نشریه توسعه پایدار شهری
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1402)

Urbanization phenomenon and cities population growth have led to the destruction of the environment in order to meet the needs of citizens. Urban life based on industry has created pollutants and increased air pollution in cities. One of the important approaches in the field of architecture and urban planning is to pay attention to nature as a model and a solution for adjusting environmental problems. In this regard, green walls can reduce air pollution on a small scale at the same time as providing green space. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors affecting the reduction of air pollution by using green walls, which is the main goal of this research. This paper is done through mixed methodology by developmental-applicative purpose. The statistical population is 20 architectural specialists and experts proficient in the field of research, design and implementation of green architecture projects who were systematically and purposefully interviewed. The research method was based on content analysis using MAXQDA2020 software. The results of the research indicate that green walls are effective in 8 main categories: "temperature and humidity balance", "air ventilation", "environmental diversity", "micro climate", "increasing the efficiency of building energy resources", "absorption of impurities and airborne particles", "enhancement of environmental quality" and "respiratory lungs” presented in the form of a model along with the components affecting them.

Urmia, as one of the most populated cities in Iran, has faced many problems in terms of physical and environmental aspects due to the changes made in the system of dividing the regions of this city. Also, with the investigations carried out in line with the situation of the distribution of service users in the areas of this city, it is possible to point out the unfair distribution of services in these areas. Also, with the investigations carried out in line with the situation of the distribution of Urban Public Services in the areas of this city, it is possible to point out the unfair distribution of urban public services in these areas. These things directly affect the living conditions of the residents, therefore, due to the importance of the residents' view of the living conditions in urban settlements and on the other hand the changes that have taken place in this city, the physical and environmental aspects of livability in this city have been examined. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to prioritize urban areas from the perspective of physical and environmental indicators of livability in the 5 regions of Urmia, so that by understanding the relationship between the built environment and users to evaluate livability, it is possible to provide a general insight regarding the livability situation in cities. The present research method is applied based on its purpose and descriptive-analytical based on its nature. Data collection in this research has been done in two forms, documents, and field collection. The statistical population of this research is the population of the 5 regions of Urmia, according to the statistics of the Iran Statistics Center in 2015, there are 736,224 people, which was used for sampling the Cochran formula with an error percentage of 0.05 so the sample size of the research is 384. which is randomly distributed according to the population ratio of each region. The validity of the questionnaires has been confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a value of 0.791. Data analysis has been done quantitatively using a one-sample t-test and the TOPSIS model. Research indicators include infrastructure facilities and services, public transportation, pollution and environmental health, landscape, and green spaces. The results of the research show that according to the one-sample t-test, physical and environmental indicators in Urmia Region 1 have better conditions than other regions. Also, according to the results of this test, Regions 2 and 3 are at a lower level than the average level and need special attention from the city management to improve the current situation. According to the results of the TOPSIS model and users' opinions in the ranking of Urmia regions, Region 1 ranked first, Region 5 ranked second, Region 4 ranked third, Region 3 ranked fourth, and Region 2 ranked fifth in terms of physical and environmental indicators of livability.

The expansion of studies in the new era has led to the formation of wide-ranging discussions on the foundations and theoretical principles of housing architecture. Such as psychological, cultural and phenomenological subjects. And it emphasizes the point that the house is more than a shelter and residence, it has a concept beyond the provision of physical and functional needs. A conceptual look at the house makes the current housing architecture aware of the qualities of the house. These qualities, in addition to meeting their functional needs, seek to solve the superior needs of the residents. With the beginning of the modern era, these qualities and concepts became less and less colorful in Iranian housing architecture. Also, the speed and rapid change of the era also allowed these qualities to occur in Iranian architectural buildings. In this research, the main goal is to achieve the physical-spatial patterns of today's housing by taking advantage of the desirable qualities of Kerman's historical houses. And the secondary goal is to achieve the process of how to extract and apply the spatial-physical patterns obtained. This research examines the historical houses of Kerman from a physical and phenomenological point of view and achieves the extraction of desirable qualities. This research is practical in terms of purpose. Data has been collected with a qualitative method and through observation, field presence in the historical and contemporary context, and library sources. The method of analysis is comparative and with logical reasoning. As a result, the desired qualities have been obtained. Such as openness, flexibility, pale color, silence, static, open, alive, hidden, null, contextual and integrated. These qualities are defined along with physical components of historical houses. Such as construction technique, materials and texture, color, proportions and scale, geometry, spatial organization and the way of interior arrangement of space, green space. In the end, these qualities along with physical components have been selected in a balanced combination of light, texture and sound, proportions, integration with the natural environment, sky and earth. Then they are presented in the form of six physical models of housing. Then, by taking advantage of the desirable qualities obtained from the semantic and physical studies of historical houses, they have been modernized.

