نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 32 (آذر 1396)

he output of the Brexit referendum held on 23 June 2016 became apparent with all the ups and downs. With the final result of this referendum regarding country's continued membership in the European Union or its departure, London authorities officially announced that the referendum resulted in an overall vote to leave the European Union by 52%. Despite the results of the referendum, one of the main reasons that makes it difficult for the leader of the Great Britain to withdraw from the European Union is the political and economic upsets which of course are not far-fetched. Therefore in the current circumstances and according to the questions have been raised about the referendum, this paper is designed to be an easy-to understand guide on what are the political and economic impacts for the Great Britain and for the European Union, now that the Great Britain has voted to leave the European Union. In this regard and based on the proposed hypotheses, the final evaluation of Brexit's political impacts includes: destruction of the European Union, the victory of mass over the elite, failure of democracy, disintegration kingdom of Great Britain, escalation of conflicts among the Britain's parties, reduction of the security of Europe and immigration issues and Economic impacts such as: depreciation of the Sterling Pound and the Euro against the Dollar, decrease of the workforce, negative and somewhat positive effects on business and the economic slowdown.

Influx of haze into our country from neighboring countries particularly Arab countries has generated many human and environmental problems. The threat of haze for health, hygiene and its economic-social and environmental impacts are so much. The presence of direct and binding regional rules that totally address this regional challenge is necessary because studies show that the main origin of dusts in Iran is external and from Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia countries. The aim of this research is to study the legal rules related to rising of haze phenomenon in Iran and neighboring countries particularly Iraq. But unfortunately a country such as Iraq that is one of the haze producer countries in the region has not done any practical attempt even in the form of apology or confirmation of violation so far, which may be influenced by political issues. In addition, Islamic Republic of Iran has not done an effective attempt in the international convention as damaged country from the haze phenomenon.

 The present paper aims to survey the impact of non-participatory political culture on the collapse of Shah`s regime. Although political culture in the second Pahlavi`s reign was influenced by a verity of factors, the paper maintains, the historical facts would considerably point to the impact of despotic governmental structure as the most fundamental ones. In general, as a despotic rule, king Mohammad-Reza`s reign acted as an obstacle to the public participation in politics and, hence, led people to political passiveness and apathy. Such a situation, on the whole, inhibited the genesis of a participatory political culture in Iran, and on the contrary, played part in the rise of a non-participatory (passive) one. As a matter of fact, in order to consolidate its foundation, the government was always promoting such a political culture which caused the prevalence of some negative features in Iranian society, such as public fear of the king (government), feeling of insecurity, political apathy, violence and antagonism, law-braking, cajole and wheedle, intolerance, etc.

The emerge of modern era and influence of colonialism in East countries was either contempt or endowment. Contempt because of dismissing last capitals and going under the yoke of western countries. But, endowment for its role in awakening from one hundred silence and stagnancy. The vanguard of this awakening among Muslims was Seyyed Jamalaldin Assadabadi, after that the voice of freedom has been heared from all corners of the Islamic countries. Hindi Muslims later than the other fellow Muslims went to fight colonialism, which influence on them seriously. Iqbal Lahori, poet, writer and philosopher is the most famous figure in fighting against colonization. He sought to establish a state according to Koranic standards, although his interpretation of the existence is not of the insightful interpretation absolutely and he tested foundations of his thought with writings of Western philosophers, but he believes that this is beginning that hasn’t homogenization with none of those ideas. Iqbal stepped into the ground, while the layers of awakener were found and utilizing the pattern of Seyyed Jamalaldin Asadabadi following the reunification of Muslims; Not unity under the banner of the Caliphate, which was created in Islamic law based on Ijtihad. Iqbal rejected Greek philosophy and ideas of previous inefficient Muslim scholars, put "spontaneous philosophy", a philosophy which he believes not only has ontological way, but a mirror that existence can be found in it

  The central axis of Weber's sociology is the way of relationship between religious beliefs and social structures and the economy. Weber’s study is partially about economic organization of society, political systems, bureaucracy and themself rights is the normal sequence of sociology of religion. After rationalization of religion, the next issue is the tension between religious moral order and the everyday experiences of believers. If religion is not rationalized very much and still remained as magic issue, the possibility of resolving this tension is higher, because through summoning supernatural agents on a daily basis, the magic wards off the tensions. According to Weber, in "Sociology of Religions" the worldview and religious ethics are cultured and developed by certain groups and social benefits. He does not distinguish between religion and social group’s ideology. The main work of Weber in sociology of religions is to show that under which social circumstances, the prophet-like inspiration of one religion, firstly converted to a lifestyle of a social group and then through which tern to a main worldview of one civilization. There is a selective relationship between any religion and its bearer, therefore in the process of institutionalization of religion, the followers of that religion choose the characteristics of the religious ideas that they felt close relationship with them.

There are A group of criminals that do not enjoy the full development of mind. This group are called mental retardation that are in low social intelligence and ability. Mentally retarded offenders for their inability to think and reason, often do not have the necessary conditions for criminal responsibility. So it is not fair that judicial system treat them as normal and ordinary criminals. In the UK, many people with mental retardation in the event of a crime are subjected to diversion or to punish as non-convicted detainees; But in Iran these people have faced with a higher risk of judicial errors and many of them are not identified and discovered in the time of entering the criminal justice system. In this study, we first discussed about the requirement for criminal responsibility. Comparing mental retardation people with children and mental illness, then we evaluate their criminal responsibility in the legal system of Iran and England.

In recent years, the confrontation with ISIL has taken on global dimensions, but it seems that the interaction and cooperation between Iran and Syria are of great importance. At first, cooperation and its various levels, and then the cooperation of Iran and Syria, especially with regard to ISIL is being investigated. International cooperation at three levels: happening, unity and alliance. Although all three concepts work in the international relations literature, they seem to differentiate between these three concepts in relation to their scope. The relationship between Iran and Syria after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and especially in the section on time: 1) The issue of the Iraq war against Iran and 2) After recent developments in Syria, based on the cooperation between the two countries. This cooperation has revealed a kind of unity between the two countries, in which the Islamic Republic of Iran, in spite of the ideological secularism of the Syrian Ba'ath regime, has made a strategic alliance with the country. Cooperation and unity between Iran and Syria have also been strengthened. So this study first explores the issue of unity and then the reasons for the establishment of unity between Iran and Syria. In this research we can say that the distinction between the union and the concept, related to it, is to be considered as the occurrence and solidarity of each person.