نشریه مطالعات سیاسی
پیاپی 57 (پاییز 1401)

This article investigates that how the “proxy resistance” strategy of Major General Qasem Soleimani has led to the weakening of the U.S. oriented political-security trends, ultimately providing the grounds for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. military forces from the areas of the axis of resistance. The hypothesis of this article is that with creation of a network of Iran’s friendly militia forces in the region and their overt and covert operations against the U.S. traditional hegemonic trend, commander Soleimani was able to heighten the costs of the direct presence American forces on the grounds in the West Asia region. Indeed, the U.S. inability to manage the regional crises in the post-conflict situation and its failure in the designated state-building projects has caused the weakening of U.S. role in the crises field of the region. This geopolitical development, has led to the inefficacy of the U.S. traditional role and influence over regional political groups in forming and continuing coalitional governments, subsequently providing the opportunity for opposing with the U.S. military presence in the host countries. To examine this hypothesis, the authors apply the defensive realism theory that considers the countries’ reaction to the threat in time of crisis based on increasing their relative security. The authors use historical-analytical method to conduct this research. Field and qualitative observations have also impacted the degree of authors’ understanding of this concept. In the end, this article concludes that the proxy resistance strategy of general Soleimani has weakened the position of the U.S. in world politics and before its regional allies, and this development has enhanced the regionalism trend in the West Asia region in favor of Iran.

Ethnic convergence guarantees strengthened social capital, high social resilience as well as economic, social and political participation and high social integration and solidarity in the territorial area of countries like Iran that have ethnic diversity. This study has been carried out with practical goals and with a descriptive-analytical method in order to prioritize the components that explain ethnic convergence in the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the role of the national media. The main question of the research is how the main priority of the national media in the direction of realizing ethnic integration is explained according to its explanatory components in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The data of the research has been conducted using a targeted Delphi method and a survey of 50 experts. For data analysis, FTOPSIS (similarity to ideal fuzzy option) model has been used. The obtained results show that the first priority of the national media in order to achieve ethnic integration in the territory of Iran should be focused on the development and promotion of the economic and social resilience of the ethnic groups in Iran. In the meantime, in the second place, the priority of national media policies in line with ethnic convergence is the development of security foundations; In the third place is the development of native-cultural values, and finally in the fourth priority is the development of social capital, which outline the perspective of national media policy towards the realization of ethnic integration in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Douglas North's theory of social order is one of the newest theoretical approaches in the field of development. The purpose of this paper is to dissect development theory from North's point of view. Accordingly, third world societies must turn to "open access order" to achieve development. In addition, efficient institutions and governments, the way rents are rented and the containment of violence determines development. The approach of the present study is that the core of power plays a central role in development. In this model, to achieve development, not to model others, but to pay attention to the inside is emphasized and coalitions and productive rents and organizationism are emphasized. The aim of this study was to learn from the theory of North for development of Iran and finding efficient solutions to get out of the various challenges of system inefficiency. Social order theory was a successful theory in achieving development for some East Asian countries. The results of using descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources in this study indicated that 1) having a native model, 2) the existence of democratic society and open system, 3) avoidance of personalism, 4) The existence of coalition and empathy, 5) the existence of rent relations of the type of productive rent, 6) attention to history and culture, 7) the rule of law and the strengthening of efficient property rights, and 8) strengthening and improving the functioning of the institution of the course government are important issues in achieving Iran's development.

The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the most important and influential political groups in Egypt's internal politics, since its formation in 1928. After the fall of Hosni Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood was a coherent and organized political actor capable of taking power in the post-Mubarak era. But only one year after coming to power, this group has been marginalized and has lost its influence and credibility in the eyes of many Egyptians. This research raises the question, "What were the reasons for the failure of the Muslim Brotherhood after 2011 AD?" Using the descriptive-analytical method and using the constructivist approach, it evaluates the hypothesis that the Egyptian military and opposition groups considered the Muslim Brotherhood as a cause of instability and the spread of division among Islamist groups, and because of this, they prevented this group from gaining power. This view of the opposition groups of the Brotherhood is the main reason for the failure of the Brotherhood, along with other structural reasons, after gaining power in 2011.

