فصلنامه بیهوشی و درد
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Upper Cross Syndrome is a complication of muscle imbalance that occurs in people with  forward head , kyphosis, and forward shoulder. The formation of this posture is very common when working with computers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between upper extremity syndrome and neck pain in students using computer.

56 students with neck pain with a mean age of 15 ± 2.53 and an average weight of 60.50 ± 4.41 as available samples (students using computer at Amir Kabir and Ghazali School in Divandere) were chosen. A Jain camera and AutoCAD software were used to measure the head forward, a flexible ruler was used to measure kyphosis, and a ruler was used to measure the shoulder forward from the last appendage to the wall. The VAS visual scale was also used to measure pain. Pearson correlation and regression were used for statistical analysis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of the data.

There was a significant relationship between head protrusion with neck pain (p <0.003, r = -0.402), increased kyphosis with neck in (p <0.001, r = 0.295) shoulder forward with Neck pain was obtained (p <0.007, r = 0.376). The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between upper extremity syndrome or neck pain (r = 0.458).

Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that being in inappropriate positions such as being behind a computer for many years can cause the mentioned positional abnormalities, also due to the relationship between neck pain and coming forward. Increased head, shoulders and kyphosis, in the training program of these users, emphasis should be placed on correcting inappropriate postures of the head, shoulders and thoracic spine.

Non-specific chronic back pain is the third known cause of disability in musculoskeletal disease. The prevalence of this type of back pain is very common among flight attendants and has been reported due to standing for long periods of time, doing repetitive tasks, and carrying things in different ways. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance exercises with and without motor skill exercises and pain reprocessing therapy on pain and psychological factors of flight attendants with non-specific chronic back pain.

The present research is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. 52 female flight attendants with non-specific chronic back pain were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. In order to assess the level of pain, the visual analog scale of pain, DAS questionnaire for depression, anxiety, and fear variables, Tempa questionnaire for fear of movement, pain catastrophizing scale and fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire related to work and physical activity were used. All four groups performed the selected exercises for eight weeks. In order to maintain the permanence of the effect of the exercises, re-evaluation was done after three months of the exercises. T-test was used to examine intra-group changes, one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post-hoc test were used to examine inter-group changes, and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the interactive effect of time on the group (P≤0.05).

The results of one-way analysis of variance test for inter-group changes showed that the main effect of time is significant except for the anxiety variable in other research variables (P ≤ 0.05).

The results of the present study showed that resistance exercises along with motor skills training and pain reprocessing have a significant effect on reducing pain and improving psychological factors.

Chronic back pain is one of the most common chronic pains which various methods have been proposed to manage and reduce pain, including participating in sports rehabilitation programs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of specialized yoga exercises on pain, functional capacity and range of motion of women with non-specific chronic back pain.

The statistical sample was 50 women suffering from non-specific chronic low back pain in Amol city, who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (25 people) and control group (25 people). The tools used in this research were McGill Pain Questionnaire, 6-minute fast walking functional test and waist flexion range measurement by Kinovea software before and 48 hours after the last session of yoga exercises. The experimental group performed specialized yoga exercises for 24 sessions of 60 minutes. The research design was a pre-test-post-test with a control group, and univariate covariance analysis (ANCOA) was used to analyze the data.

The obtained results showed that this yoga training program can reduce the pain of women with chronic low back pain (p≤ 0.05) and improve functional capacity (p ≤ 0.001) and increase the range of motion of the back (p ≤ 0.001).

Due to the simultaneous use of mental and strengthening exercises, specialized yoga exercises can improve psychological factors such as fear of movement, fear of pain, and subsequently improve the range of motion of the back and improve the functional capacity of patients.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of core stability exercises on lumbar lordosis angle, pain, functional disability and quality of life of nulliparous women.

The current research is semi-experimental. The research sample consisted of 32 nulliparous women who were randomly divided into 2 groups of 16 people for core stability exercises and control. In the pre-test phase, pain, lumbar lordosis angle, functional disability and quality of life of the subjects were measured respectively by Quebec back pain questionnaire, flexible ruler, Oswestry functional disability questionnaire and SF36 health questionnaire. After completing the pre-test phase, the subjects of the training group started doing core stability exercises. The exercises were done in 8 weeks, three sessions a week and 45 and 60 minutes per session. After the completion of exercises, all the measurements of the pre-test stage were done again in the post-test stage. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare inter-group and intra-group differences.

The results of the research showed that the variables of pain, quality of life and functional disability of subjects improved significantly after 8 weeks of core stability exercises (P≤0.05); While there was no significant change in the lumbar lordosis angle of any of the control and training groups after 8 weeks (P≥0.05).

Core stability exercises by creating lumbo-pelvic-hip stability improves back pain, increases the functional capacities of the body and improves the quality of a person's life. However, it is better to use this training method along with other corrective exercises in order to correct the complication of lumbar lordosis in pregnant mothers.

This study aimed to compare the effects of the Arch-Support insole on the values of Impulse, Vertical Loading Rate, and Free-Moment among handball players with the pronated foot during the jump and landing three-step shot technique.

