مجله مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی
سال دهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

All hazards can be generated from natural and unnatural sources caused by technology and human activities, where earthquake is one of the natural ones [2]. In terms of natural disasters, as Iran is one of the 10 accidental countries in the world [1], Therefore, it is very important to locate the relief centers before the accident in order to reduce the casualties caused by the earthquake. Providing relief after an earthquake is very important in reducing casualties, and this possibility is possible with facilities including power, equipment, and proper infrastructure. In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to take preventive measures from now on and these programs should be based on the knowledge of vulnerable points. According to the need raised, we decided to investigate the vulnerability of buildings and calculate the human casualties caused by earthquakes in order to be able to investigate the construction of relief centers before the accident in different areas with a better view and more accurate information. Pay attention to the severity of their damages and prevent crises in earthquake affected areas.

Due to the fact that the deployment of rescue teams to provide relief in each region requires preliminary measures that take time and delay the delivery of relief, therefore the importance of saving the lives of trapped people, the necessity of locating and establishing relief centers before the incident It shows the crisis. In previous researches, locating was based on the amount of destruction of buildings, not the number of people involved and trapped in the buildings, which in this research, according to the people trapped in the destroyed buildings, the nearest place for relief centers was determined. The information required for the presented mathematical model includes the population of each region, the number, type of structure and the density of buildings in each region. The presented model is solved with the help of GAMS software. Also, taking into account the fact that the number of people living in each area is different according to the time, this research has considered different scenarios for day and night. Due to the fact that people are more alert during the day and react better and timely to earthquakes than at night, the number of injured people will be different.

People trapped in destroyed buildings are classified into two categories as follows. The first category contains people who leave the building immediately after the accident without getting help, who can be completely healthy or may have injuries. In contrast, the second one contains trapped people in the rubble that need help from relief forces, which can also be divided into two groups.The first group contains trapped people in the rubble who die immediately, whereas the second one is trapped people in the rubble who will be killed if no help is provided, so-called secondary casualties. Kermanshah metropolis is the study area divided into 6 areas, based on which the implementation of the model and its output information are conducted on them.Note that the required information is gathered based on the type of materials, the residential density, the earthquake intensity, and the population density, help the relief teams in prioritizing the areas. In this matter, the priority is given to areas via more alive people trapped in rubble. Traditionally, to save most people in the shortest time, the relief operations are begun in areas with more population. Meanwhile, many people may get out from the rubble in the early hours without the help of relief forces so that there are few trapped. In the following, without having information about the people trapped in the rubble, the relief teams provide relief operations in area with maximum power regarding both the density and type of buildings. Unfortunately, this mistake would result in a delay in the relief operations in other areas associated with more trapped people; hence, the number of killed people will be increased as well.

The results of the presented model showed the highest number of casualties in areas 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, and 1 respectively at the rate of 15.90%, 14.39%, 12.23%, 9.58%, and 9.56% and 9% will occur if a relief center is established, the casualties will be reduced by 6% and with the construction of two, three, four, five and six relief centers respectively 11%, 15%, 20%, 23% and 25% will decrease. The results of the research showed that with the increase in the number of aid centers, the number of casualties decreases. According to the output of the presented model, there are more people trapped under the debris at night than during the day. Considering the darkness and limited visibility, the construction and establishment of relief centers will be delayed a lot, so it is very important to predict the location of the relief teams before the accident, so that they can be settled in their place immediately Start the relief operation after the earthquake.The results of the present study show the superiority of the presented model and indicate the reduction of rescue time and casualties in different situations. In this research, the number of rescue teams under different scenarios has been considered according to the amount of damage to the buildings and trapped people, without taking into account the limitations of the cost and the number of rescue teams, The future is considered in the model which can be used in researches. The method presented in this research helps the crisis managers to take advantage of these results before the crisis by planning for the optimal use of the available time, to increase the operational capacity of the support and relief system in the shortest possible time and also allocate resources should be given to people in need.

