نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 44 (آذر 1399)

Ukraine is the most important player in the geopolitical balance of Eastern Europe. Its size and position in the political map of the region, access to the Black Sea in the south, connection to Central European countries in the West, as well as natural resources, economic, scientific, and technical base, have made this country a key geopolitical actor. Ukraine should be called the confluence of the interests of major regional and supra-regional powers such as Russia, the United States, and the European Union. In fact, the disappearance of Russian influence in the country weakens Russia's European identity, Kyiv’s lack of inclination toward Western economic, political, and security structures will also block US and EU influence in Eastern Europe. Russia has distinct interests from the West and the United States in Ukraine, and each side seeks to take advantage of current developments in the country. This article tries to examine the importance and position of Ukraine in the foreign policy of Russia as well as the Western countries.

The present study set out with aiming to explore and express political themes in Rumi's mystical expressions according to his mystical perspective and to elaborate his particular anthropology as well as to ask whether Rumi has insights into political themes that can be presented as Islamic political thought? Assuming that Rumi has insights on political concepts that can be presented as Islamic political thought, this study examines the various works of Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi (Rumi) through historical analytical research method. The results show that there are political ideas within the mystical themes of different works of Rumi which due to the deep connection of this great thinker with the sources of Islamic thought, the concepts found as Rumi's political thought can be presented in the field of political thoughts of Islam and Iran. These concepts are: justice, freedom, government and leadership. There are also some evidences about Rumi's political anthropology in his comprehensive theory of the perfect human being. This research studies and compares the theoretical relevance of the fields of mysticism and politics, the relationship of Rumi with various sources of Islamic thought and its predecessor political philosophers, as well as the pluralistic and beyond religious perspective and hermeneutic method of recognizing Rumi's mysticism.

Iran and Saudi Arabia have always competed in the Middle East to become regional hegemon. Saudi Arabia has recently adopted a coalition strategy in the field of foreign policy against Iran. So the main question of article is how the regional coalition-building of Saudi Arabia has affected on Iran's national security? The main hypothesis is that coalition-building and invasion of Yemen by Saudi Arabia could limit Iran's regional influence. Stephen Walt's theory of 'balance of threat' is used to evaluate the hypothesis as it can explain the reasons behind Saudi Arabia's objectives in coalition-building. The research methodology is analytical and descriptive. So, Iran's strategy for overcoming this situation is to adopt a two-pronged approach in the form of strengthening deterrence and using soft power in the field of diplomacy.

The Russian Communist Revolution of 1917 led by Lenin and the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 led by Imam Khomeini came to fruition and like most revolutions, the issuance of revolutions was on the agenda of their leaders. These revolutions were different due to the different internal bases and external conditions that lay ahead. To understand the roots of these differences, we use the theory of constructivism, which considers both meanings, ideas, rules, norms and procedures as intellectual factors and material factors in the development of phenomena. From a constructivist point of view, the differences in the foreign policy of countries are mainly due to the role of internal factors in determining these policies. According to this view, geopolitics and ideology, along with cultural factors, are one of the factors influencing the differences between the two revolutions. By examining the factors influencing the export policies of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Russian Communist Revolution, eventually, we find that ideo-geopolitics gives a special meaning to the differences between the export of these two revolutions.

Demographic changes in Iran result from important demographic factors such as fertility and mortality, which under the influence of social, cultural, economic, and political factors create challenges that threaten the national security of the country. This article is seeking to answer this main question: what is the impact of demographic changes in Iran on the national security of the country? The information of this research has been collected from the library and questionnaire. The statistical population studied is experts and specialists in the field of security in the country. To determine the sample size, a targeted sampling method was used by 63 security experts. The findings of the questionnaire were analyzed by statistical method, descriptive statistics of mean test, and ratio test. The results show that the vulnerability of national security to political and security challenges resulting from reproductive changes is the main threat.

The Middle East is one of the most strategic regions in the world and has a very sensitive place in US foreign and strategic policy. The existence of oil and the security of Israel, which is a strategic ally of the United States in the region, has led the United States to intervene fundamentally in the region. During the Obama administration like all previous presidents, the United States considered itself responsible for securing Israel. Based on the theory of chaos, this article seeks to examine the role of US supportive policy in the Obama administration toward Israel. What was US supportive policy toward Israel in the Middle East during Obama's presidency?It seems that the US strategy is to maintain and strengthen the qualitative and quantitative military-economic-political superiority of Israel through securitization of the region.

