نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 43 (شهریور 1399)

Corona's influence on foreign policy can be considered in security, economic and political dimensions. In fact, Corona is imposing new relations on international relations. Of course, it should be noted that such statements may be one-sided and accompanied by political flaws. The central goal of this paper is the effects of Corona on foreign policy in a general perspective. But generally it can be said that foreign policy in the post-Corona period will be different from the past. Explaining that the pursuit of national interests by governments continues, but the mechanisms for the realization of national interests may be different from the past. In general, some of the effects of Corona on foreign policy can be presented as follows; -Transition from a unipolar world to a new block chain -Transition from global convergence to relative global tensions, especially between major world powers - Further return of nationalism in foreign policy -Emphasis on statehood and the relative transition of globalization -Increasing the importance of regionalism in foreign policy and the relative reduction of regional tensions

The study examines the operational budgeting system in Iran and the United States and to investigate the place of budgeting in the Iranian and US legal systems. The method used in the study is descriptive-analytical and documentary approach. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the government's budget for each sector is separately assessed on a case-by-case basis in each of the specialized committees, especially the House Economic Commission. In the United States, budget performance is measured on the basis of strategic and operational plans implemented, and congressional federal agencies and Senate oversight bodies monitor the budget's performance, how it is spent, and the type of budget line that is effective for development plans. They prepare the report and evaluate it.

This article is a research paper aimed at showing the significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment on different components of social security, including the hope for future in social security, from the perspective of judges in Tehran province. This is a descriptive and applied research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 55 Judges of Tehran Province, all of whom were interviewed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of this questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is 87%. In this study, to test the hypothesis, a one-tailed t-test was used and the existence of a significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment and the hope-future component of social security was confirmed.

The strategic cost management process is a cost-benefit planning and cost management system driven by sales-oriented, customer-centric, design oriented and multi-departmental. Targeted costing begins with cost management in the early stages of product development and is engaged throughout the entire product lifecycle by actively engaging the entire value chain. Targeted costing decision-making involves cross-departmental teams comprised of different units (production, engineering, R&D, marketing, and accounting) and responsible for determining acceptable sales price, the rate of return corresponding to sales. It also covers the possible cost of each item produced. This management strategy seeks to reduce costs and seeks to achieve greater market share by lowering costs than competitors. Organizations are looking to increase efficiency. Implementing a strategy of maintaining stability and sustainability is a priority, and the company is not about innovation and risk-taking but about offering products and services at competitive prices. Of course, it does not diminish the quality of the products and gives a reasonable profit.

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of fraud in financial statements and their impact on community policies. Financial fraud involves any deliberate action by a company to mislead users of these financial statements, especially investors. Creditworthiness through the preparation and publication of financial statements contains a significant misstatement. It has a negative impact on various economic, cultural and social dimensions. Fraud, undermining the ethics and culture of society and government policies to safeguard the interests of the people and to deprive them of resources, is a major obstacle to promoting a culture of work and competitiveness of productive activities and to thwart efforts. They are aimed at reducing poverty and social discrimination. With the rise of fraud community declines due to the skepticism created.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of delegating time commitment to Iranian law and international documents. During the conclusion of a contract, whether verbally or in writing, it may, for whatever reason, be made available to the commitment. How- ever, if the pledge does not consider the pledge to be in his interest, he will not be willing to carry out the pledge claim. In particular, the laws of our country are silent on this. Therefore, to avoid wandering, in accordance with Article 401 BC. It is invoked, as prescribed; if the term for option clause is not specified, both the option clause and conditional sale are invalid. The court procedure is also dual. The nullity of such a commitment also prevails in the theory of jurists. It therefore seems to be the difference between the will to make a commitment and the will to execute it.

Terrorism financing refers to a set of actions that are carried out by presenting or collecting funds in any way and with any justification, including payment of taxes, taxes, and drug trafficking, human trafficking and other black trade, directly and indirectly, against the law, and deliberately, in the form of various forms of cash, the provision of movable and immovable property, remittances and electronic tools are provided to these groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the criminology of terrorist financing. In this research, is an attempt to examine the tendency of individuals in different organizations and groups to provide financial support to terrorist groups from a criminological point of view and by explaining criminological theories? Criminological theories such as differential socialization and mass neutralization are expressed.