Recent earthquakes in Iran have caused considerable damage to building façades. This has resulted in economic, social, and building function losses. Moreover, this occurrence poses a threat to human life [1]. Given the progress made in the field of improving the seismic performance of structural systems and the trend of new design approaches toward damage control levels rather than life safety [1], the role of architectural components such as façades in maintaining building performance and reducing damages and casualties is more crucial than ever. The structural stability of facades must be considered as a top priority in their design in in earthquake-prone areas. However, their design is complex, and it is difficult to achieve earthquake resistance because too many variables affect their performance during seismic events [2]. This study aims to identify the design parameters that affect mid-rise building façade seismic stability. This study examined all English-language studies published in this field until 2023, utilizing a scoping review method to answer the following exploratory questions. What years had the most studies? Which countries conduct the most research? How many architecture schools have conducted studies? Most studied façade types? What research methods were used? What design parameters improve façade seismic performance? What factors are the most frequently cited in the literature?

This study followed Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review model. From March 2022 to February 2023, three bibliographic databases—Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest—and two search engines—Google and Google Scholar—retrieved English-language sources published until 2023. 'Façade or Cladding or Enclosure or 'Building skin' or Envelope' and 'Seismic design' or 'Lateral load' or 'Earthquake' yielded 526 sources. Thirty-five studies were eligible for analysis.

The majority of research—57.1 %—was published after 2015. Most studies were conducted in the United States (13), Australia, Italy, and New Zealand (each of them; 4 studies). Furthermore, 11.5% were completed in collaboration between universities in different countries. Studies in Iran accounted for 5.7% of the research. Participation from architecture schools was 17.2% of the total. There were 51% experimental setups, 26% numerical modeling, 20% combined methods, and 3% case studies. Most research has centered on curtain façades (57%), dry connection façades (60%) and glass and brick façades. The studies were divided into two groups based on the façade examined. Seven categories of variables were identified based on the data from each group. They are organized into three levels at the stage of façade design. The most frequent factors stated in the literature involved connections and their characteristics. The proportions of materials, connections, movement joints, and facade component dimensions, aspect ratio, and slenderness were shared in the seismic vulnerability of midrise building facades.

The findings indicate that the scientific community has paid more attention to this issue in recent years than in the past. Iran's high seismicity and the need to consider certain parameters during the preliminary design phase to achieve a seismically resistant façade for mid-rise buildings highlight the need for collaboration between architects and engineers and between Iranian and leading international universities. Due to the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the façade design, it may be advantageous to employ multi-criteria decision-making techniques.

Various factors contribute to the successful formation or distortion of this image. In the meantime, not only natural factors play a role in the image of the destination; more importantly, the inhabitants of an area form foundation of the destination image. One of the most effective issues in the image of a tourist destination is human and natural hazards. In fact, environmental hazards can act as a Strong repulsion to travel to a tourist destination or distort the image of a tourist destination. The importance of this has led us to explore the potential risks and impact on the image of tourists from the region in the Miankooh area. Exploring this issue can help enrich theoretical and empirical studies of the problem of imaging capital for tourist destinations. Also, due to the novelty of the tourism industry in the case study, it will help local policy-makers to pay special attention and inform environmental hazard management and improve the imaging capital of the region to diversify income, equitable income distribution and social sustainability.

A combined methodology based on the philosophy of pragmatism was chosen to conduct this research. A sample of 15 experts living in the area selected as Snowball sampling was used to identify possble hazards in the study area, and then a questionnaire was distributed among 194 tourists in the Miankooh area, and data was collected to factor these hazards based on their impact on the image of the tourist destination.

In the present study, we asked the experts to describe the extent and probability of each risk occurring during different months of the year. After stating the possible occurrence in the year, we asked the experts to prioritize the risks based on the extent and probability of occurrence. According to the survey, road biographies were identified as the most likely hazard in the region. After that, drought, rock fall, and flooding were ranked next.The results of the impact of environmental risks on the capital picture show that they can be identified in four factors and the general category. These four factors include a lack of human security and privacy threats, climate crises and rock falls, a lack of adherence to the principles of human interaction with the environment, and geological risks. The factors in question account for 65% of the tourism image of the study area.

The research literature shows that the image of the destination and its related concepts, due to its effects on supply and demand in marketing, is an important indicator in the rural and natural tourism. Despite the widespread attention of researchers to this concept, there is a gap in the comprehensive conceptualization of the image, its complex relationships and the factors affecting it. Many aspects of this complex structure have not yet been explored experimentally and operationally. The identification of environmental hazards shows that many hazards, due to the mountainous nature of the region, the occurrence of such natural hazards seems logical to some extent, but the weak infrastructure and the lack of correct location and warning signs have doubled the damages of these hazards. And they will play a prominent role in the possibility of its occurrence in the future. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the infrastructure reconstruction, Guiding signs and other environmental and safety policies for mountainous areas. In addition, to reduce human risks, the host community should be involved in the tourism industry and provide them with the necessary training.