The democratic nature of many political regimes and the sensitivity to democratic processes in dealing with populism on the one hand and the importance of democratic indicators in the development of countries and the nature of political regimes on the other hand, have put the issues related to it and its strategic dimensions in the center of scientific attention. Using library and comparison methods, therefore, the present study aims to analyze the concept of populism and its strategies in opposition to democracy and also the function of democracy and populism in the age of globalization and then examines the reaction of populism to them by mentioning some of the most important indicators of democracy. The results based on the research hypothesis indicate that populism confronts democracy with tools such as charismatic and authoritarian leadership, direct democracy, conspiracy theory and identity myths. Hence, the tools of populism that seem necessary have been identified.

Central Asia is the only region in the world that connects the four nuclear powers (Russia, China, India and Pakistan). The countries of this region are among the landlocked countries in terms of geographical location. In this region, regional and supra-regional powers are competing for their own interests. The main question raised in this article is whether the challenges in the Central Asian region affect Iran's national interests? In answer to this question, the main hypothesis is that Iran's national interests are affected by the challenges that exist in the Central Asian region. The main purpose is to analyze the impact of challenges in the region on Iran's national interests. Therefore, this article seeks to investigate this goal with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and Internet sites. The results of the research show that due to the role of this region and the presence and competition of superpowers in it, the challenges that have been created in this region have affected the national interests of Iran.

So far, there have been various divisions of humor, but the discussion of the role of satirical conceptual tendencies in the political press has not received much attention from researchers. Conceptual tendencies of humor are the concepts through which a message is presented to the audience in the form of four political, economic, social, and cultural approaches. The questions of this research are, “What is the theme of satirical concepts in the political press of the second Pahlavi period?” and “How does humor relate to historical, political, and social currents?” This study seeks, with a theoretical perspective on discourse analysis and using Norman Fairclough’s method, to show how pre-revolutionary press humor concepts challenge the dominant discourse of power in the second Pahlavi period by representing political and social discontent.

On the eve of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, political parties and groups tried in various ways to play a role in the process of drafting and approving the constitution and to include their political-intellectual demands and expectations in the text and content of the constitution. Therefore, the constitution and the discussions surrounding it became the most important center of the conflict of the discourses involved in the revolution. Accordingly, exploring how the intellectual foundations and ideology of political parties and groups involved in the power structure (with emphasis on the Freedom Movement) influence the process of drafting and approving the constitution of the Islamic Republic is the main question of this research. The results of the studies show that the differences in the ideological foundations and ideology of the political parties and groups involved in power have been one of the most important factors influencing the verbal conflicts in the process of drafting and approving the constitution. In this article, the library method is used to collect information and the analytical and descriptive method is used to evaluate the data.

The automotive industry has traditionally been recognized as one of the major industries in which governments make their major investments. However, private investors have always been interested in the industry for a variety of economic, social, political, and cultural reasons. In the meantime, the contrast between the principle of government intervention in the automotive sector and the principle of trade and economic liberalization in the World Trade Organization and other pillars based on the Bretton Woods system is raised. According to Article 44 of the Constitution, the general policies of the resistance economy and the development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the movement of the economy and trade of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards trade liberalization is at least legal, although it is mainly government intervention rather than trade liberalization. The main question in the present study is that from the perspective of civil rights, what components should be considered in the field of government intervention in the automotive sector? The findings indicate the principle of human dignity, the principle of the rule of law, the principle of non-discrimination should be followed in the field of government intervention in the automotive sector.

John Rawls, the contemporary philosopher of justice, has expressed his political thought on the subject of justice. Rawls's book, Political Liberalism, portrays a just society governed by democratic principles. The central purpose of this research is to assess the impact and relationship of John Rawls's theory of democratic peace with the European Union. Based on Rawls's view of democratic peace, the European Union is being examined as an example. In this regard, by carefully examining the foundations of Rawls's theory and evaluating the process of EU formation since convergence, we consider the unity in the European Union as an example of the realization of John Rawls's theory of democratic peace. Moreover, we study the multiplicity of opinions, the acceptance of the principle of tolerance, the reasonableness of the members of the union, the acceptance of the principle of public wisdom, and the commitment of union members to the union's stability and its subject-matter according to Rawls’s theory.

In this study, the relationship between central bank independence and good governance indices was investigated using focal correlation analysis and correlation coefficient over the period 2002-2004. In this study, the International Risk Guidance Index (ICRG) was used as an index of good governance, which included ranking of 22 variables in three different subgroups of political risk, financial risk and economic risk. The MATI index (2006) has been used as an indicator of central bank independence. The index examines central bank independence in the three areas of monetary policy independence, political independence and financial independence. The findings of the study show that central bank independence has a significant relationship with good governance such that increase in monetary policy independence, political independence and financial independence lead to decrease in political, financial and economic risk.

