Plant Biotechnology Persa
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2023

 Plants are an excellent source of phenolic compounds, which are among the most important antioxidant substances. The antioxidant properties of medicinal plants have prompted researchers to use them in the food, health and pharmaceutical industries.

 The purpose of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant properties of the methanol extract of the medicinal plants of Salsola rigida (Salsola orientalis) and wheat. The aerial parts of these plants were dried and ground. Then plant samples were prepared using homogenized methanol. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity of the mentioned plants was evaluated using ferric iron reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).

 The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity for Salsola rigida and wheat was 0.77 and 2.20 Fe2+ mmol L-1, respectively. Based on our findings, wheat showed strong antioxidant activity and S. rigida showed little antioxidant capacity.

 It is recommended to use the medicinal plants of S.rigida and wheat due to antioxidant effects against free radicals. Antioxidant medicines or supplements can be produced from the mentioned plants.

The beneficial effect of cassava processing effluents and solid waste materials on plants is generating scientific interest in research which continues to raise significant attention specifically in maize plant. Therefore this study is focusing on the biological implications of cassava waste peels on the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of maize seeds.

Maize seedlings (Zea mays) were purchased from Uselu market in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. The seedlings were sorted, cleaned, and tested for viability using the method of floatation. The soil samples for planting the maize were collected from five (5) different points (A, B, C, D and E) close to a local cassava mill. The maize plants were grown for four weeks and subjected to the same atmospheric condition in the green house located in the premises. Laboratory analysis of the growth parameters, biomass activities, soil profile, and antioxidant properties were carried out each week for a period of four (4) weeks on the growing maize plants of the various soil samples.

the results recorded significant changes (p>0.05) in the growth parameters, biomass activities, soil analysis, and antioxidant properties among the various groups during a period of four (4) weeks.

It is believed that the effluent from cassava processing site/plant when discharged on agricultural land causes biological and physiochemical changes as well increase in growth rate and biomass activities which are beneficial to the soil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative ketorolac injection on reducing or eliminating postoperative complications in order to find the best site for injection. Thus, the amount of annoyance and dissatisfaction of the patient is reduced so that the patient can move toward surgery with facing less problems and complications after treatment.

In this study, patients were divided into 2 groups of 42 individuals. After the injection of IANB anesthesia, 30 mgs of ketorolac was injected into the master muscle for the first group and 30 mg of ketorolac was injected into the medial pterygoid muscle for the second group. Pain, edema, trismus, mouth opening rate and patients ‘general satisfaction were assessed on the second and seventh days after surgery. Data were analyzed by Stata v 14.2 software and statistical tests.

In the present study, although in the group receiving ketorolac in medial pterygoid muscle  the outcomes of pain on both the second and seventh days and swelling on the second day, less and maximum mouth opening and general satisfaction of the patient on the second day, were higher, but these differences were not statistically significant and the only significant difference was in the satisfaction parameter of patients after surgery on the seventh day, so that the patients receiving the ketorolac in the medial pterygoid muscle reported higher satisfaction (p=0.021).

The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in the outcomes of pain, swelling, trismus and maximum mouth opening between the two groups of injection of ketorolac into the master muscle and medial pterygoid muscle, and only a significant difference was in the general satisfaction parameter of patients after surgery on the seventh day, so that patients receiving the ketorolac into the medial pterygoid muscle reported more satisfaction than the master muscle.

In this study, five types of popular herbal distillates including licorice, fennel, orange blossom, lavender, and cinnamon were purchased from the supply level stores in Ilam city by cluster sampling method and analyzed for the amount of ethanol and methanol.

In the first step, the samples of herbal distillates were taken for testing. In addition, analytical grade ethanol and methanol were purchased from Merck Company and used as controls. Dates of production and expiry of each sample were separately checked and recorded. The samples of every herb distillate were kept in their original containers and used for testing. The names and brands of the manufacturing plants were mentioned as A, B, C, etc., in view of the ethical aspects of the research. The concentration of methanol and ethanol in the products of each company was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and each sample was measured five times and the mean value was reported.