This study was quasi-experimental and laboratory. 10 pronated foot and 10 healthy (control group) handball male players were selected as convenience sampling. The test was performed as a pre-test and post-test in two conditions with and without the use of Arch-Support insoles during the jump and landing. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis at the significant level (P<0/05).

The inter-group results showed that the vertical loading rate (P=0.032), impulse (P<0.001), and maximum free moment (P=0.013) in two groups, control, and pronated foot during jumping; Also, the vertical loading rate (P=0.001), impulse (P<0.001), and maximum free-moment (P=0.049) in two groups, control, and pronated foot during landing had significant differences. The results of the intra-group test showed that the vertical loading rate (P < 0.001), impulse (P = 0.002), and maximum free-moment (P = 0.027) during jumping; Also, the vertical loading rate (P<0.001), impulse (P=0.001), and maximum free-moment (P=0.043) during landing in the pronated foot group had a significant decrease in the post-test compared to the pre-test.

The use of Arch-Support insoles can prevent possible injuries to the lower limbs by reducing the values of Impulse, Vertical Loading Rate, and Free-Moment.

Chronic Low back pain (LBP) is one of the top 10 diseases that account for the most years of life with disability worldwide.

The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a 45-day follow-up period. The statistical population of this research included all women with chronic Low back pain who referred to the hospital and specialized pain clinics in Isfahan city in the summer quarter of 1401. In this research, 30 patients suffering from chronic back pain were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 patients in each group). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes during two months of treatment based on emotional efficiency, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires used in this research included pain anxiety, pain acceptance. The experimental group received mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy during 8 90-minute group sessions, but no intervention was performed on the control group. The data was analyzed through SPSS-23 software and with the analysis of variance test with repeated measures.

Treatment based on emotional efficiency had a significant effect in reducing pain anxiety symptoms and improving pain acceptance in the post-examination and follow-up stages.

Treatment based on emotional efficiency is suggested as an effective treatment in health centers to improve pain acceptance and reduce pain anxiety in women with chronic low  back pain.

review and comparison of the effect of therapy method of hipnotherapy and short-term psychodynamic therapy on the psychological distress of patients with chronic pain.

The current research is prospective, practical and experimental. The statistical population was all patients with chronic pain disorder in Tehran in 2019. Sampling was done in a purposive samplingand 60 people (20 people in each group (two experimental groups and one control group)) were selected from patients with chronic pain disorder and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Short-term psychotherapy and hypnotherapy training was provided to the experimental group for 8 sessions; World Health Organization quality of life questionnaires,West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Questionnaire, Waterloo Stanford Hypnotizability Questionnaire (1993), Dunlow's short-term psychodynamic therapy and Watson's hypnotherapy were used to collect information.

Both methods of intervention have led to an decrease in the average of the four components of the psychological distress in the post-test and follow-up stages. Also, compared to hypnotherapy, short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy has increased the psychological distress of patients.

Both short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy and hypnotherapy decrease the psychological distress in patients with chronic pain, but ShortTerm Dynamic Psychotherapy is more effective compared to hypnotherapy.

MS is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system. This disease causes many mental disorders in patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on life expectancy and pain perception in patients with MS in Mashhad.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and control group design. The statistical population included all patients with MS in Hazrat Qaim (AS) hospital in Mashhad in 2022, from among whom 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups, 15 people in each group. became The experimental group received 8 60-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. The research tool was Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire and McGill's Pain Perception Questionnaire. Research data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis and using SPSS version 21 software.

The findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on life expectancy and pain perception in patients with MS in Mashhad (P<0.05).

Treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be a suitable treatment for improving the psychological factors of life expectancy and pain perception of patients with MS.

Back pain is one of the most important and common musculoskeletal problems, which has a high prevalence in different societies. And it is one of the main reasons for living with a general disability. The purpose of this review article was to investigate the validity of dynamic neuromuscular stability (DNS) exercises on non-specific chronic low back pain.

search with related keywords in all years and internet databases using search engines, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PEDRO with the keywords dynamic neuromuscular stability (DNS) exercise, non-specific chronic low back pain exercise was done. Abbreviations were also examined and researched in search databases. In addition to this list of sources, each article was identified and evaluated in order to identify additional information. Further, Studies investigating the effect of neuromuscular stability exercises were included in the study. The PEDro scale was used to check the quality of the articles entered.

A total of 35 studies were reviewed, of which four studies that met the inclusion criteria (score higher than 5 on the Pedro scale) were selected for review. There were many differences in the methodology, the main index to be evaluated, the number of samples, the implementation method, and the way to evaluate the variables, etc. in the studies. In people with chronic back pain, performing neuromuscular stability exercises has reduced pain and improved motor function.

The present study showed that central neuromuscular dynamic stability exercises as a specific therapeutic exercise method can reduce pain, and disability, improve balance and improve muscle endurance and range of motion in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.

