نشریه مدیریت اکوسیستم های طبیعی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 4، پاییز 1401)

Rapid mass migration to cities and economic growth have created various problems for sustainability. The ever-increasing increase in urban waste, which causes environmental pollution and land occupation, that has been concerns of municipalities, and separate collection is known as a suitable method for their disposal. Municipal waste - always as a pollutant, has polluted the environment around human and reduces the beauty of cities. Ardakan city, also the same oflike many industrial cities in Iran, has many problems in the field of urban waste management due to the rapid growth of urbanization. Therefore, the present study has determined the economic value of the green tax in Ardakan city and measured Pepole`s willingness to pay for the suitable separation and disposal of waste using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the two-dimensional dual technique. The required data was obtained through distribution of 608 questionnaires in Ardakan in 2018. The results of the logit model estimation show that age and gender variables have a negative impact, and the variables of the number of household members and education have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of the proposed amount. The amount of People's willingness to pay monthly was obtained, equal to 23450 rials (0.55 $), since this amount is for providing services to the person, it can be paid as a green tax for proper waste separation and disposal for each person. Also, the total value of green tax is equal to 21181 million rials (504315.7 $) per year. The income from people's willingness to pay for proper waste disposal can be used for the costs of installing bins for waste separation and finally disposal or recycling of waste, creating employment in this sector.

Drought is a climate phenomenon that there is possibility of this phenomenon, anywhere in the world and under anyDrought is a climate phenomenon that there is possibility of this phenomenon, anywhere in the world and under any climatic conditions. Based on this, monitoring systems are very important in preparing plans to deal with drought and its management. In this study, in order to investigate the drought in Lorestan province from annual rainfall data of Kamandan, Ab Barik, Dere Takht, Borujerd Organization, Kazem Abad, Tirroud, Azna, Golroud, Sabze Ab, Rahim Abad, Surkhab during a statistical period of 49 year (1969-2018) was used. Drought Status Based on the mentioned data using Standard Precipitation Indexes (SPI), Chinese Z (CZI), using DIP software, these data were entered into ArcGIS software. And then, using Kriging method, the drought zoning was done for the last 30-year study period (1988-2018). The results indicated that drought zoning does not follow a regular trend in any of the indices, during the study period. The results of the zoning of CZI and SPI indices showed that severe drought occurred in 1991 and 1999 and 2008 years for SPI index and1990, 1999, 2008 and 2012 years for CZI index, respectively, and severe humidity for both indices, has spread in the whole province 1992 and 1995 years. The results of both indices show that the maximum severe drought on the SPI index for the Ab Barik station in (1998-1999) and (1969-1970), and the Azna station in the years (2008-2009 and 2011- 2012), and the CZI index relates to the Ab Barik Station (1969-1970 and 1997-1998), and two cases are related to Rahimabad station during the years (1985-2003).

Industrial and medicinal plants are one of the by-products of rangelands, the exploitation of which has a role in the economy of rangelands. The preservation and development of distribution of medicinal plants at the level of rangelands is important from various economic, social and technical aspects of rangelands. There are many industrial and medicinal plant species in the rangeland. Anchusa strigosa is a medicinal and indigenous species of Dezful. One of the important issues in the principled exploitation of these medicinal plants is to determine, its habitat areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the biophysical properties of the potential habitat of this species using different data mining techniques. Evaluating the effectiveness of data mining models, first 30 presence points and 30 absence points of the species were recorded using vegetation map and field studies. Then the parameters of height, slope, temperature, rainfall, texture and depth of soil were extracted from the obtained maps using geostatistical methods based on regional data. Determination of the influence coefficient of each of the mentioned parameters was done using the vector machine method. Then, the presence of the mentioned species was predicted based on biophysical parameters using data mining methods. The data mining algorithms used in this study include particle swarm, logistic regression, artificial neural networks and the nearest neighbor.The results showed that particle swarm algorithm and artificial neural network with accuracy rate of 0.95 and kappa coefficient of 0.9 have a higher accuracy in determining the species presence areas.The results of this study showed that using data mining methods, it is possible to predict the presence of the desired species, based on biophysical parameters with high accuracy.

Desert ecosystems have a considerable potential to attract domestic and foreign tourists, and it is essential to pay attention to their market and non-market values in sustainable economic development. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of Khoor-o-biabank city and investigate the factors affecting people's willingness of people to pay for the protection of this area using the logit model and the maximum likelihood estimation method. For this purpose, 388 questionnaires from the visitors of the studied area were collected and analyzed using the conditional valuation method using the two-dimensional double choice extraction method. The analysis of the collected data showed that 71.8 percent of people are willing to pay for the protection of the area, which indicates its high importance from the point of view of visitors. Also, the results show that the maximum willingness to pay each person for the protection value of the area is 108,540 Rials. Based on this, the annual protection value was determined as 4,228 million Rials. Gender, occupation, frequency of visits to the region, importance to the environment, income and membership in environmental protection organizations have had a positive and significant effect on the willingness to accept the proposed amounts. The results of the present research can help the managers of the tourism field in the planning of the province in improving the tourism conditions and also prioritizing these points.

In the management of desert areas, studies related to water, soil and vegetation are carried out at the watershed or regional scale. Geomorphological zoning is one of the basic studies.. Considering the increase in population and decrease in rainfall, it seems necessary to use surface waters.  Therefore, identification of geomorphological Features of the earth's surface is important for the construction of water structures and their site selection Identifying geomorphological types and land units of Earth's surface is necessary for Landuse planning and land use for different uses. So far, Identification of geomorphological features has been done qualitatively and based on expert opinion In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify suitable areas for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, in Fars province fitting a circular fundamental form to the surface. In this research, with digital elevation model and ArcGIS 9.3, Matlab 7.1 and ENVI 4.8 softwares, and using quantitative relationships for the Kuhghar area in the Garbaigan plain of Fasa, site selection of the floodwater spreading was investigated. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10m was used to determine the best fitable fundamental structure. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. Using the degree of fitting, the degree of suitability of the surface for artificial recharge has been determined only by surface morphology view. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface it can be determined that the earth was similar to what pattern and formation mechanism. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershed. One of the uses of quantitative zoning in the field of erosion and sedimentation is that by accurately fitting the areas exposed to erosion, it is possible to accurately calculate the ratio of height changes in the margins of basins and erosion areas, as well as the height increase in low-lying areas as a result of sedimentation.

Valuing ecosystem functions provides conditions to prevent them from considering them as worthless. To achieve the research goal, first, the value of the production, regulatory and recreational functions of the study area has been estimated, and then the value of biodiversity was estimated using the Choise Experiment approach and the simple conditional logit model. The research results showed that the minimum economic value of each hectare of ecosystem services provided in this area is estimated at 1132.76 million Rials. The Recreational function has the highest value among other studied ecosystem services and has assigned to himself.71.5% of value share of services. The willingness to pay the annual final payment for biodiversity is estimated at 174,430 Rials per person, that feature of improving the condition of animal species has been the most important feature from the visitors' point of view. Therefore, the biodiversity value of each hectare of the studied area is estimated at 49 million Rials. Monetary values should be placed along with ecological knowledge and social value in order to give a correct approach to practical studies and actions of conservation. Therefore, it is emphasized that the value of 157867.2 billion Rials estimated for the central Alborz protected area is the minimum value that could be extracted due to the limitations.