On the basis of the obtained results, the mean concentrations of ethanol and methanol in lavender distillate were 7.20 and 17.00 ppm, respectively. The mean ethanol and methanol levels in orange blossom distillate were 164.26 and 64.25 ppm, respectively. The average ethanol and methanol content in cinnamon distillate were 11.95 and 12.77 ppm, respectively. The mean ethanol and methanol contents in fennel distillate were 3.89 and 7.51 ppm, respectively. The mean ethanol and methanol contents in licorice distillate were 4.15 and 38.31 ppm, respectively. The results of this study showed that herbal distillates have ethanols and particularly methanols.

Herbal distillates that contain methanol and ethanol can be toxic, especially to pregnant women, if taken over a long period of time.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists bring about significant improvement in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), but they may have negative myocardial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in QT corrected (QTc) and T-peak to T-end (TpTe) in RA and AS patients treated with biological drugs.

This cross-sectional study included all eligible patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran from March 2021 to February 2022 and were randomly divided into two groups (anti-TNF group treated with methotrexate, rituximab, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab and control group treated with methotrexate). Electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed on all participants at baseline and 6 months after initiation of treatment, and the QT, QTd, and TpTe were calculated with standard procedures.

Of 128 patients with RA or AS, 64 patients were included in the anti-TNF group and control group, separately. There was predominance of male gender: 69 (53.9%) vs. 59 (46.1%) among all patients with mean age of 47.77 years. After 6 months (T6), the anti-TNF group already displayed a longer mean QT, QTc, and TpTe interval than control group (418.7±15.6. ms vs. 414.0±17.5 ms; p = 0.03; 461.7±25. 0 vs. 448.3±11.2, p=0.2; 71.4±6.7 vs. 70.4±7.4, p=0.6, respectively). Post treatment increases in the QT were detected exclusively in the subgroup of patients being treated with Infliximab, Etanercept, Adalimumab, Rituximab for RA, which all were significant (P= 0.002, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, respectively). In contrast, post treatment changes in the QTc and TpTe indices were not outstanding and statistically significant.

This study demonstrated that anti-TNF drugs induce a substantial increase in QT and QTc levels, which can cause considerable risks to patients due to their asymptomatic presentation. Unlike antiTNF drugs, methotrexate does not cause significant changes in these parameters.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash exerts a broad antibacterial spectrum against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts but is not without its adverse effects, with staining being a prevalent side effect. This study aimed to determine the extent of discoloration induced by CHX mouthwash and investigate the potential impact of hydrogen peroxide mouthwash in mitigating this staining effect.

This study was a double-blind, randomized two group parallel experiment, using a 14-day non-brushing half-mouth model. Patients with mild to moderate gingivitis requiring treatment with chlorhexidine mouthwash were referred to the periodontology clinic of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The test group was randomly assigned to the mixed 0.12% CHX and 1.5% H2O2 mouthrinse, whereas the control group used 0.12% CHX. The patients received scaling and polishing 2 weeks prior to the experiment and then rinsed with the allocated mouthrinses twice daily for 2 weeks. The extent and intensity of stain scores were evaluated and recorded by a calibrated investigator.

Thirty subjects completed the study (CHX + H2O2 n=15/CHX n = 15). There were more females than males in both groups (females: CHX: 60%, CHX + H2O2: 53.3%) with a mean age of 21.3 ± 2.3 years old. A significant decrease (Mean ± SD) in staining scores was observed in both the gingival (0.245 ± 0.35 vs. 0.694 ± 0.50, P=0.001) and body (0.178 ± 0.32 vs. 0.501 ± 0.48, P=0.001) regions of the CHX/H2O2 group compared to the CHX group. However, the extent of staining did not differ significantly (CHX 0.61 ± 0.34 vs. CHX + H2O2 0.62 ± 0.31, p = 0.938) between groups. A significant reduction in staining extent was also observed in both the gingival (0.311 ± 0.43 vs. 1.056 ± 0.87, P=0.001) and body (0.189 ± 0.33 vs. 0.656 ± 0.74, P=0.001) regions of the CHX/H2O2 group compared to the CHX group.