Due to the specific geographical and geological situation of Iran, the earthquake phenomenon imposes numerous human and financial losses on our country every year, and identifying areas prone to earthquakes and providing practical solutions are among the ways to reduce these losses. Also, by examining the impact of the subsidence phenomenon in the seismic process and reaching a comprehensive and practical model, it is possible to prevent and adjust the volume and scope of potential incidents rooted from this widespread hazard; noting that the relevant institutions have all the necessary regulations and standards for construction and safety regarding this process. The earthquake-prone areas which were subject to subsidence and earthquakes at the same time were reviewed. Conducting comprehensive and detailed studies in order to create a complete and scientific structure to identify and provide maps and updated information on the adaptation of the seismic situation and the subsidence of the country helps to prevent the occurrence of accidents and widespread loss of life and capital during these phenomena. In this regard, this study was planned aiming to investigate and assess the effect of subsidence on the seismicity trends of Varamin and Shahriar plains in Tehran region.

The current research aims to investigate the effect of subsidence rate changes on the seismicity trend using Sentinel-1 satellite data from 2014 to 2021. The studied area is in the southern part of the Alborz mountain range, namely Varamin Plain and Shahriar Plain which are located in the southern and western extremes of Tehran province, respectively. Due to the sensitivity of the research topic and to obtain more accurate results, a combination of digital information and hydrological data along with radar images of the area and field data were processed and analysed. Geological maps 1:50000, fault and seismicity 1:1000000 from the Geological Organization, topography 1:25000 from the National Mapping Organization, and seismic data from the years 1350 to 1400 were obtained from the Geophysics Institute of Tehran University and the International Research Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of Tehran. The data from 46 piezometer wells in the region from 2014 to 2021 were used for zoning and checking the underground water level. The satellite data of the Sentinel-1 sensor was used for interferometry to determine the subsidence rate of the region.

In the present study, the correction of the seismic catalog with standard techniques and the micro-seismic catalog showed that Varamin and Shahriar plains have subsidence rates of 65 and 54.5 cm per year, respectively, based on changes of 600,000 cubic meters per year in the volume of the aquifer. The studied case has led to the minimum stress changes in the area to the extent of 5 bar to 17 bar (equivalent to 500 to 1700 kilopascals). Also, the seismicity pattern of the area shows an increasing trend in the occurrence of subsequent earthquakes on one side, and a shortening of the seismic return period in the studied area on the other side.

The high consistency of the data trend in the distribution charts demonstrates the consistency of the subsidence trend and, subsequently, its effect on the seismicity trend of the studied area, which in turn indicates the effect of subsidence on the seismicity trend in the studied areas. The stress output resulting from loading shows a high increase in the stress of the area on one hand, and a decrease in pore pressure on the other hand. This is due to the decrease in the resistance of the soil in the studied area which manifests in the form of collapses and falling of structures and, with an emphasis on the extensive decrease in the strength of surface and subsurface layers, causes subsidence and intensification of subsidence in the region. To put it shortly, both of these phenomena will influence one another in an increasing cycle.

The non-conformity of goods in transactions can always be considered as one of the types of economic, financial and social risks [1], due to which not only the parties in the sale have problems and risks and possible losses, but also judicial institutions and arbitration courts are inevitably involved in solving the problems. It is possible that it will cause material and spiritual damage to the society. Of course, the nature, scope and scope of risk knowledge is very simple, and if a comprehensive definition of risk knowledge is provided, it consists of knowing the event, phenomenon, process, state, situation and thinking and worldview that may cause loss of life for the individual, population, society and environment, spiritual and financial [2]. In general, many transactions are done during the day, some of which are not done correctly. The non-conformity of the goods in transactions, including sales, leads to damages and losses to the parties and imposes certain legal effects on the seller, buyer and even third parties. In Iranian law, there are provisions for material non-conformity and defects and guarantee of executions according to articles 410 to 415, 437 to 422 in the civil law. In economic relations between individuals, when the goods do not match and the seller does not fulfill the obligation, the customer has the right to cancel the transaction and refund the price he paid, and the obligation to fulfill the undertaking along with the demand for damages for delay in delivery according to the text of the written contracts that have such performance guarantees [3]. A high volume of the density of cases entering the judiciary of Iran is caused by the failure of the parties to fulfill their obligations according to the provisions of the contract and at the times agreed upon by the parties. Also, full compensation is discussed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of articles 3, 4 and 5 of international principles and agreements. Based on this, the injured party is entitled to receive full compensation due to suffering injuries caused by non-performance. In this article, in addition to the problems surrounding domestic contracts, the compatibility of international documents and conventions with domestic laws and the expansion and explanation of their differences and commonalities have also been discussed.