Low back pain is a syndrome with multifactorial etiology that affects 6.8% of the world population during life time. Therefore, the aims of this study was to examine the effect of rehabilitation with medicine ball on muscle activity in low back pain.
Patients during Walking

The present study was a clinical trial.  The statistical population of the present study included patients with low back pain that randomly divided into two intervention (age: 25.4±2.5 years, weight: 79.04±3.06 kg, height: 176.03±7.04 cm) and control (age: 25.8±2.09 years, weight: 79.00±3.01 kg, height: 176.06±7.01cm) group. The intervention group performed resistance training with medicine ball and the control group participated in pre-test and post-test only, without performing any training. were recorded muscle activities of the gastrocnemius lateral (GAS-L), biceps femoris (BF),semitendinosus (ST), vastus medialis (VM), external abdominal (ABD-L), rectus abdominal (ABD-R) and erector spinae (ES).

 The results of the present study showed an increase in the frequency spectrum of the rector femoris muscle during the heel contact and push off in experimental group in post-test compared to the pre-test, and indict a statistically significant difference, Also, the frequency spectrum of the right abdominal muscle in the experimental group has decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test during the pushing phase, and indict a statistically significant difference .

Rehabilitation with a medicine ball leads to increase the activity the quadriceps muscles in low back pain patients, and it seems to be important factor in decrees the shock absorption during walking.

The aim of the present study was to comparison of the effect of polyurethan thermoplastics military boots mileage on lower limb muscle activities during running in people with and without back pain.

The statistical population of the present study consisted of healthy men and with low back pain in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 30 people aged 20-25 years was selected by available sampling and participated in the present study. Statistical samples were divided into two groups. There were 15 patients in the low back pain group, and the second group of 15 people as the healthy group. They received two new and used pair of boots. They were made of thermoplastic polyurethane. muscle activities of the right leg were recorded during running. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05.

Findings showed significant main effect of boot type for rectus femoris (p=0.037 d=0.146) during loading phase and gluteus Medius (p=0.006 d=0.242) during push-off phase. Findings showed significant main effect of boot-by-group interactions for rectus femoris during mid-stance (P=0.020; d=0.161).

The results of this study showed that the type of boots used can be effective in preventing lower limb injuries and absorbing shock and impact in people with low back pain, on the other hand, the use of new thermoplastic polyurethane operational boots is suggested for people with low back pain. Our findings showed that the observed changes in muscle activity variables are more obvious in second-hand boots. It seems that changing boots after 6 months of heavy wearing is suitable for people.

Introduction and Problem Statement:

 Acute postoperative pain, especially within the first 24 hours after surgery following the effects of anesthesia drugs, is one of the most significant factors contributing to patient dissatisfaction with their treatment process. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are being studied to reduce and control postoperative pain. One of the proposed interventions in this regard is the prophylactic intravenous injection of vitamin C. This study aims to investigate the effect of a single intravenous dose of vitamin C administered before surgery on pain control within the first 24 hours after surgery in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

This study is designed as a clinical trial. Based on this design, 86 randomly selected patients will be divided into two groups: the intervention group, which will receive a single intravenous dose of 1 gram of vitamin C one hour before anesthesia induction, and the control group, which will receive a single intravenous dose of normal saline with the same volume. The pain intensity, nausea, and itching experienced by patients in both groups will be assessed immediately after surgery, 2 hours post-surgery, 6 hours post-surgery, 12 hours post-surgery, and 24 hours post-surgery for comparison.

According to the results obtained, there was no statistically significant difference in the pain levels experienced by patients in both the control and intervention groups at any of the examined time intervals. Additionally, the assessed severity of nausea and itching did not show any statistically significant differences between the two groups at all time intervals.

Based on the results obtained, a single prophylactic dose of vitamin C did not have any significant effect on reducing pain in patients within the first 24 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This may be due to the small sample size in each group or other confounding factors. Conducting more extensive studies in this field could provide broader insights.

Hypoglycemia is one of the most important possible side effects of fasting in children who need surgery, and its prevention is very important. This study was conducted in order to investigate and compare the oral administration of 5% dextrose and intravenous infusion of 1.3, 2.3 sugar-salt serum on the blood sugar levels of 6-2-year-old children who were candidates for minor surgery under general anesthesia.

In this randomized clinical trial study, 66 children aged 2-6 years who were candidates for minor surgery under general anesthesia at Hazrat Ali Asghar Hospital in Tehran were selected as available and randomly selected in one of two The group under oral administration of 5% dextrose (intervention group) at the rate of 10 cc/kg 2 hours before the operation or continuous intravenous injection of 1.3, 2.3 sugar saline serum (control group) according to the formula 4, 2, 1 direction Calculation of the volume of venous fluids were divided while fasting, and their blood sugar levels were measured and compared on two occasions (immediately after induction of anesthesia and then half an hour later).

In this study, the average blood sugar immediately after induction of anesthesia was 88.75 in the group receiving oral dextrose and 85.77 in the group receiving saline serum, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.554), but the average blood sugar half an hour later of induction of anesthesia was 79.75 in the group receiving oral dextrose and 64.84 in the group receiving intravenous sugar-salt serum, which was significantly higher (P=0.36).

 based on the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the oral administration of 5% dextrose has an equivalent role to the intravenous infusion of sugar-saline serum in preventing the occurrence of hypoglycemia in 2-6 year old children who are candidates for surgery. It can be used as a suitable alternative to intravenous serum in children.