The decision-making process about security issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran is centralized in nature. Iran is considered among the countries that have a centralized political and security structure. Therefore, such a country has various formations of devices, institutions and processes that organize and implement security policy. Processes are intertwined in nature. Decision-making processes with a bureaucratic approach are given less attention. In this regard, each country, in accordance with its values, ideals, goals and national interests, takes steps to determine the necessary and appropriate processes for security policymaking, but the issue of security It is not simply possible, but this requires paying attention to the basics and analytical elements of security in each system. For example, the security issue of each assumed unit is related to its values, ideals, security reference and threats. The type of applied-developmental research and its method is descriptive-analytical.The purpose of this article is to explain the security policy in the political thought of Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei with emphasis on the existing opportunities and challenges. In order to achieve this purpose, the statements, letters, rulings and orders of the leadership, which are the intellectual reference of this issue, have been used. In this regard, His Holiness's statements in the field of the research topic were studied with the full number method and interviews were conducted with 20 elites and experts on the subject. Also, 110 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample population.

One of the most important thematic studies in the field of political psychology studies is the study of the personality and political intelligence of leaders. The present study is an analysis of the personality of political leaders with emphasis on the role of mindfulness and political intelligence and has examined the political personality of one of the leaders of the United States and North Korea in this regard. The main question of the present study was how political intelligence and mindfulness influenced the decisions of the political leaders of the two countries (Trump) and North Korea (Kim)? In this descriptive-analytical study, the relationship between political intelligence and mindfulness with transformational leadership and its components in the personality context of leaders were analyzed. The results showed that leaders' personality traits play an important role in leadership style and their individual and social interactions. Based on the findings, political intelligence and mindfulness of leaders influenced by their political personality in the light of ways of influence, sources of power, individual adjustments and incompatibilities and identity values affect the decision-making and interests of political leaders of the US and North Korea. It has been a transition and it can be said that this concept has had an effective role on the relations between the two countries due to the complexity and challenges of the relations between the two countries, the United States and North Korea.

The term “fundamentalism” was used for the first time in the early 20th century in America by insisting on the teachings of Christianity. The religious fundamentalism movement in America believed that modern science has put traditional culture on the verge of destruction. Since the seventies, this term has been used in relation to Islam and Muslims, which largely carries a negative charge. The term Islamic fundamentalism was initially aimed at explaining political Islam and Muslim activism in political and social fields, then it was equivalent to Islamic fanaticism, Islamic radicalism, Islamic fundamentalism, Muslim violence and their extremism in dealing with political institutions and became common citizens Considering the reestablishment of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the establishment of the Islamic Emirate in this country, it is necessary to know more about the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism. Hence, the question arises that how did the Islamic fundamentalists arrive at a political theory and how did they act in fulfilling their political and social mission within the framework of that theory? The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the process of the formation of the political theory of Islamic fundamentalism and the type of actions they take in facing political and social crises, which is analyzed by using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data in a library manner. This became an issue.

Many thinkers have considered luxury and wasting society's resources as factors of degeneration. From the point of view of these thinkers, luxury causes moral deterioration and personal and social corruption. The emergence of this phenomenon among politicians is one of the most important factors in the collapse of political systems. Some Muslim philosophers and sociologists, such as Ibn Khaldun, Farabi, Khajeh Nasir al-Din Toosi, have paid attention to this issue with the inspiration of Islamic teachings. Among these thinkers, Ruhollah Khomeini criticized the approach of luxury and aristocracy. He believes that such behaviors cause instability in societies and the collapse of the political system. The purpose of this scientific article is to examine the opinions of these thinkers.