The principle of confidentiality of documents, information and arbitral awards is a privileged feature of arbitral tribunals, if this property is not guaranteed the parties may be unwilling to dispute this process. Although the jurisdictional laws and regulations of some countries have recognized the principle of confidentiality, this has not been addressed in Iranian law. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to address the ambiguity that the process of arbitration is private or confidential and that confidentiality is more of an ideal or a fact, as well as whether it has any exceptions. The findings of the present study indicate that the confidentiality is relative and directly related to the obligations of the parties to the dispute and the third parties involved in the arbitration process. The basis for identifying the degree of confidentiality requires explicit agreement between the parties to the arbitration agreement, and this rule has some exceptions.

The rights of couples in Iranian law, jurisprudence and its adaptation to England with the aim of expression of the sharing point is descriptive and the main question is, what is the difference and similarities of financial rights in Iran, jurisprudence and English and the history of the principle of rule in them? Thus, examining the legal and legal basis of the rights of couples will strengthen the strengths and weaknesses of the parties. Comparative law also causes the emergence of common points and differences between the two legal systems to be adapted. The verses of the Quran, traditions and principles of jurisprudence which have somehow supported the will of the people and show that Islam is not indifferent to the will of the people. Nevertheless, the principle of rule of will is derived from the European law and the rich jurisprudence of Islam has given special attention to the principles mentioned in the couple's financial rights.

The concept of fairness in modern criminal law has influenced by the defendant-oriented philosophy. The major part of the rules on the substantive criminal law andprocedure has been arranged to guarantee the rights of the defendant. This approach creates a complicated situation for the victim: He shouldtolerate the cruel as well as the criminal system considering him insignificant. The Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, and in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966),embodies such an idea. In so-called postmodern criminal law, this situation is undesirable, and the restorative justice approach, that guarantees the victim’s rights, tries to establish a balance between the plaintiff and defendant in the criminal justice process. In Islamic theology, correspondence of the hearing with God’s commands is the criteria of fairness while in Europe common’s judgment serves as the criteria of the fairness of the trial.

The present study is a comparative study of cases, origin and effects of legal vacancies in the field of official document in Iran and Turkey. According to the subject documentation presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in this article is libraries. The findings of this study indicate that, in a comparative comparison between the two countries, Iran and Turkey in the field of official documents in both countries, special attention has been paid to the official document. It has led to the qualifications and powers of the editors and the performance guarantees for official document envisaged in the laws to be taken into account. In addition, the official document faces many legal vacancies in both countries.

Criminal responsibility means the ability to attribute crime to persons and the possibility of imposing penalties on them. Intellectual maturity is a measure of intellectual growth, focusing on understanding the traditions of religion for children and adolescents under the age of 18.The age of puberty, which is considered to be a phase of sexual development in religious jurisprudence, is considered the basis of any responsibility. Criminal responsibility is a trait that always accompanies a person and has nothing to do with the crime. These consequences can only be imposed on anyone who has the power to impose them. Since the level of responsibility and punishment of the offender should be commensurate with his or her level of understanding and intelligence, there has been less punishment in the history of children according to their perception. Full criminal responsibility requires complete understanding. Therefore, a person who has a defective understanding must lack full criminal responsibility.

In Iranian law, the role of contracts in the binding aspect of contracts is not very specific, and this has caused concern among legal authors about the necessity and the permissibility of contracts. However, whether there is a logical relationship between the non-exchangeability of a contract and the contractuality of the contract, and the necessity of that contract, is the subject of this article. In contrast, in English law the contract is generally recognized as valid and necessary in two respects. The first being formal and impor- tant, and the second being to back it up, since the principle is that the contracts are non-formal, in English law, instead, it has a decisive role in distinguishing binding contracts from mere promises. Therefore, if the theory of change is accepted in Iranian law, it can be one of the complementary rules in interpreting private contracts and determining the obligations of the parties.

The concept of war has undergone a wide semantic transformation and today, the soft power, including cinema, plays an important and fundamental role in the cultural policy of any country. Accordingly, the present article has been done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining cultural policy-making in the Iranian film industry and its impact on the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results showed that the Iranian film industry originates from the political programs of its statesmen and this factor has created challenges in the field of soft power in the field of cinema. Nevertheless, the international recognition of the Iranian film industry (presence of Iranian films in international festivals, distribution of Iranian films and series on I Film and Asian television networks. In addition to displaying and encouraging the political, religious, lifestyle and Islamic culture of the Iranian people at the international level, in order to produce positive images and eliminate negative images of Iran (in Persian-speaking countries) Especially Iran's nuclear programs) to be used in the minds of the people of the world. Iranian artists, as Iranian ambassadors around the world, have not yet been sufficiently exploited as a source of soft power, while they can make a great difference in others' perceptions of Iranian identity.

