, then, is anything that the courts actually do when decision-making. In this regard, descriptive-analytical method is used in problem processing and the purpose of this article is to examine the American school of legal realism and the issues raised by experts in this field. Finally, the findings show that realists, against their will, have succeeded in developing a strong and coherent theoretical perspective on law and judgment.

Various factors affect the realization or non-realization of citizenship rights, such as public culture. What was studied in this study by descriptive and analytical methods as well as sociological approach was the general culture of Iran and citizenship rights. In general, what are the obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in Iran? In this study, it was concluded that elements such as mythology, individualism, emotionalism, distrust, secrecy, violence, expediency, superficiality, imitation, tribalism and self-centeredness as part of the general Iranian culture, are the most important factors of non-realization of citizenship is in Iran. The purpose of this study was to carefully examine the general culture in Iranian society, to explain the areas of its impact and obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the style of governing and politics according to the advice of Imam Mohammad Ghazali. The main question of the article is: what are the pattern of al-Ghazali’s governance and political model? We aim to prove the hypothesis that Imam Mohammad al-Ghazali in his advice to the kings. He tried to rely on the legacy left by his predecessors in the field of narrative rulings. He offers a coherent and systematic set of governance models to the rulers of his time through moral principles. He advises rulers on how to deal with subjects, suppress opponents and enemies, and maintain order and security of society.  The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and is based on a hermeneutic approach.

Reza Shah's government was the first to focus on the dispersed sources of power by eliminating the dispersal of local powers. The persistence of ethnic divisions due to scarce resources, relative deprivation, disregard for indigenous capabilities, dispersion and alienation of ethnic groups has left the ethnic group of Lors still deprived. The main question of the research is what is the position of the Lorestan people in terms of development in the new order? Identification of Lorestan province only issues such as dispersion and lack of concentration of Lors in a specific geographical area has led to a weak formation in the use of population capacity and consequently the potential of natural resources or lack of it for the growth of residential areas of this people.

The attraction of foreign investments is one of the most important tools for gaining international financial recourses in most states. International obstacles have created some restrictions for the attraction of Foreign Investment in Iran. The purpose of this article is to examine the international obstacles for the attraction of foreign investment in the country in 2010s. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The collecting tool of data is library studies and statistics. The research hypothesis emphasizes that sanctions imposed by the USA, have been among the most important international obstacles to reducing the number of foreign investments in Iran. The results show that the USA aimed at containment to Iran through the imposition of sanctions and obstacles to foreign investment, especially in the last decade, has reduced the amount of attraction rate of foreign investment in Iran.

Women have had a significant role in social changes, particularly political participation, in post-revolution Iran. In this regard, this study aims to achieve the sociological explanation of the political participation of Bakhtiari Lur and Arab women in Khuzestan province in 2019. The study design was descriptive-correlational. The questionnaire was used, the validity and reliability of which were approved under the supervision of experts and Cronbach’s alpha test (0.77), respectively. The population included female citizens over 18 years old and the sample size was calculated 584 based on Cochran’s formula and simple random sampling. The data analysis showed that the mean of the political participation of Bakhtiari Lor women (39.72) was more than Arab women (32.01). Furthermore, the tendency towards political participation among single women (35.01) was more than married women (33.10). Finally, considering the ethnic groups, Bakhtiari Lor women (33.56) had more tendency towards political participation compared with Arab women (27.15).

This study aims to conduct Sociological study of barriers to political development with emphasis on the participatory political culture of Shiraz University students. Data were collected from a statistical sample of 377 students of Shiraz University using stratified sampling method. There is a direct and positive relationship between participatory political culture and political development and a negative relationship between subordinate political culture and limited political culture and political development. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between the variables of social trust, dialogue culture, individualism, political and social fragmentation, concentration of power sources and participatory political culture. There is a positive relationship between the variables of civic activities, use of mass media, equal social and political opportunities, and participatory political culture. The developed conceptual model has the ability to explain the components of political culture and obstacles to political development.

