نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 36 (آذر 1397)

It can be said that based on the anthropology and ontology of Islam, freedom is a value concept based on the divine nature of man. However, the coordinates of freedom in Islam were influenced by various internal factors, such as the nature of the Islamic religion as well as external factors, such as time and environment conditions. Considering that man is recognized in monotheistic Islam, possessed of perfectionism, freedom is thus recognized as a fundamental component in this direction. Of course, this freedom is a method and instrument for the realization of virtue and the realization of justice. On the other hand, it has various visual, verbal, moral and political insights that are different from the nature of freedom in the Western world. Therefore, freedom in Islam in various dimensions was similar to the philosophy of freedom, goals, function, and horizons of thought different from the West. In addition, freedom in Islam has been influenced by the political-social dimensions of modernity and Western liberalism. As in the information age, the structure of epistemology and the epistemic system of these Muslim thinkers are based The requirements and foundations of globalization have been similar to democracy, women's rights and civil rights.

"Islamophobia" is a term that has been on the agenda of Western adversaries since the 1980s, but it has become a special consideration since September 11, 2002. This article attempts to investigate the causes of this phenomenon in Europe and its severity in recent years. Several factors such as historical, cultural, political ideology and the September 11 incident are mentioned in this regard. And then the consequences of this phenomenon in Europe in general and in Germany in particular is analyzed. This article has an analytical-comparative approach based on the historical study method. The result of these studies is that the normalization of Islamophobia has become the strategy of a Western society with the aim of prevalence a liberal political pattern.

Political scientists explain Tian Anman's square incident in china as ending idea of regime changing and settling a kind of ideological totalitarism in the Republic of china. Therefore, the political system has faced with less concerns from the existing threats point of view some analysts consider this situation as a point of departure of communist system for starting the reforms. The reforest that have led to a peaceful foreign policy especially in the United States, while preserving authoritarian parts in political area. This will happen by passing left economic system impasse they take high steps towards the National and global capitalist economy. At the same time they have try to make inauguration with slight slope in the cultural and social Liberties area. Some theorists prescribe this transition to economic social development as a developmental model of china except for the change in the political Fabrication of china, that we can use it as a developmental model in Iran. 

The end of World War II and the rise of the Soviet Union and the United States of America from its ashes, the beginning of the Cold War and the characteristics of the bipolar system in the scientific, technological, political, economic, ideological, geopolitical, geostrategic and ... fields, made the decade of 1945-55 an important time to Iran's foreign policy. The question arises here is, whether ideology (Socialism and Marxism or capitalism and liberalism) could have imposed itself as one of the structural features of the bipolar system on Iran's foreign policy in years between 1945-55? It seems that in the global blocking of power, the preservation or development of the ideological capabilities of the superpowers as one of the supporting factors and the structural support of the bipolar system has played a significant role in balancing their forces and, after all, in the foreign policy of Iran. The present article, in understanding this point, has used Waltz's theory of neo-realism, which considers power as the most important factor in maintaining the balance of power and sees military force as the most important element of this power, but not distributes capabilities merely in military affairs and extends it to other categories including scientific, technological, political, economic, ideological, geopolitical, geostrategic, etc.

Recent geopolitical developments in West Asia have led the region into military conflicts. Syrian developments are at the head of these crises, and as a result of these developments, the political system in Syria has suffered severe stagnation, so that after seven years, all UN initiatives have failed to set fire to the internal forces. Concerns about the persistence of violence in Syria are caused by internal and external factors. On the one hand, there is the Russian, Iranian and Iraqi axis, with political and military support from the administration of Bashar al-Assad in an effort to preserve the territorial integrity of Syria. On the other hand, there is the Arab-western axis, wich supporting the Syrian opposition's movements seeking to eliminate the Assad government. The contrast between these two trends, along with the social and economic context within Syria, has made the country as a place of proxy war among powers. The main question of this article is that what are the reasons and causes of the violence in the Syrian crisis? In response, the hypothesis is that, the undemocratic nature of the Assad government, the incomplete state-building process, the presence of takfiri currents, and the outsourcing of external powers have contributed to the formation of a civil war in Syria.

