نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 41 (اسفند 1398)

Lumpen are a group of people who are distant from their class and no longer belong to that class. In fact, Lumpens are a range of roots that their primary origin can be of different classes, but often classes and strata and It encompasses the lower socioeconomic strata, which break away from their class car class and seek to present a new face. Lumpens are rootless and operate fluidly without being rooted. Most lumpens become classy newcomers trying to get the most out of the new space created in the process. Complexities such as the coup, occupation, collapse, and revolution are manifested in the social-political structure and they create a new class by achieving rents of wealth and power. Lumpen-Managers, meanwhile, have often achieved a particular status through kinship, or "patriarchy" overnight, not in the "decentralization" process but in the "trust-based" system Lumpen-Managers are one of the indicators of the political-administrative structure in underdeveloped countries

The Syrian crisis created new security coalitions at the global and regional level. So that the coalition of Russia, Iran and Turkey (in the final years of the crisis) was formed regarding this crisis. Moscow and Tehran, as two influential powers in the region's equations at the request of the Syrian constitutional government, have provided much help to the Syrian regime. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of the divergence and divergence between the Iranian-Russian coalition in the Syrian crisis and the continuation of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the collapse of opposition groups. Many reasons at macro and micro level have led to the formation of the Iran-Russia coalition in the Syrian crisis. This coalition could be formed for reasons such as combating ISIS and extremism, reducing US influence, increasing Russian influence in the Middle East, and selling arms. On the other hand, issues such as the Zionist regime, the future of Bashar al-Assad's political system, and the influence of the Saudis have been and are disputing factors between Iran and Russia.

Abu Ala'ali Modudi is one of the prominent thinkers of the Islamic world who believed in the achievement of Islamic idealism and in his ideas, concepts such as "the sovereignty of God", "Islamic political system", "confrontation with the West", "Islamic education", "jihad" and Islamic concepts Have a special place. With the formation of Pakistan in 1947, and the feedback on Modudi's ideas, Islamic fundamentalism was shown in this country and it became effective in its cultivation. This article, by analytical-descriptive method, whose sources are based on a library methodology, seeks to answer the question of how did the Modudi’s thought have an impact on Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan? In response, Modudi's thoughts have contributed to the rise of Islamism in Pakistan and to various Islamic fundamentalist groups in the country. Such an impact can be found in the process of Islamic identification of the Pakistani political system, the development of Islamic parties, religious schools, and fundamentalist organizations and groups.

The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges facing the new Islamist current in the construction of Turkish Islamist power. The new Islamists in Turkey are actors who practically undermined the Kemalist discourse in a democratic way, bringing the new discourse of Islamism to the fore. Turkey's domestic and foreign policy have faced two major challenges since the AKP came to power: domestic authoritarianism, and aggressive foreign policy. Both issues have greatly affected Turkey's domestic and international legitimacy. Domestic authoritarianism, above all, looks at Erdogan's power-seeking, reminiscent of rivals and changes in the constitution, reminiscent of Islamic and Turkish monarchies that have long dominated Turkey's past. Neo-Ottomanism is the central axis of Turkish foreign policy. Turkish leaders strive to build on their country's "pivotal" role and place a historic and grand mission in their country. On the other hand, ideological orientation does not abandon the leaders of the AKP. By arguing that Turkey is an Islamic state, they have strongly defended the regional policies of some Islamist currents, such as the Muslim Brotherhood.

With the coming to power of Donald Trump in the United States, he takes a different approach to the level of extremist action on various global and regional issues, which has created security threats for various actors. This new attitude has also influenced Iran as the main focus of developments in the Middle East. Trump administration pursues step-by-step confrontation with Iran on security issues in the Middle East. The plan to create an Arab NATO is also at the heart of Trump's Middle East policy and forms the purpose of this article. In this regard, the main question in this article is, "What are the goals of the Trump administration in the Middle East and what obstacles will it face?" In response to this fundamental question, the paper's hypothesis is formulated that “the goal of forming an Arab NATO appears to be to limit Iran's regional influence and to create an Arab-Islamic bloc with the presence of Israel and even the United States." The findings show that the main obstacles to the Arab NATO plan are the Qatar crisis and the internal divisions of the Arab countries over regional issues, the weakening of Saudi Arabia's position in the West, the differences in regional readings of terrorism, and the divide in the Arab world over how to confront it. Iran and the intensification of Shiite-Sunni religious conflicts and divisions in the Middle East.

