نشریه نظریه پردازی و نقد در ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1400)

Simile is one of the rhetorical arts that exists in poetry and literary prose. Simile is also one of the tools of literary illustration, especially in novels. At first glance, it may not be difficult to translate a simile, but since the choice of simile, simile, and simile is different in every culture and language, These issues should also be taken into account in the translation of the simile. Pirini is one of the researchers who has presented strategies in the field of simile translation. Pirini has proposed six strategies for simile translation: literal translation, replacing simile with simile, reducing simile to concept, preserving simile in addition to mentioning simile, replacing simile with explanation and removing simile. In this article, by using these methods and in an analytical-descriptive way, the translation of similes used in the Arabic translation of the novel Soraya In Coma by Ahmed Musa has been discussed. The results of the research show that the translator made the most use of the literal translation strategy among the presented strategies. The translator's use of other strategies has been much less. Emphasizing on trustworthiness and in order to introduce Iranian culture to Arab audiences, the translator has translated most of the similes literally and made few changes in them. Also, the closeness of the two cultures of Iran and Arabs can be one of the reasons for the high use of this method.

Fairclough critical discourse analysis is a coherent, comprehensive, and widely used theory Which shows that a text in its lower layers is influenced by sociological, ideological, philosophical, historical and social issues. This view seeks to identify the causes of cultural and social changes in the contemporary world by looking at the texts scientifically and practicall. The goal of discourse is to maintain the status quo, build, break, and even rebuild communities. Based on Fairclough theory, this study examines the short story "Orphan" by Al-Manflouti in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that at the level of description, the author seeks to better establish his thought in the mind of the audience by using expressive techniques such as prostration, contradiction and synonymy. At the level of interpretation, intertextual application and elements of verbal semiotics, etc. have been effective in drawing the context of the existing situation. At the level of explanation, it can be said that on the one hand the social poverty in the society and on the other hand the ideological poverty caused by the unhealthy thoughts of some influential characters in the story is one of the most important reasons for the formation of the existing discourse.Moving away from the traditional style and raising issues of this kind and highlighting them has sought to direct dynamic ideas towards discovering solutions to such harms. Manflouti looks at poverty and social ills like it with deep emotion, and at the same time criticizes the current state of Egyptian society through descriptions and scenes, and the prevailing ideology and misconceptions that marginalize the educated. Poor because the protagonist turns, runs.

Psychological and social trauma is a psychological syndrome that develops in a person and is accompanied by symptoms such as stress, depression and pain and physical suffering. In fact, psychological and social harms study and study the abnormal and maladaptive behaviors of the individual and their underlying processes. Women, as a vulnerable group in society, are more likely than men to suffer from psychological and social harms; Because women, in addition to their fragile and sensitive spirits, suffer from most social pressures and threats. One of the important concepts that can be studied in the discussion of women's literature is the study of the psychological and social harms of women in battlefields and terrorist groups. “Habibi Da'ish” is a novel by Hajar Abdul Samad, a realist writer who, as a social work with a feminine approach, explores issues such as women's psychological trauma, patriarchal traditions, the situation of divorced women and single girls beyond traditional Arab societies, and the wounds and injuries inflicted on them. Women enter, draw. The purpose of this study is to study the psychological and social harms of women members of ISIL in the novel "Habibi ISIL" based on the framework of sociological critique of literature using descriptive and analytical methods. The results of this study indicate that the author was able to identify the causes of women's inclination towards ISIL, identify different aspects of Egyptian culture and customs towards women, psychological and social harms of women in this group and show the effects of ISIL men's oppression against women members. In this organization, patriarchy highlights the social and cultural disorder of Eastern societies, especially in Egypt, in front of the eyes of the audience.

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, in his book “Dalā’il al-Iʿjaz” (Intimations of Inimitability), formulated a scientific, linguistic and literary theory known as Order theory, which stands as a strong match for the theories of Western linguists in the modern era. The theory of Order focuses on the rhetorical contexts of the Qur’an, and extracts from it principles and rules of rhetoric. Al-Jurjani presented other rhetorical issues in it, such as: introduction and delay, separation and connection, truth and metaphor, then the book was concluded with analytical models that highlight the importance of Order. This study is an attempt to study Abd al-Qahir alJurjani's Order theory and to Explain the pillars of Order theory. The research methodology is based on the analytical descriptive approach that traces the Order theory of Al-Jurjani and tries to explain the pillars of Order theory from Al-Jurjani's point of view. The results of the research indicate that Al-Jurjani's Order theory focuses on eloquence and rhetoric, pronunciation and meaning, Order, syntax, and syntax meanings. AlJurjani believes that the artistic value of the literary text lies in its formulation and organization. On the other hand, Al-Jurjani confirms that the miracle of the Qur’an is due to its good Order and formulation.

In semantics, the study of the meaning of words and sentences, the linguistic units are examined according to their occurrences in language, i.e., Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relations. These units are also examined according to their references, i.e., their relationship with the outside world (context). Semantics determines what facts each word includes by element analysis. These elements start from general features and reach more detailed elements. Constructivist semantics is a sub-branch of semantics that pays attention to both intra-linguistic meanings and extra-linguistic meanings. It was employed in examining the concept (al-Risala) in the verses of the Holy Quran. To systematically explore the concepts, a thematic research method was used in the Holy Quran; via this method, Qur’anic concepts are discussed both concerning the semantic relations within the verses and the connection of the concepts with the world outside of language can be understood with regard to the Quranic contexts. The term has a very high frequency in the Holy Quran. In this research, according to the root of this term, (Rasala), the terms (al-Risalat), (al-Rasul), (al-Rusul), and (al-Mursalin) are also relevant. The term stems from gradual emission; when it means revelation, is derived from it. Paying attention to the use of and in the Holy Qur’an, and examining their syntagmatized words in the Holy Quran, it can be inferred that is a divine truth including all aspects related to the social life of humans and the developmental life of beings. The most common syntagmatic relations of and are with (Allah) and (ar-Rabb) and the relative pronoun (Ha'a), which in most cases is its reference is. This syntagmatization tells about the divinity of. Also, in the Holy Qur’an, the terms and are found in syntagmatic relations with terms such as (alUmma), (al-Nas), and the plural pronouns (Hum) and (Kum). Further, terms such as (Fikum), (Anfusukum), (Anfusuhum), (Minkum), and (Minhum) have frequent syntagmatic relations with the two terms as mentioned above. This syntagmatization can show the social and universal truth of.