Dilapidated urban fabrics are dilapidated areas in the urban space which involve complex social, economic and cultural issues. On the one hand, these areas have valuable residential roots with cultural-social or architectural richness. And on the other hand, due to severe wear and tear, lack of good and suitable services, accessibility and health have suffered extensive problems and damages; Therefore, while exploiting its historical-cultural values, the problems and issues in these contexts should be minimized. For this reason, the current research aims to recreate the urban decay fabrics of Sanandaj city and by emphasizing the event-oriented city model, it has tried to identify the strategies for the regeneration of the decay fabrics of the city areas. In this regard, since the current research was based on the opinion of experts, the research sample is 20 people who live in decay fabrics and were selected in a purposeful way (snowball), and for data analysis from the FME model: to identify specific damages from decay fabrics and to identify the organization solution, from the SOAR model to identify strengths-opportunity-demands and the result of the identified solution, and from ANSOFF to determine strategies Regeneration has been used in the urban decay fabrics. The research results have shown that despite the long history of Sanandaj city, 28 damages have been identified in the investigated areas (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10). It has been identified that their RPN value was more than 300 and was at an obvious risk level, according to experts, the event-oriented recreation of historical textures based on the competitiveness of tourism has been chosen as a key solution to organize the urban decay fabrics of the studied areas. Finally, some strategies have been suggested.

Gardens and agricultural lands play a significant role in the life of cities; So that urban planners adopt different methods to preserve these lands. One of the efficient methods is the "transfer of development rights" method. The problem of the research is the unexpected conditions that indicate the lack of use, feasibility and application of new ideas such as the transfer of development rights despite their availability and why this method has not found a suitable place in the literature of urban management in Iran. Therefore, the aim is to provide an answer for how to use the approach of transferring the development rights of gardens and agricultural lands in Torgahbeh city, as well as to identify areas prone to receive development rights based on effective parameters. In terms of the method, the purpose of the research is descriptive and its results are applied in the study sample. The method used in this research was in the section of gathering information and compiling the theoretical bases of documents, and then using the AHP method and obtaining the opinions of experts, the weights of the indicators were calculated and the desired findings were obtained; Then the results have been analyzed using ARC GIS software and its analytical plugins. The results indicate that in the sending areas of the indicators of the annual harvest of all types of basic products in the city, the percentage of residents' participation and the price of agricultural land have the highest value compared to other indicators for selecting areas. Also, among the indicators of receiving regions, infrastructure indicators such as water, electricity and gas are the most important, and besides them, the profit-to-cost ratio and land price are also important, and they should be taken into account when choosing and carrying out the development right transfer program.

The 15-minute city model focuses on urban planning based on the needs and preferences of citizens, encouraging short trips and neighborhood-based activities. Based on this, the aim of the current research is theoretical model presentation of the 15-minute city realization as the proximity of activities and walkability model in urban planning. The current research is developmental-applied type and its method is qualitative with an emphasis on Meta-synthesis method. The statistical community includes all the researches conducted regarding 15-minute city model in the period from 2016 to 2022. The sample size includes 38 articles and documents that were selected based on the ten principles of the Critical Assessment Skills Program. First, 123 sources were found, Then 35 sources were removed by examining the title. 22 sources were removed by abstract screening. In the next step, the content of 66 sources was analyzed in terms of content and quality, and finally, 38 articles were selected for final analysis. Time analysis of research sources shows that the highest frequency is related to 2022, which is equivalent to 47% of the sources. About 81% of the sources are related to the years 2022 and 2021. 16% of the selected sources are related to the years 2020 and 2019. In terms of sources typology, 79% of the sources are scientific articles. In terms of the research type, the number of quantitative, qualitative and mixed researches is 21, 13 and 4 respectively.. The results show 79 extracted codes in seven categories are classified. These seven categories are: pillars (proximity, density, diversity and ubiquity), basic functions, digitalization revolution, environmental considerations and climate change, adaptive infrastructures, cohesion and social inclusion, and quantitative indicators. The value of the Kappa index (0.761 at a significance level of 0.000) indicates the appropriate reliability of the research results (above 0.6).