It is no secret that the Middle East has always been one of the most volatile and critical regions in the world for the past century, but for all the dimensions and consequences of the emergence of the terrorist group ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) in June 2014, with no historical background, is not comparable with the past. Now that since the First and Second World Wars so far, no crisis on an international scale, to such an extent, has threatened the security of the world and humanity, the present article seeks to identify the set of factors that contribute to the emergence and survival of this world. The Terrorist Group was led to examine and interpret their interpretations and cases of Islam, funding, governance, type of recruitment, recruitment and deployment of jihadist forces, public support, as well as their occupied and occupied territories; Formed with a special focus on the role and position of regional and international coalitions and coalitions, The method is descriptive - analytical reports no focus on the main hypothesis, however, prevent the rise of the oppressed, but there are inherent weaknesses in the organization and ideology of the Islamic State terror group's fall was inevitable.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the addition of interdisciplinary subjects (general skills) to the judicial internship is a requirement for judicial interns. The statistical population of this study includes internships No. 194, 200, 202, 203, trial Tehran and the 89th Qom period were surveyed by all trainees in these jurisdictions. According to the results, all participants in the survey considered the training of these skills in the judicial training necessary and appropriate for all. Judicial authority at the community level is expected to include internships in the work program. These may include lectures, consultation and communication with colleagues and judicial officials, familiarity with psychology and psychology, social studies (sociology and humanities), anthropology, stress, anger management, creativity and innovation workshop, how to conduct meetings, judiciary management, judicial relations with the press.

In the history of Turkish-Syrian relations, the Kurdish issue has been one of the most important causes of tension and crisis in relations between the two countries. With the onset of the Syrian crisis and the intensification of anti-government activity in the country as well as the control of a number of major Syrian cities by Syrian rebels, Bashar al-Assad forced the Kurds to conquer the Kurds and gain concessions to withdraw the Kurds from the front. They gave, the most important consequence of this move by the Assad government was to provoke and intensify Kurdish independence activities in the Kurdish and southern regions of Turkey. The purpose of this article is to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Fountain of Peace operation in northeastern Syria. What is the most fundamental question of violating international law in northeastern Syria? The research method in this research is descriptive - analytical and the method of data collection is library use of valid articles in internet.

Educational organizations, like other organizations, have objectives, structure, policy, program, human and physical resources. To this end, professional development programs of principles have a special role in education policy making. one of the key components of professional development of managers is the formulation of correct educational policies. The purpose of this research was toexamine the dimensions and components of the professional development and to present the professional development model for high school principalswith an emphasis on educational policies. This research was a type of qualitative research and the method of content analysis in this research has been the criterion of action. The statistical population consisted of experts and educators in the field of education, education officials and trustees, and faculty members in the field of educational management, who were selected through a purposive sampling method in a total of 12 persons as research participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. To obtain validity of the data, two methods of reviewing the participants and reviewing non-participant experts were used in the research.

The constitution symbolizes the thinking of a society and is rooted in the views of elites accepted by society. This means that well-informed and influential public opinion proposes and adopts the ways in which certain relationships and norms govern society. Martyr Beheshti was one of the accepted elites of his school and theoretical supporters and opponents, both during and after his lifetime. Therefore, it has had a great impact on the formulation of the constitution. On the other hand, his logic and reasoning in dealing with disputes has had a positive impact on the legislative process based on human and Islamic principles. Therefore, he was one of the fathers of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article discusses the type of legal challenges and challenges posed by the ratification of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with emphasis on the role of martyr Beheshti.

With the coming to power of Donald Trump in the United States, he takes a different approach to the level of extremist action on various global and regional issues, which has created security threats for various actors. This new attitude has also influenced Iran as the main focus of developments in the Middle East. Trump administration pursues step-by-step confrontation with Iran on security issues in the Middle East. The plan to create an Arab NATO is also at the heart of Trump's Middle East policy and forms the purpose of this article. In this regard, the main question in this article is, "What are the goals of the Trump administration in the Middle East and what obstacles will it face?" In response to this fundamental question, the paper's hypothesis is formulated that “the goal of forming an Arab NATO appears to be to limit Iran's regional influence and to create an Arab-Islamic bloc with the presence of Israel and even the United States." The findings show that the main obstacles to the Arab NATO plan are the Qatar crisis and the internal divisions of the Arab countries over regional issues, the weakening of Saudi Arabia's position in the West, the differences in regional readings of terrorism, and the divide in the Arab world over how to confront it. Iran and the intensification of Shiite-Sunni religious conflicts and divisions in the Middle East.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the barriers to the realization of integrated urban management with an exploratory-analytical approach and method to identify and prioritize the factors and components affecting integrated urban management in Karaj municipality. The statistical population of the present study is all 1300 senior, middle, basic and expert managers in Karaj municipality and other administrative organizations in Karaj. Using Morgan table, 300 individuals are selected as sample size. The main question of the article is: what are the challenges and obstacles to achieve integrated management in Karaj Municipality? The results of this research show that according to the findings of exploratory factor analysis, integrating and coordinating the tasks of the devices in a defined and common framework is recognized as the most important and effective factor.

Over than 6 years have passed since the announcement of resistive economic policies but unfortunately, so far, policies like many other public policies have failed to achieve the goals and have not been able to advance the country towards a clear economic horizon. These policies have failed in policy persuasion and the mobilization of the various forces and executive agencies of the country. As a result, the study of why policy failures in policy persuasion are important, so the main question of the research is: what is the reason for the failure of resistive economic policies in the policy persuasion of policy executors? The present research is applied in terms of applied purpose and according to the nature of data, descriptive and analytical. The research hypothesis also suggests that: the failure in policy persuasion among policy executors is due to inefficient and rentier bureaucratic structures.