Persian Gulf countries largely rely on revenues from oil and gas exports. Meanwhile, the development of unconventional sources of energy or what is called shale revolution in the United States could create changes in the global energy market and in result the income of these countries be affected. Also, Iran as an important country with a specific geographical location, which is located between two very important areas of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, and has significant importance in terms of Geopolitics, Geo-strategic, Geo-economics and Geo Energy is no exception of this issue. Therefore, the present article using the descriptive - analytic method intends to answer the question that, what are the consequences of development of unconventional sources of energy on the Persian Gulf' Geo-economics of Energy? In response, should be noted that the Persian Gulf states faced with extensive changes resulting from the development of unconventional energy resources in the international energy markets on the one hand, and are faced with increasing demand for energy within the country on the other hand, that in sum could affect the conditions of the countries in the Persian Gulf region.

ISIS is a violent and radical group that has served as a revival of Islamic caliphate. A short-lived group that could spread and move from Syria to Iraq and occupy parts of Iraq. Eventually, the ISIS leader called himself the Muslim world caliph and called on all followers of other religions to follow them. The control of ISIS crisis in the region has brought about new developments, as many experts believe that the post-ISIS era will begin in the area shortly after the defeat of ISIS. Although ISIS's military defeat limits its operational capability, which, according to experts, will re-emerge as soon as the conditions are favorable. Although some of the regional and trans-regional powers utilizes ISIS as a means to advance their goals, and have provided a lot of financial and logistical support for this radical group over the past years. it should be said that this terrorist group is a social phenomenon that can be rebuilt in the future, without further elucidation and merely political encounter, can be reproduced more violently. So the main question is that, what geopolitical crises are emerged in post-ISIS era? In this line, the main hypothesis is that due to the importance of West Asia in terms of geopolitics and global economy, the remained regional consequences of defeating ISIS make some geopolitical changes in West Asia in Post-ISIS era.

The rules and regulations regarding the spent nuclear fuel in the international level in the direction of adjustment and creation of legal and technical standards are based on the management of spent nuclear fuel, these rules and regulations commit governments to take fundamental steps or observe the recommendations in this direction. The Iranian government also based on voluntary commitments with the group 5 + 1 in the year of 2015, has undertaken some commitments in the field of spent nuclear fuel. The present article tries to investigate the adaptation or non-adaptation of Iran’s commitments based on joint comprehensive plan of action (JCPOA) with international rules and regulations interrelated with remaining spent nuclear fuel. Moreover, with pointing to the stages and objectives of management and remaining nuclear fuel which includes the management, save and maintenance of the used nuclear fuel, it tries to probe the adaptation and assessment of it with the commitments of the government of Iran. Finally, Iran's obligations to compliance with the provisions of spent nuclear fuel have been mentioned.

Although, development in Iran has been existed for nearly a century, but it is still influenced by state-run engineering approaches. So that development and movement on the path toward development as a strategic goal with ideological objectives were placed on the agenda and at the top of the government's plans with political ideology of the government. Looking at the history of the development of Iran in the second Pahlavi II and the Islamic Republic, which is emphasized in this study, one can easily understand the effects of the dominant ideology of the state (equalizing development with the concept of civilization and economic growth and calling the teachings and foundations of development as Western concepts) in both of them. Therefore, in this research, referring to two periods of contemporary history of Iran in the subject of development, in a historical-analytical method, the subject is discussed.

By advent of modernism and increase in global demand for raw materials, governments owning huge natural resources assumed themselves as the possessor of power, property and supposed the other countries as economic-dependent. They have gained a part or all of their national income by selling their internal resources. On one hand, this matter led to lack of industrial growth and development and staying away from their production-driven economy and on the other hand, it led to colonialism and exploitation of these countries by powerful countries. In political and economic literature, these countries are named rentier states. Although great revenue obtained from selling natural resources and reservoirs provided the causes of economic welfare in these countries. Some of them were not able to achieve economic welfare and progress by relying on interactions with other countries, and they have merely spent the income gained by natural resource sale for daily uses, and consequently, this issue led to their lack of development. This paper makes attempt to investigate this duality by getting help from statistics and economic information about development and explains that how rentier economy can lead to mustiness and lack of promotion in some countries and act as a factor of growth and development in another country.