Political transition which rooted in ancient culture is a concept that has become very important in the age of modernity. The transition of political systems in the form of democracy is justifiable and its perpetrators also benefit from the political experiences of developed civilizations. The transition is important in saving a society that has not functioned properly from the ruling political system. The theory of the transition from a presidential to a parliamentary political system has also raised the issue. In fact, describing transition in the Iranian political system requires understanding the desired inefficiency of a system against a system that has not yet been fully experienced in the Islamic Republic. Therefore, in this study, we examined the transition from the presidential system to the parliamentary system in order to explain the possibility of this by analyzing the political theories of the transition and measuring the theory of the transition to parliamentarism. Our main issue has been how to experience the transition from the current political system of Iran to parliamentarism. The result is based on the loss of power from individuals and the division of power between political groups and parties, which only in this case a transition is possible. The research method is descriptive-analytical.

Prominent intellectuals of the constitutional period believed that Iran's backwardness was rooted in two factors: political tyranny and religious petrification. Therefore, its main root is in the old political thought. Old Iranian political thinkers cannot understand the requirements of the new era. So we just became quasi-modern. This study, considering the old political thought that leads to a good epistemological system, seeks to answer the question: Did the components of a good epistemic system influence the process of political modernization during the constitutional and reformist era? Our findings show the component of the epistemic good system, although positive, has hampered modernization. The aim of this study is to answer the above questions and to determine the effects of the epistemological system based on the precedence of good over right on the process of political modernization in Iranian society in a descriptive-analytical method.

During the last decade, we have witnessed the emergence of a procedural framework that is based on the rules of citizenship rights. The process of legislative formation and monitoring the implementation of the rights of disabled people is considered an obligation and is one of the supportive requirements. The provisions of the Comprehensive Laws about the Disabled People’s Rights was reviewed in the framework of the International Convention. This is a prelude to the social integration of the disabled based on the agent's explanations. This action is considered in the framework of the concept of effective citizenship and is taking advantage of the idea of the standardization of cyberspace for the disabled. Adoption of these laws has happened after the drafting of the Comprehensive Protection of Disabled People’s Acts on February 16, 2004, in the form of international laws such as the Universal Declaration of the Disables in 1975, and the International Convention of the Disable people’s Rights adopted on December 13, 2006, and is a turning point in Streaming Disabilities.

The change has been further emerged in the field of private international law by the willingness of governments to create a unified procedure for establishing the law governing contracts and civil liability. Despite the scope of contracts and civil liability in the international arena, there are still problems in resolving the conflict of laws, especially in the context of breaches in several countries. In fact, traditional conflict resolution rules are based on fixed mechanisms that do not work in laws governing contracts and civil liability because the constituent elements of contracts and civil liability have a variable nature. Thus, it may be possible to compensate for the deficiencies in traditional conflict resolution rules by looking at the theory of (general) interest analysis. This paper examines and explains the applicability of the aforementioned theory in the area of conflict of laws governing civil liability and contracts, following a conflict resolution rule.

In Iranian law, the rule is that if an obligor refuses to fulfill his obligations, the other party has no right to terminate the contract first, but must first go to court and request the obligor to enforce the obligation, and only if this request is not possible by another. Terminate the contract. One of the benefits of enforcing the same obligation in Iranian law is the use of both direct and indirect enforcement tools, which is itself a factor in maintaining the structure of contracts and bilateral obligations and is a barrier to breach of contract. In the United Kingdom; Compensation is the first priority. In exceptional cases, the performance of the same obligation is considered. In English law, the performance of the same obligation is considered as an exception and is accepted in special cases. But termination and compensation in English is the basic principle Come on.

Children and adolescents have a flexible nature and can be corrected, educated or treated and if their guidance, support and training are neglected, they will be led to addiction and crime. Criminal protection of children is one of the most important issues in criminal law in most countries. Criminal protection of children is basically done in two stages, which are substantive criminal protection of children and formal criminal protection of children. Using a guardian to sue, especially in cases where parents or legal guardians have committed crimes against them, has been done. It is noteworthy that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, nongovernmental organizations such as the Association for the Protection of Children with Disabilities, the Association for the Protection of Homeless Girls, and the Association for the Protection of Victims of Violence have activities that can somehow support children.

This essay is to discuss on the reason and the ways of shift from paradigm of modern development to some new theories in the realm of development with emphasis on paradigm approach. In line with formation of such a shift, two factors are effective: objective (economic, social and political shifts) and subjective (epistemological shifts). in the way that due to transition from positivism to post- positivism, political paradigm has moved from structuralism and government orientation to pluralism and opposition against government structure. Such a situation can be seen in the transformation from the paradigm of modernization as the dominant paradigm to the emerging paradigm of "postmodernism" and other theories such as "post-developmentalism" and "human development". The results indicate that west orientation, power-orientation, structure-orientation, rejection of human, poor ethical principles in modern development process and so on are among important issues that pave the way for shift in theories of development and emergence of new theories.