In the absence of oral hygiene practice, the mixed CHX + H2O2 mouthrinse was slightly superior in reducing stain scores and stain with CHX alone.

In constructing a liquid enhancer, 300 mM NaCl was primed for 72 hours on sterile MTi2 seeds., after that, deionized water was used as a control, and SA alone (salicylic acid) (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mM) and only KCl (Potassium chloride) (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mM) were applied. As previously stated, germination parameters were computed. After that, the appropriate ratio of KCl to SA was combined, and its efficacy as a germination activator on the Salt-stressed MTi2 seeds was examined. The data analysis software used was SPSS Windows version 22. To find the significant difference between treatments, data are first subjected to a two-way ANOVA with p≤0.05 confidence level. For purpose of comparing means, DMRT is next applied at a p≤0.05. According to the results, the best concentrations for boosting the germination and early growth of MTi2 seedlings in comparison to the control treatment were found to be 20–30 mM KCl and 0.5–0.75 mM SA. Furthermore, MTi2 seedling germination and early growth were more than 1x higher when the best concentrations of KCl (20-30 mM) and SA (0.5-0.75 mM) were combined. Salicylic acid (SA) and low levels of KCl applied to salt-stressed MTi2 seeds can help reduce the negative effects of salinity stress and enhance the percentage, rate, vigour, length, and biomass of the seedlings that germinate. Conclusion, Salt-stressed MTi2 seeds can benefit from an enhancer that increases germKeywordsination at low concentrations of KCl and SA.

Ganoderma lucidum is a fungus pertaining to the Ganodermataceae family, also known as Lingzhi in China and Reishi in Japan. The G. lucidum has been utilized to treat several illnesses, ameliorate health and longevity and it also affects the quality of life. Researches have demonstrated advantageous impacts of G. lucidum as an adjuvant treatment for cancer patients without toxicity. G. lucidum comprises different compounds, which predominantly contain, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, nucleotides, peptides, fatty acids, which augment the immune system and have effects such as anti-tumor, anti-metastatic, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory. G. lucidum polysaccharides is the essential ingredient in the water dissolved extractives of this mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are important because of their anti-cancer properties. Many research has been done on the therapeutic effects and identification of the chemical constituents of this valuable medicinal fungus in the world. In this article, we peruse the consequences of the researchers on the therapeutic effects of this fungus on cancer and introduce compounds reported from it. G. lucidum contains compounds, that play a significant role in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer, activate our immune system for many defense functions. Researchers' indicate that G. lucidum has a high capacity for acceptance as healthy dietary complement for patient cancer therapy. The reason for some lack of preparation of Ganoderma as a drug may be due to problems with production. Further studies are needed to further illuminate the mechanisms of the modulatory impacts of the immune system also the direct anticancer impacts.

Increasing antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and the advantages that natural compounds have over synthetic chemicals led to more investigation of plant resources. Rosa damascena is one of the valuable species of the Rosaceae family that has different therapeutic effects. This review studies the antimicrobial effects of R. damascene and its derivation in the prevention and treatment of infectious disease and bibliometric analysis at the family level.

Data collection was done from Scopus and Web of Science databases and after choosing the database that published the most data, the information was analyzed by VOSviewer and Bibliometrix-package.

The results of most research show the antimicrobial effect of this plant against human pathogens. The bibliometric results of 412 searched documents also revealed that most of the published documents belong to the countries of China, Iran and Turkey. The process of publishing documents over the years has generally increased and the keyword "Rosaceae" has been used more than others.

In this review article, scientific documents related to the role of R. damascene and its derivation showed this plant have potential in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases.