This study aims to investigate the origins of Iran's foreign policy approach from idealism to pragmatism relying on comparing the first and the second decades of the Islamic Revolution by using discourse analysis. Due to the nature of the Islamic revolution and taking over of the sovereignty by the Islamists, expressing idealistic slogans and the dominance of idealism in the field of internal and external discourse in the early years of the revolution seemed commonplace. But the war and the destruction of the Iranian economy, international situation and the isolation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the global arena and also the circulation of political elites in 1368 and the rise of pragmatic economy –driven of Hashemi Rafsanjani, Iran's foreign policy shifted from the approach of idealism in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution to pragmatism in the second decade.

Human security and sustainable development both are human-oriented concepts and the most important thing that they have in common is that both paradigms are ideas for the protection of man and his rights. So, they overlap in the theme of man and his rights. In addition to transposition of human security and sustainable development project in terms of theoretical discussions and the emergence of them in the international legal system, the question is that how and under what conditions human security and sustainable development interact with each other in the international legal system? The interaction of sustainable development and human security is something that has been considered. This paper attempts to investigate the link between these two paradigms and their mutual effect. It is noteworthy that environmental security, as one of the seven dimensions of human security, plays a key role in achieving sustainable development, and sustainable development without environmental protection is impossible.

The most important and prerequisite for successful foreign policy is the deep awareness and understanding of the scene. This scene can be the national power of countries, the various interests of actors in acting in strategic roles. In fact, geopolitics provides an understanding of the formation of a conscious and well-informed foreign policy by examining the power generators of countries, the various interests of actors, the rooting of regional crises, and analyzing the position of the region in the geo-strategy of powers. On the other hand, the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus, with a diverse ethnic and religious fabric, has a history of the presence of various powers, possessing a great deal of values ​​and attractions of various economic, cultural, political, and ... as well as having common Linguistic, ethnic, religious, economic and cultural factors with the Islamic Republic of Iran can play an effective role. Because by separating the Caucasus region and part of Central Asia in the aftermath of the Russian wars with Iran despite carrying out various actions, we have not yet been able to reach that ultimate goal, the permanent unification of Iran with Central Asia and the Caucasus. In this article, through descriptive-analytical method, deep knowledge of the positive and negative geopolitical factors has been attempted in order to strengthen the successful political, economic and cultural relations between Iran and the Central Asian countries.

Since development requires peace and security, more Middle East region areas could not enter into development because of various and long term crises. Domestic and foreign crises that are due to nature of authoritarian and economic and political atmosphere, causing Middle East not be able to enter the development orbit with respect to fixed principles of development. The main question is that why the Middle East could not enter development in comparison with other developing regions, having natural and human potentials? The article hypothesis is that, dominance of security and ideological atmosphere in the Middle East in the globalization era has been main obstacle for development of this region's countries. The research method is descriptive-analytical and method of collecting data is library. The main goal of this research has been the presentation of an image about lookout of development in the Middle East region. The findings of the research are that the continuation of the underdevelopment trends of the Middle East region in the age of globalization and the rule of the security and ideological atmosphere after September 11, 2001, excludes economic surpluses from the region and providing the continuation of the backwardness and development of the underdeveloped region.

The formation of ISIS created developments in the Middle East. One of its consequences was the reviving of the extreme parties which were forgotten after World War II. By introducing ISIS as the (fake) representative of Islamic civilization, these parties sought to inspire this idea that ISIS is trying to target the values, civilization and culture of Western liberal democracy. The European fear of immigration, multiculturalism, terrorist attacks and political instability on the one hand, political instability and people's dissatisfaction with government institutions on the other hand led these parties gain some success in the elections. This paper seeks to answer this question that, how has ISIS's influence been in the acceptance of right-wing extremists in Europe? Using the theory of clash of civilizations in a descriptive-analytical manner, the findings Shows that ISIS has had a direct impact on the creation of extreme right-wing groups.