نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 25 (اسفند 1394)

The new developments in Arab world has led to an overall change in power and influence  of regional countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. The series actions of Saudi Arabia including; influencing Iran’s nuclear negotiation with West, change the regional alliance (claimed Shia crescent), the imasse of Iran’s influence(increase the unsecurity in                                                                                                                               ISIS Dominated area), the retaliation OF FAILURES IN Iraq and Syria, fears about Shia expansion and losing Yemen and Bahrain, led Saudi Arabia to take military actions under the protection of Yemeni legal government justification with the western green light. Taking behavioral patterns such as political and strategic supports of Houthi, preventing the joining other countries to Saudi coalition, weakening Saudi Arabia position in Islamic World,   Iran also played a great role aiming to decrease Saudi Arabia Power and increase its influence

One of the recent movement, especially after Arab uprising  that has increasingly played an important role in  the Middle East policies is Takfiri  salafi movement – takfiri. the most recent developments of  takfiri – terrorist groups  refer to  events called  “Arabian rising” that  its  explicit  samples  have been manifested  in frame of “ Iraqi Islamic State ” or “ Islamic caliphate  State ” known as “Daesh” in Iraq and Syria. This paper aims to answer this question, at present that Daesh and other takfiri - terroristic groups are operating in Iraq and Syria and other countries of   the Middle East, what solutions can be imagined to confront with them? In context of response, at first step, international community should  agree on precise and clear definition of terrorism and it should  adopt an integrated international approach in fighting with takfiri terrorism; the phenomenon of terrorism and takfiri terrorism should be criminalized precisely in domestic and international rules; the competence of  an international establishment such as international penal court should be accepted; it should put  human rights  in priority of its actions in fighting with takfiri terrorism and finally, it should take an immediate decisive  action to fight against these groups in the Middle East

The occurrence of revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East led to different regional and cross-regional actors adopt different approaches in the region. An issue that particularly president of Russia Vladimir Putin has paid much attention to it in his second term. Concern over the increased presence of America in the region and  its extension to Eurasia has caused tensions between Russia and  west. According to this issue, in this article we tried  to analyze the orientations and strategies of Russia in the Syrian crisis within the framework of defensive realism. The main question is that since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, how Russian Federation faced with it? the hypothesis is that the Russian Federation due to its different interests, especially security and military ones has attempted to prevent the fall of the Bashar al Assad government and its transition to the oppositions who are backed by western beside some Arab governments.

The protection of human rights is primarily a matter of civil rights. The evolution of the global village has benefited it of international support.  In the European Union (EU) foreign policy, in addition to the pursuit of national security and economic development, human rights issues have been also considered. European Union uses a soft power rather than hard power in its diplomacy, and has put the universalization of human rights as the foreign policy ideological principle while respecting human rights has become as a fundamental requirement for EU membership. The European Convention on human rights is a good paradigm of the first attempts to implement human rights and bringing it out from the "announcement" state to materialization. In this convention, in order to monitor the performance of the member states in compliance with the principles contained in the convention on the protection of human rights, a European supranational court has been predicted.

Iraq and Turkey, both were from the Ottoman Empire, And both of them have Kurdish minorities  so they were important to each other.  But with the emergence of new political developments and the emergence of the revolution in Iran in 1979,  the grounds  to entering  a new stage of bilateral relations provided and this new relationship continued during the 8-year war. It can be said that relations between Turkey and Iraq since the beginning of independence was based on mutual needs and strategic necessities. This report seeks to study what stances has Turkey adopted during the Iraq war with Iran and what are the reasons for adopting this stance. In this report, our hypothesis is that, due to economic and political conditions In this era, Turkey adopted Neutralism. But as the war became longer, Ankara has changed its stances

The relation between Saudi Arabia and Iran has always been in competition and tension. This tension and competition at some points because of the role and mandate of the international system, particularly the United States of America, rolled into the path of cooperation and temporary consensus. Regardless of this interim period, relations between the two countries are full of conflict and confrontation. In a way that, hidden enmity between two countries in the past, nowadays become an all-out confrontation. In the past and during the reign of the Pahlavi, two sides tried to prevent the domination of the each other’s ethnicity. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the Iranian Shiite ideology-based administration, This discourse contrast changed from the racial competition to religious ones between the Wahhabi interpretation of Snnism in Saudia Arabia and Shi'ism in Islamic Republic of Iran

Although the history of Iran is rife with conquerors and military campaign, but there were not any national and real Army at all. In fact, the idea of a single unified army has no precedent in Iranian history. Ever in the timesthe achaemenid empire, the rulers had felt safer with separate units of armed forces. This mechanism allowed them to play on one group against another so  prevented any concentration of power