نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 30 (فروردین 1396)

The efficient and favorable foreign policy in the era of globalization would be realized regarding to relations with all countries of the world. Iran in recent decades due to internal reasons, regional and global efforts are tried to increase its relations with all countries including Latin America increase. Although political and economic success has been achieved in this connection, but it should be noted that Iran's relations with Latin America from the past up to now has not been a significant achievement. The reasons for this should be searched in issues such as geographical remoteness from each other, the lack of internal potentials to expand economic and political relations, Lack of awareness of the issues and capacities of each other as well as the involvement of global players such as America sought.  In fact, Iran's relations with Latin America and the relative convergence on some international issues such as opposition to America, The nature of governments, the way of economic development encounters with challenges such as inadequate understanding of the economic capabilities and capacities in Latin America, changes in the cabinet, political instability in the region, the kind of global block, Maximum penetration of Chinese and Japanese and Americans in the markets of this region.

oncern of widespread violations of human rights caused by internal crises led to emergening a new concept in international rights called the "responsibility to protect".United States by using continuous role as a world leader and because of the personal interests in the more extensive welfare and Peace development is turned to the theory of The Responsibility to Protect Based on a strategic principle in foreign policy. The Middle East and North Africa Evolution caused re design of humanitarian interventions Discussion in framework of the tesponsibility to protect doctrine as well as its legal basis. In behavior of United States foreign policy decision-makers to deal with the Arabic countries crises, we were often witnessed the lack of consistent and systematic use of the responsibility to protect. The main question in here is that how is evaluated America's foreign policy in the field of the implementation of the UN's responsibility to protect doctrine For the United Nations؟ and efforts have been made to the this hypothesis has be tested that The gap between theory and action in using of the tesponsibility to protect doctrine in America's foreign policy be done to Considering.

This research is carried out on the subject of “Ethnic Origin of Candidates & Its Impact on the Behavior of Voters in the 10th Electoral Campaign of Islamic Consultative Assembly”, as a case study in Ghazvin city. The research investigates the origin of candidates from the viewpoint of their Ethnicity and nativity, while also investigates people’s attitude towards native candidates. The research is conducted in the form of a survey with the sample size of 150 citizens, all above the age of 20, residing in 13 cities across Ghazvin, Alborz, Abyek Electroal jurisdiction.The study of the ethnic and native origin was carried out in the form of a documentary and library study and through collecting information from political informants. Data on citizens’ attitude was collected from interviews and using questionnaire. The study findings revealed that candidates had been focused on three principles stated below in the order of their priority: 1- Their ethnic origin; 2- Their birth place and their residential place; 3- The degree to which they enjoy supports of  famous political, native and ethnic persons

For the philosophers of the Enlightenment, the idea of reason was inextricably tied to publicity and public argument. Reason is public in the sense that it does not recognize any authority other than the better argument, and its public use must be free to bring about a process of enlightenment. The "public sphere" was understood as a sphere for critical discourse, placing all established powers and truths on the tribunal of reason. More than any other philosopher, Kant emphasized the internal connection between reason and publicity. The German philosopher, Hegel, and British thinker, Stewart Mill also had reservations about the growing political role of public sphere. During the first decades of the twentieth century, democracy was introduced in most European countries. An important prerequisite for this was the establishment of public sphere. Well into the interwar period, the political left and the conservative elite shared a skeptical view of democracy. The question of democracy and public sphere therefore remained central to the Cold War era. The idea of the public sphere was rediscovered and elaborated in such new, socially critical atmosphere. In this environment, the role of middle-class also has been noticed along with the necessity of public sphere development for realization and deepening of democracy as well as political development. This paper is an historical and theoretical overview of the discovery and re-discovery of the public sphere with emphasizing of the middle class role in developing public sphere.

National interests of any country is explained with regard to geographical and historical conditions of its policy according to vital values, basic and accepted principles accepted by society. From Morgenthau’s point of view, at least the national interests of a country includes providing security and protecting the physical (land), political and cultural identity against other states threats. National interests isthe base and main motivation of states behavior. National interests of countries in the international arena means the country's permanent goals;These objectives are defined on the following four values:  A) national security; b) economic prosperity; c) preserve and increase the country's power; d) characters. Central analytical concept in theory of neo realism is foreign policy, national interests and national security. So that a special relations of tautology between national interests and national security. According to objective approach of neo-realism, national interests will be determined in the context of national security.In fact, we can say that despite all the disagreements about the nature and characteristics as well as how to promote national interests in the classical period or in the period of globalization, the core of foreign policy of any country is national interests.

Iran and Oman always have a positive and constructive neighborly relations during the past few decades before the Iranian revolution ( crackdown of Dhofar insurgency against the Sultan Qaboos of Oman by Iran) and after the revolution ( declaration of neutrality by Oman during Saddam's war against Iran in the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council). Two countries despite the neighborhood relations and geographical locations have a decisive role in Persian Gulf security.Historical relations between the two countries in the past and in the modern era and having particular importance of Oman in the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran in Persian Gulf, the strategic Strait of Hormuz, the nuclear power of Iran and other factors such as geographical Continuity, gas energy of Iran and mutual benefit and common cultural and economic relations have been effective between Iran and Oman, bilateral relations and important contracts lay bilateral relations in certain circumstances. Strait of Hormuz as a strategic passageway in the world that  has been able to supply economic and military relations between the two countries has a vital role and the only way to trade of Oman with the Persian Gulf littoral states and the defense of this Straits and monitoring of maritime traffic according to a jointly agreement have been placed between Iran and Oman in 1974. Oman has managed mediation policy on important issues such as Iran nuclear deal and such like in respect of diplomatic terms has had an effective role in relations between two countries .

Iraq is one of the most important countries in the Middle East and the Islamic Republic of Iran's western neighbor. Iraq's political map shows that due to its geographical, cultural and other conditions is of great importance. This paper explores the challenges of democracy in Iraq.Regarding to the recent emancipation from the dictatorship and repression, Iraqi population moves toward democracy. Political structure of power in Iraq is highly diverse. This lack of centralization in case of inflammation, instability and political unrest in the country, especially a country with a diversity of ethnicities and religions, made the problems more complicated. Lack of cohesion and unity among ethnic and religious groups caused a division among Iraqi people. Especially regarding this fact that certain groups enjoyed unfair privileges in the past but in new conditions they are deprived from this advantages in a way that they became unsatisfied.  In addition to this parameters, the involvement of regional powers in favor of certain ethnic and religious groups should be added. The results of this paper indicate that due to the ethnic and religious gap, the lack of unity among the people, democratization in Iraq faces many challenges because there isn’t a suitable political and cultural ground among political elite and ordinary people for  establishment of democracy.