The environment is constantly bombarded with harmful chemicals, but the human body has evolved defense mechanisms for handling some of them, however, often these mechanisms are overwhelmed by the number of chemicals to which they are exposed. The protective effect of Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) against damages caused by CCl4 on rat kidneys was investigated. As a model for organ damage by environmental chemicals, rats were orally exposed to CCl4 for 22 days, and the extracts from D. edulis, obtained with both aqueous and methanol solvents, were administered orally to the rats at varying concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b. weight for 22 days respectively. Histological, and Hematological analysis as well as plasma levels of urea, creatinine, and electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), CAT, SOD, GPx, MDA and GSH were determined as markers of kidney function. Results indicated that CCl4 significantly increased plasma urea, creatinine, electrolyte levels, CAT, SOD, GPx, MDA and hematological parameters there by decreasing GSH in the rats. However, the administered extracts of 200 and 400 mg/kg aqueous and methanol seeds and stembark of D. edulis suppressed alterations in plasma urea, creatinine, electrolytes, CAT, SOD, GPx, MDA, GSH as well as hematological parameters in a dose-dependent manner restoring them to their normal range. Furthermore, histological analysis showed that the extracts at 200 and 400mg/kg but best at 400mg/kg of D. edulis protected the kidneys from the damaging effects of CCl4. The data indicated that 400mg/kg methanol of both extracts possessed a stronger protective effect on the kidneys against CCl4 damaging activity, suggesting that extracts from D. edulis may possess the potential of protecting the kidneys against damages caused by environmental chemicals.

Attention to the daily prescription of large amounts of drugs by doctors; In recent years, much attention has been paid to the effect of plants in the treatment and prevention of drug poisoning. Matricaria chamomilla is one of the oldest medicinal plants known to man and its use dates back to ancient Greece. In this research, the protective effect of green tea extract in hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen has been investigated.

So that 48 adult male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups. The control group received only physiological serum. The M. chamomile group received 250 mg/kg and (AgNP)M chamomilla received 0.5 mg/kg for 30 days. The acetaminophen group was prescribed 500 mg/kg of acetaminophen orally, and the experimental groups (acetaminophen + M. chamomile extract) were given chamomile extract with a dose of 250 mg/kg and (silver nanoparticle of M. chamomile plant + acetaminophen) (AgNP) M. chamomilla with a dose of 0.5 received mg/kg for 30 days and a toxic dose of acetaminophen was prescribed on the 29th day.

On the 31st day, blood was drawn to measure alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST), and after that, the animals' livers were placed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. The serum levels of ALT and AST enzymes in the silver nanoparticle group were significantly reduced compared to other groups. (P<0.05) so that in histopathological studies, liver necrosis, congestion of red blood cells and the accumulation of inflammatory cells in (AgNP) M. chamomilla were reduced compared to the acetaminophen group.

According to the results of this research (AgNP)M chamomilla is probably involved in liver necrosis caused by acetaminophen. It has a protective role.

One of the application areas of nanobiotechnology is the use of silver nanoparticles (Nanosilver particles) for a new solution in medical treatments. In the present study, the researchers investigate the effect of nano silver particles of the aqueous extract of Artemisia aucheri on skin wound healing among male rats.

After creating wounds in 48 rats, they were randomly divided into 6 groups. Treated with 0.2% AgNPs ointment, 0.2% AgSO4 ointment,   0.2% A. aucheri  ointment, 3% tetracycline ointment, Eucerin basal ointment, and untreated control group. The tested groups were treated for ten days.

Treatment with AgNPs ointment significantly increased the amount of vascular contraction, hexose amine and hydroxyproline, and fibrocyte and fibrocyte to fibroblast ratio. Also, in the mentioned group, the wound area and the total number of cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes decreased significantly compared to other groups. 

The nano silver particles of the aqueous extract of A. aucheri accelerate the healing process of skin wounds and reduce the time required for complete wound healing.