The current research, like other researches in humanities, has been done by analytical and descriptive method and its information has been prepared by library method and by means of data collection. Of course, a kind of field method has been used in the current research by referring to judicial authorities and examining cases with similar issues.

Today, legislators are trying to compile a set of regulations or create conditions to reduce the dangerous effects caused by product non-conformity with proper notification. According to the present research, the non-conformity of the goods, both materially and legally, has consequences that affect the parties of the transaction at the time of transfer of the exchange guarantee and after that, and the implementation of the contract according to the provisions of the agreements is faced with difficulties. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence and according to it the civil law of Iran and some other legal systems, the seller is responsible for the loss and he is required to return the price to the buyer, if he has paid. On the surface, this is not compatible with the possession of the sale contract, because the requirement of possession is the transfer of the exchange guarantee to the owner and the lack of responsibility of the seller. In the convention, in order for the customer to be able to use the performance guarantee due to non-conformity, he must inspect the goods in terms of conformity within the shortest period of time. Otherwise, according to articles 38 and 39 of the Vienna Convention, the seller cannot claim responsibility for non-compliance. [4] In Iranian civil law, the difference between the type of goods specified in the contract and what is actually delivered in the contract, especially in the sale of a specific object, causes the contract to be invalid, but if it is a general sale, the seller is required to provide the goods of the promised type. [5] The laws of European countries such as Belgium and France are more similar to the provisions of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods. Regarding performance guarantee, the comparison of Iran's law with the Convention on the International Sale of Goods shows serious differences in the two laws. In Iranian law, failure to determine the amount, type, and description causes the contract to be void or to exercise the option and terminate the contract; While in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the mandatory request of the contract, which includes the right of termination, and it is a fundamental breach when it leads to such damage to the other party that basically deprives him of what he is entitled to through the contract. He hopes to deprive it. [6] It should be noted that the effects and risks that arise from the seller's non-compliance with the contract can be considered in several ways: the effects and risks that are imposed on the seller, the effects and risks that arise for the buyer. Effects and risks associated with third parties.

What was obtained from this research shows that both in Iran and in international documents, attention has been paid to the nature and dangerous effects of product non-conformity. In fact, it should be acknowledged that the innovation of this research is that it has examined the issue of risks caused by non-conformity of the goods, which has not been considered in any research so far. In general, the non-conformity of the goods in different transactions can lead to risks that both the seller and the customer and third parties suffer losses and damages. The examination of this issue in the convention indicated that in order to reduce the hardship and prevent the loss of capital due to the termination of the contract, appropriate provisions have been provided for the wrong party, whereby the violator can compensate for the non-compliance in fulfilling his obligations by submitting an alternative or repair goods and documents and compensate. In this regard, Article 34 gives the seller, who has delivered the documents and documents of the goods before the date set for delivery, the possibility to compensate for the non-compliance until the expiration of the contract, provided that the exercise of this right causes unreasonable hardship to the customer or imposing unreasonable costs on him, however, any right to demand damages as stipulated in this convention is reserved for the customer. The same feature can be seen in the principles of European contracts. In Iran's civil law, ambiguity in the amount sold is considered to be the cause of invalidity of the contract of sale, and the delivery of more or less amount is not considered to be a violation of the contract, and it considers different situations. In the general sale, the excess amount belongs to the seller and the seller is responsible for the compensation of the deficit amount. In the sale of an indivisible fixed object, a fraction of the amount gives the buyer the right to cancel, and an excess gives the seller the right to cancel.

