فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Subalternism conflicts within marginal areas and outside of them are primarily spatial in nature. Attempts to acquire space, whether for the purpose of building a house or settling in a location to earn a livelihood, will come into conflict with agents who seek to prevent the presence of the underprivileged in that location. Islamabad and Sayed Hossein Tappe in Sanandaj are the locations under study. These two communities are suitable for research due to the ongoing conflict between house builders and institutional brokers, the widespread and partial destruction of residential houses, the spatial and geographical expansion, and the lack of urban services relative to neighboring areas.Using purposeful and snowball sampling, 25 individuals were selected for semi-structured interviews with the poor (informal house builders and peddlers) in two neighborhoods of Islamabad and Sayed Hossein Tappe in Sanandaj.Institutional agents in the studied field utilize punitive power, interactive power, evasion and suspension traps, disruptions, and recognition inequalities to exert power over subalterns. In numerous instances, the urban poor are also attempting to resist institutional agents. In the collective form of resistance, discontent has been forced into public arenas and public official spaces via the suspension of social order, intelligent protest gatherings, sit-ins/civil disobedience, self-motivated leaders, and the use of protest poetry. Individual resistance is comprised of compromise, persuasion, verbal menace, and rebellion. In times of crisis, urban impoverished individuals attempt to alleviate the stresses of life by banding together. As a form of alternative culture, the diverse support of neighbors and acquaintances in the difficulties of daily life includes accompanying neighbors in social rituals and assisting in the construction of housing, providing temporary/permanent municipal services, verbal and emotional support, traditional and non-material cooperation of acquaintances, and secret use of municipal services.One of the earliest indicators of poverty is informal living and exclusion from government, structural, and official assistance. Since the lesser strata of society are not included in the official sphere, neither is the law’s protective umbrella extended to them. According to Scott (1985), the precarious conditions of Subalterns’ lives are such that we should not anticipate a political and open struggle; as a result, they have resorted to low-risk methods of dealing with subalterns

As in many other places, the urban landscape of Iran is undergoing rapid transformation. In this paper, we examine the effects of rapid urban transformation from the perspective of citizens and how these changes affect their perception and interpretation of urban spaces. This article focuses on consumers in modern retail malls and the traditional "Garand Bazaar" in Tehran.Inspired by the methodology of phenomenology, which explores facts through people’s lived experiences, we use in-depth interviews and observational methods to investigate the experiences of contemporary urban residents. Forty residents of Tehran were interviewed for this purpose. All of them were mall shoppers younger than forty years of age.Despite the undeniable role that contemporary shopping centers play in the lives of many of these individuals, none of them feel a sense of belonging in shopping malls. Residents have difficulty recalling and imagining any other dimensions of a modern shopping mall, including a place for social interaction, rest, and aesthetic qualities that remind them of their cultural heritage; consequently, these malls do not meet their expectations. In contrast, the fact that Baazar is a place where visitors can purchase goods, spend their leisure time, and appreciate the architectural beauty based on their culture and history renders it a multifunctional location that provides greater consumer comfort and familiarity. As a result, individuals visit modern shopping malls to satisfy their routine requirements and the Grand Bazaar to eat, drink, stroll, and spend time while shopping for necessities. In other words, they consume commodities in shopping centers while filling cultural voids at the grand bazaar.As long as city planners disregard citizens’ cultural and social needs while constructing new shopping centers not only do consumers feel an attachment to any shopping malls due to their disregard for individuals’ historical and cultural heritage, but these economic monuments will not accommodate their constructors’ desire, which is earning profits, because these buildings may lose their appeal to those who have visited the mall multiple times.

Presently, users perceive virtual space as an existential situation, and as a result, they participate in it as a social world. This engagement requires that we define ourselves as subjects within this social world. This study examines the construction of virtual subjectivity among Instagram users.This study was conducted qualitatively. In this regard, the interpretive paradigm and multiple contextual theory methodology were used. Using the method of targeted sampling in accordance with the maximization of diversity, 46 Instagram software users were selected as the study's sample.Subjectivity in virtual space is constructed and defined using the techniques of “existential perfectionism,” “escape from being,” “identifying with oneself,” and “identifying with another.” In all four concepts, the subject pursues existential validity, with the exception of existential perfectionism, where self-identification occurs through the recovery of self and identity, and “Dazman”, where identification with the other occurs through falling.Fundamentally, the selves based on both forms of credit are post-real and based on post-realities that exist and are present only in the virtual space.