The accused rights are a natural and inherent part of mankind, and it is not something that the statesmen have left to the people and can deny them. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the library method has been used to collect the information needed for research. In the new penal code of 1392, special attention was paid to the rights charged and innovations in this field. In the same material of this law, both in the definition of criminal procedure and in the clarification of important cases, such as the principle of neutrality and the independence of the judicial authorities, the legal principle, the existence of criminal proceedings, the principle of innocence, the need for the accused to be informed of the cause and the reason for prosecution, the right to access the lawyer, the observance of the citizenship rights contained in the law on respect for legitimate freedoms and the protection of citizenship rights, which are observed in articles one to seven of this law. Therefore, we are witnessing a new and positive view of the trial and attention to the rights of the accused.

Internet fraud in terms of expanding its scope and especially its complexity in cyberspace has caused widespread changes in human life. Although general measures to counteract with variety of fraud methods are roughly the same, with differences in the various methods of fraud, the use of appropriate method is necessary. Part of coping strategies requires creation of understanding of computer use and the awareness of individuals and organizations about possible negative consequences of computer systems and naturally after that, permanent monitoring of computer systems and security plans are needed. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of fraud in social security and computer crime law. The research method of current study is descriptive and analytic. In this study, with an analytical perspective, definitions, types and distinction of computer fraud has been investigated. Finally, suitable strategies for counteracting were introduced.

Domestic and international armed conflicts are causing chaos and an increase in crime. Meanwhile, one of the most important of these crimes is sexual violence against women, who are more vulnerable than men because they are more vulnerable. In this regard, despite numerous UN resolutions and international conventions, the rate of these crimes has not decreased and has even been committed by UN peacekeepers. Therefore, the main challenge of this study, after explaining the concept of sexual violence, is its place in international laws and regulations, as well as the causes of recurrence of this violence and the study of prevention strategies. At the end of this study, it will be showed that, despite great efforts and strides in international instruments, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, there is still insufficient access to justice for women and children and even men victims of sexual violence. At the same time, there are many legal loopholes in international instruments criminalizing sexual violence, and the lack of adequate training of UN peacekeepers and the low number of women is another challenge.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative assessment of drug and psychotropic crimes in Iran and the United Kingdom. In Iranian law, the criminal policy governing drug crimes is based primarily on government, official, and repressive responses. In English law, a relatively more flexible procedure has been adopted, and except in a few cases, the legislature has not resorted to punitive penalties, such as the death penalty, in response to drug offenses. Medium-term imprisonment is the main punishment for most drug offenses in the UK. However, in both legal systems, there are minimal similarities, including the widespread use of the power of imprisonment to respond to drug offenses. So the question is, what is the difference between punishing drug and psychotropic crimes in Iran and the United Kingdom?

The issue of government restriction of ownership is important in public law, and judicial procedures and legal theories are the best examples. The present article describes analytical and using a library method to examine the purpose of recognizing Iran's legal approach to the restriction of private property for the public interest, to the main question that the interests of private property and the public interest to the extent of ownership and based on public interest. It has been argued that the benefits of private and public property have been maximized by limiting ownership based on public interest, and that a balance has been struck that the results are an element with which the government can, if necessary, seize private property. The general public and society are concerned with the individual interests of individuals. Theoretical foundations of ownership, as one of the examples of government administrative actions, are based on theory.

By examining the political and social developments in Iran, it is impossible to determine the broad scope of political participation for women. In this sense, the main question of this study would be to know what are the obstacles to the participation of women? In response, it must be said that women’s political participation in political development is affected by the social, political and economic structure. The social, political and economic structure is a male structure; For this reason, it ideologically reproduces the participation of women and identifies women as dependent and passive variables. In fact, through the approach of Structuralist Marxism, we want to show that “the role of women as a behavior which influences or intends to influence the results of government” is wrong. This study examines and critiques the political participation of women in the development process in three periods: Qajar, Pahlavi and Republic Islamic of Iran.