The Islamic Republic of Iran was formed by holding a referendum based on parameters of democratic systematization and then afterward during all these years by holding different elections with various tastes it has proved that the criterion of sovereignty in the Islamic Republic of Iran is people’s vote. The researcher’s purpose is to study this topic which includes different aspects of the election. The best term in this field was a political competition that has shown itself in all recent elections, but it hasn’t been able to find its certain legal place among the laws. The main question is based on what the most important sociological obstacles of political competitions are in Iran. This is a descriptive-analytical study, and its results showed that in addition to structural obstacles, sociological features such as historical features, lack of political culture, lack of political competition, and lack of partisanship are among the most significant characteristics.

Deterrent power is one of the components of a country's defense power and strength. According to the different tools and strategies facing different countries, there are different procedures to increase deterrence. The purpose of this study is to investigate the strategies to maximize the deterrent power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Persian Gulf region. The research question is: What are the most important strategies to maximize the deterrent power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Persian Gulf region? The foundlings show the deterrent components of the Islamic Republic of Iran are based on the geopolitical and geostrategic conditions of Iran, the cultural and ideological dimensions of the Islamic Revolution, the withdrawal of great powers from the Persian Gulf, and Iran's support for groups aligned with ideological interests. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical which has dealt with the subject by collecting data from documents and library sources.

This study aims to make a comparative analysis of the orientation of the positions and institutional approach of the representatives of the sixth and seventh rounds of parliament towards political development and obstruction. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between political and social tendencies of MPs in Iran with a case study of the sixth and seventh periods. Therefore, the article tries to analyze the political and social tendencies of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly with an analytical and comparative approach by collecting information in a library and documentary manner and using descriptive statistics as well as answer this question that what were the political and social tendencies of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly during the sixth and seventh terms? While the main hypothesis is based on research findings, which is based on analytical and descriptive research methods. The results of this study can provide a basis for familiarity with Iran's political elite

It is certain that in the field of law, legal articles can never be free from the standard of justice. It sometimes happens that the law allows the parties to include cases contrary to justice and fairness in contracts. In such cases, can the imposition of excessive contractual damages due to the weakness of one of the parties in the transaction be moderated by taking the standard of justice? It is assumed that social justice with the definition provided in this study and by considering the intention of the parties without distorting it, is effective in adjusting the compensation of contract damages. The purpose of this paper is to achieve a contractual balance between the components of the contract and thus to create a balance between loss and compensation. The method adopted in this research is descriptive-analytical method and it is an applied type of research in which an attempt is made to solve a problem by placing an element as a criterion.

In Iran, oil as a source of energy, life, and economy of the people has influenced the country and it has been recognized as the agent of the national credit and engine of economic growth and the country's largest source of revenue. Oil resources have been an important part of the state revenues. The significant role of oil can be detected clearly by a simple comparison between the revenues from oil export and revenues from non-oil export. It is also highly dependent on oil revenues. This research recognizes the negative effects of oil on the economy and finally shows an appropriate strategy to resolve the current situation. The results of the study suggest the best way to avoid negative impacts of oil on Iran's economy. Considering Norway's experiences in this area, the establishment of the National Wealth Fund is an appropriate way.

The main question of the research is what is the level of social and political development of Jahrom neighborhoods? The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of social and political development of Jahrom neighborhoods. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of data collection method. Using questionnaire data collection and research in the form of fuzzy logic and using social indicators, two questionnaires were used. The statistical population includes all residents of Jahrom neighborhoods, a number of more than 100,000 people, which was randomly calculated using the Morgan table, the sample size of 384 people. Data analysis tools in this study were SPSS and AMOS software.The results of the study show that the variables of quality of life, personal well-being and sense of social justice and ethics of social development have the highest share in predicting the variable of social development of Jahrom citizens, respectively.