Due to its global character, climate change has wide-ranging consequences for all nations today. Climate change has had a negative impact on Iran, a developing country. Due to its arid geography, the province of Isfahan has experienced climatic phenomena such as drought. Farmers are one of the most vulnerable populations to climate change. The purpose of this study is to determine how farmers in the province of Isfahan perceive the effects of climate change.This study employs qualitative research and fieldwork as its methodology. This method relies primarily on semi-structured interviews. In this investigation, 29 interviews were conducted using both theoretical and purposive sampling. Coding of data was performed using grounded theory analysis.In this study, “climate change as a multidimensional risk” was extracted as a core category of contextual data. According to the perceptions and interpretations of farmers, climate change has cast a shadow over their economic, social, psychological, environmental, and agricultural lives.The structure of villages has been irreparably altered by the effects of climate change. The social, economic, psychological, environmental, and agricultural fields are interdependent, and a change in one causes a change in another. Farmers initially become aware of perils of climate change through various social and individual information stations. Then, based on their perception of the dangers, they provide responses that mitigate the effects and disseminate them to other levels. Reviving local water management systems, educating farmers, and enforcing effective laws can mitigate the effects of climate change on farmers’ lives.

The increasing complexity and, as a consequence, the self-sufficiency and independence of institutions relative to social agents is one of the problems of contemporary societies. In the course of modernization, institutions attain an objectivity that is independent of their actors. This complexity of the community management process creates issues that necessitate a focus on the future and an ability to anticipate trends and processes. Prediction is one of the neglected scientific properties in Iranian sociology. In such a way that sociology in Iran has not made an endeavor in the past fourteen decades to predict the future of a particular institution or field change. Nevertheless, sociologists have made accurate predictions unconsciously. In contrast to the prevailing trend of sociology in the rest of the world, where the future of social institutions, including the family, has received more attention, sociologists in our country have studied a variety of social changes, including revolutions and social movements. This article seeks to analyze the Iranian sociologists' perspectives on the changes in the Iranian family as reflected in their writings, in order to classify and quantify their views on the future of the Iranian family.To answer the question posed above, “what predictions have Iranian sociologists made regarding the Iranian family in terms of marriage, family size, and divorce?” The most effective method is gap analysis, which was initially utilized in engineering and has since been adapted for use in market research.In Iran, there are two distinct perspectives on the future. The first model is the result of a decade’s worth of work by futurists, which has grown increasingly potent over the past five years. Sociologists have a unique perspective on the future. They have rarely claimed the ability to predict the future, but they have expressed concern about family-related future events. Among all sociological theories, two instances can be stated with clarity. First, none of them have claimed to be able to predict the family’s future, even if they have done so in the past. Next, none of them employed conventional futuristic methods in today’s world. Yet, a substantial portion of future researchers’ research methods are derived from sociology as well. Sociology is a diverse tradition in contemporary world studies of the future. In the sphere of method, however, those who discussed the future of the family did not explicitly mention the futuristic method.Contrary to popular belief, Iranian society can be foretold through survey research. This is also evident in the realm of the family.

The purpose of this sociological study is to investigate the obstacles to reforming medical tariffs in Iran's health system. To comprehend the impediments to reforming medical tariffs, we will employ Habermas' theory of dialogue democracy and conduct an analysis of stakeholders. This theory emphasizes the importance of open dialogue and participatory processes in complex system decision-making, such as the health system.This study employs in-depth interviews as its primary method of data acquisition. The data was analyzed using the stakeholder analysis table, which included the dimensions of knowledge, position, interest, and influence. This study collects data from both existing and new interviews.The findings indicate that transparency is a significant obstacle in the policymaking process, and that stakeholders need more knowledge and information about the policymaking process. The position of stakeholders toward the proposed reforms is one of opposition and resistance. Conflicting interests within the health system pose the greatest barrier to policymaking, according to an analysis of interests. The power analysis reveals that the health system's power structure is centralized, with a limited number of influential policymakers having competing interests in regulating the system. The conclusion of the study is that the top-down approach to policymaking in the health system, which is dominated by competing interests and the erosion of public spheres and civil institutions, results in the concentration of power. On the other hand, a participatory and dialogue-based approach increases the likelihood of successful policy implementation and the protection of the interests of all stakeholder groups. To establish a collaborative public sphere within the health system, policymakers should restore the authority of civil and professional organizations, such as the medical council.The top-down approach to policymaking, which is influenced by competing interests and centralized authority, has led to opposition from healthcare providers. Service providers must be involved in the successful implementation of health equity policies. Consequently, their participation in the policymaking process is essential to its success.

The monthly payment of welfare benefits not only fosters problematic dependencies, but also requires substantial resources. There is no holistic approach to empowerment among support institutions; rather, each institution concentrates on particular aspects of empowerment. Existing research has focused more on the concept of empowerment than on the empowerment process. This study aims to analyze the dimensions of the empowerment process in support institutions so as to formulate the operational process.This study was conducted using a qualitative approach grounded in grounded theory. The method of sampling was theoretical sampling. In 2020, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 support organization administrators in Mashhad. The text of the interviews was analyzed utilizing the Strauss and Corbin method and the MAXQDA-10 program.Environmental resources, identification of individual abilities, a sense of self-efficacy, expectations and values, choice and action, and accomplishments were identified as dimensions of the empowerment process.Empowerment is a gradual and cyclical process, and individuals with varying degrees of empowerment and capability engage this cycle. With each cycle, one’s abilities gain new capabilities. As a result, their self-efficacy and motivation to choose and practice for future empowerment are enhanced.