Criminal mediation is alternative to resolving disputes outside the judicial system mediation, criminal justice also came from about two A decade ago, it gradually opened its doors under conditions to the Law of the Dispute Resolution Council in which "mediation" was one of its features. Mediation is a reflection of restorative justice and is used in most countries for this purpose, has non-restorative application in Iran’s criminal policy and is designed to reduce the number of lawsuits. In German law, the criminal mediation law is drafted very generally. Due to the cultural diversity in society, such legislation is better than the Iranian legislation, which deals with the details of criminal mediation. Finally, comparing the laws of Iran and Germany, the deficiencies and strengths of Iran’s law are described in juxtaposition with the German law, and analyzing the German law and applying the experiences of German researchers in this area.

Security, freedom, order, justice and prosperity are fundamental values that governments strive to provide to their citizens. In the Middle East, for reasons such as weak nation-state building, underdeveloped and rent-seeking economies, the lack of professional use of science and, most importantly, the dependence on great powers and their influence and interference in regional politics, the "security issue" At the top of the issues is the region. So the riddle of security in the Middle East region has become quite evident in the last decade. The region has faced identity challenges in recent years, with various consequences and threats affecting regional and global conditions The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its geostrategic and ideological position, is one of the most important countries in the region that has been affected by these developments. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the recent developments in the Middle East region on the domestic security indices and regional interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, this study examines the impact of developments in Iraq, Syria, Yemen and Turkey on the internal security and regional interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a constructivist perspective. The research is descriptive-analytical and the method of gathering documentary and library information.

Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental human rights. Freedom of expression is one of the prerequisites for the realization of a democratic society, but has become a disputed right because it may conflict with other rights. It cannot be regarded as an absolute right, so restrictions such as national security, public order, public interest, the protection of the reputation and dignity of others have been enforced. This paper deals with a descriptive-analytic approach within the framework of the norms, structures and institutions of public law and the analysis of restrictions on the right to freedom of expression within the American Convention of Human Rights. Our question in this research is, the right to freedom of expression is an absolute right? In response to the limitation of this right, in addition to observing public interest considerations, human rights standards may apply.

In view of the broad definition of criminal policy, even if you believe that, ransom in unintentional crimes is a criminal response, the participation of civil society in the process of addressing this type of behavior will be achievable by formulating a participatory criminal policy, ransom is more in the position of compensation and especially in unintentional crimes has no criminal nature, so it is possible to handle cases with the participation of informal and comprehensive institutions. Therefore, it is possible to handle lawsuits with the participation of informal and public institutions, which in addition to reducing the number of cases submitted to the judiciary, causes the implementation of appropriate and different policies with the perpetrators of unintentional crimes causing penalties for perpetrators of other crimes. It is deliberately addressed by the authorities. In this regard, there are manifestations of participatory criminal policy in Iranian criminal law, including mediation, dispute resolution councils and arbitration

On charges against the accused, aforementioned enters a process of criminal prosecution where one side of the government has all the powers and means to stand up to the accused and the other is accused of being incapable of governing. Defendant have to allow to defend itself optimally. If the mechanism is not thought out, the wrongdoing will inevitably lead to misconduct; to avoid this, the defendant must have adequate defense rights. The discovery phase of the crime as a first step in the criminal investigation process is of particular importance and to a large extent the ultimate fate of the criminal case depends on this stage. Accordingly, failure to adhere to the principles of fair and equitable proceedings, in particular the safeguarding of the defendant's defense at the discovery stage of the crime, may affect other stages of the criminal proceedings. Usually, the provisions on the rights of the accused are enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure and are superseded in all criminal proceedings. The Criminal Procedure Code of Iran has also dealt with various aspects of defendant's defense rights, such as: the right to liberty, the right to be accused, the right to have a lawyer, the need for dignity and human dignity, and so on for the violation of these rights by the criminal justice system. Police and judicial authorities have guaranteed criminal prosecution.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of the retirement restriction law on the election of mayors and its role in the power and authority of the Islamic city council. The main research question is what are the challenges faced by the law prohibiting the use of pensions in the election of mayors? The research hypothesis states that the law prohibiting the use of retirement limits councils, weakens urban management, and violates citizenship rights. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in addition to the theoretical bases it has used the opinions of experts, experts and MPs who have commented on this issue. The results of the study showed that the inclusion of the law prohibiting the use of retirees in the election of the mayor is legal due to the municipality's use of public funds. But the election of the mayor is done by popular representatives and the term of office is 4 years, not 30 years.

Among all the rights given to individuals in the community as basic household needs, "Food Security" is one of the most important needs of the individual, which is the responsibility of governments to meet it. In fact, the government is responsible for providing food security and social welfare. Because if they are neglected and neglected, they will endanger the health of the citizens and will cause irreparable damage, which is said to be the responsibility of the citizen towards the citizens. The civil liability of the state in this regard is the obligation to respond and to compensate for the failure to perform the duties prescribed by law, which are dealt with in this paper. Non-judicial remedies such as increased insurance coverage and subsidies and grants are proposed to provide compensation to avoid the pressures of court costs and waste of time and citizens' expenses.