Communication ways can be one of the most basic elements in the progress of civilizations and provide the grounds for economic growth and development of different regions. Natural disasters, including landslides, floods, earthquakes, storms, soil erosion, and tsunamis, cause great damage to property and human life, among which landslides are recognized as one of the most important natural disasters worldwide. Landslides are one of the most important environmental hazards in mountainous areas, they have adverse consequences such as the destruction of human lives, economic problems, death, and harm to the lives of humans and other living beings, disrupting infrastructure and Vital arteries causing the destruction of the tourism industry and historical and cultural monuments.Landslide occurrences in Iran are one of the most important natural disasters, and they suddenly disturb the morphology of the earth's surface in mountainous areas and lead to a lot of financial and human losses. According to preliminary estimates, 500 billion rials of financial damage is caused to the country by landslides in Iran every year. Natural factors such as rainfall, geology, soil type, river flooding, and earthquakes due to the activation of faults along with other human factors such as road construction and road trenches for the purpose of road development and widening cause roadside landslides in mountainous areas every year. Therefore, for the purpose of zoning the landslides occurring on the roads, it is very necessary to use GIS spatial prediction models. According to the above-mentioned materials, the current research was conducted in order to zone the risk of landslides in the Bukan-Sardasht mountain road using the Evidential Belief Function and Weight of Evidence models.

After the investigations carried out in the studied area, twelve factors including lithological layers, distance from the fault, degree of slope, direction of slope, vegetation differentiation index, distance from the waterway, normal curve shape of the range, vertical curvature of the range, horizontal curvature of the range, Rainfall, distance from the road and height above sea level were found to be effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. During field investigations and control of satellite images, 109 cases of landslides were observed on the surface of the Bukan-Sardasht Road, and the reason for these instabilities was excavation and loss of the foot of the slope as a result of road construction activities, as well as erosion of waterways and erosion of river banks. By identifying the landslide areas, the first step in preparing the landslide susceptibility map was done.

The communication axis of Bukan-Sardasht is a mountain road and has many landslides. According to the visits made in the study area, 109 small and large landslide points were recorded in the studied basin. From a total of 109 observed slip points. There are factors related to topography, geology, climate, permeability, slope, waterways network, and human factors such as road network and land use changes that cause landslides. Therefore, twelve influential factors including geological factors, slope degree, slope direction, normal slope curvature, transverse curvature, longitudinal curvature, height above sea level, NDVI, distance from faults, distance from road, distance from waterway and rainfall using two the weighted evidence model (WOE) and thedefinite evidence function model (EBF) were used to determine the landslide risk potential.They had made comparisons between statistical and probabilistic methods and concluded that WOE and EBF methods had a higher area under the ROC curve and showed that these methods have high accuracy in preparing landslide susceptibility maps, which the present study also expresses their opinion. Yalchin et al. (2011) [1] also compared the methods of frequency ratio, weighted evidence, and logistic regression, and they obtained the area value under the ROC curve for each of the mentioned methods as 0.890, 0.903, and 0.840 respectively. brought that it indicated a very good estimate of the weighted evidence method compared to other methods. According to the area under the curve obtained from the definite evidence function method in the present study, the results of this research are consistent with the studies of Shahabi et al., (2023) [2] and Tawakolifar et al., (2023) [3]. The above researchers had proposed various statistical methods such as weighting of evidence, frequency ratio logistic regression, and artificial neural network as suitable tools in preparing the landslide susceptibility map, and the results obtained from this research also express the opinion. it is them.

In this study, evaluation and comparison between two data mining methods of weighted evidence and conclusive evidence function were done. The validation of the results with the Rock Index (ROC) indicated that the methods used in this study had a very good ability to predict the areas with landslide susceptibility in the area around Bukan-Sardasht road, and in the meantime, the method is subject to definitive evidence with the level Under the ROC curve equal to 0.910 with a standard error of 0.044, compared to the weighted evidence method with the area under the ROC curve equal to 0.893, had better predictions. There are many influencing factors on the occurrence of landslides and the selection The most important factors in the occurrence of landslides are of great importance in this study twelve factors were used. It seems that other factors such as the intensity of rainfall, soil texture, and underground water (springs) are also factoring that trigger and cause landslides in the study area and it is suggested that they be considered in future studies.