مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

In recent years, financial development and its effects on the environment have received increasing attention. Indeed, financial development directly affects economic growth and energy consumption, so that affects the release of environmental pollutants. On the other hand, developed financial markets and an efficient banking system improve productivity and reduce environmental pollutants. Therefore, the present paper investigates the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran under regime conditions during the period 1971-2018.

In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran, the Markov-switching vector error correction method was used under regimes conditions.

The results showed that financial development under two regime conditions affects carbon dioxide emissions. This means that in the zero regime has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. While in regime one, financial development has a negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Thus; Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran are affected by financial development regimes.

According to the results of financial development in different regimes have different effects on carbon dioxide emissions, so it is appropriate in situations where financial development reduces carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen financial development to achieve both economic growth and development and Environmental protection also happens.

The use of new technologies reduces the spread of pollution; However, due to the rebound effect (RE), it needs further investigation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of technology advance (energy efficiency and change of energy type) on pollution by calculating the effect of economic growth and testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using the annual time series information of Iran's agricultural sector from 1981 to 2017 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The research findings indicate that with the increase in energy prices due to the implementation of the targeted subsidy law in Iran, the Kuznets environmental hypothesis is not confirmed. The simulation results of the economic growth scenario of the agricultural sector showed that each percentage increase of this variable increased the effect of energy efficiency on pollution reduction by 0.31% on average and the effect of energy substitution on the increase of pollution increased by 18.92% during the simulation period.

in the present study, the integration of comprehensive Hydrological -economic modeling system of agriculture and water resources in Tehran province was investigated, in order to assess the potential effects of global warming. To achieve this goal, first using General Circulation Models (GCM) the effects of greenhouse gases on the average climatic variables of temperature and precipitation under the emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were investigated. This was done with the help of GCM/RCM data system and LARS-WG microscale model. Then, using econometric approach and regression analysis, the effects of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation on the average yield of selected products were evaluated. A Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model was used to investigate changes in products yields on cropping patterns. The results showed that the behavior of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation during the future periods in the study basins of Tehran province compared to the base period will increase (0/26 to 3/75 °c) and decrease (0/78 to 41/1 mm) respectively.

The validity of the TAR model with a fixed threshold in a time series variable wich has a trend, is misleading due to the existence of permanent inflation in the general level of prices. Most studies in Iran do not pay attention to this issue. in this paper we apply two innovations; First, the use of a variable (but exogenous) threshold point, second, the use of pannel data that shows the possibility of revealing the heterogeneity of price transfer patterns between different markets. The data includes the monthly retail price of chicken in Tehran, Isfahan, Mazandaran and Golestan during the years 2003 to 2018. A threshold autoregression model was used to show the relationship between prices in different markets. In this model, the threshold is not fixed and is a function of the transportation cost in each period and each two markets. The results showed that the price transmission of chicken meat between the four markets is asymmetric and in the case where the price gap is more than the cost of transportation, the price transmission is fast and unstable. In another case, when the price difference is less than the transportation cost, the price transmission is stable. Hausman test showed that the price transmission has a random component, but it does not affect the parameters and the regime change is based on the transportation cost. Government policies in the chicken meat market have caused a slower price transfer between them. It also helps to explain the market better by using threshold patterns that do not have a fixed threshold point.

Given to economic sanctions as well as the emphasis of policy makers on the resistance economy and national production, it is important to identify the factors affecting the agricultural growth. One of these factors is banking credit. Despite the relative consensus of economists on the positive impact of banking credit on macroeconomic variables, some of them believe in the difference between the impact of public and private bank lending on economic growth and employment.  Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of banking credit on Iranian agricultural growth sector by considering the role of bank ownership
In this study, the data for the fourth quarter of 1388 (2009) to the first quarter of 1397 (2018) and the MIDAS-GARDL method were used
The results showed that the credit granted by state-owned banks have a greater impact on the growth of the agricultural sector compared to the credit of private banks
 It is suggested that state-owned banks have a greater share in the payment of banking facilities to the agricultural sector.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of monetary policy on the value added of the agricultural sector and its subsectors (crop, livestock, fisheries and forestry). To investigate the research of the variables; Liquidity, value added, and investment as annual data from 1991-2019, and the GMM econometric method was used. The results of the research show that liquidity in the entire agricultural sector has increased the value added by 3.06 units, While liquidity in the crop, livestock, fisheries and forestry sub-sectors has increased by 0.017, 2.76, 2.18 and 1.05 units, respectively According to the research results, monetary policies are effective in the efficiency of the agricultural sector, and based on the obtained results, it is suggested to direct the available liquidity towards investment in the productive sub-sectors of agriculture.

Drought is one of the most important climate hazards that has social, economic and environmental effects. This phenomenon is a great threat to agriculture and development. Droughts occur every year in some parts of Iran and cause a lot of damage. As a result of the recent droughts, according to estimates, in Boyer Ahmad county, the area under water wheat cultivation in 2019 compared to 2012 has decreased by about 26%. Therefore, addressing the issue of drought seems inevitable. The purpose of this research is to know the effects of agricultural drought in the rural areas of Kabgian district of Boyer Ahmad county. The sample size was selected based on Bartlett's table of 180 people and data analysis was done by content analysis method and SPSS software and by factor analysis method. The results show that the factors of economic resilience, social resilience and infrastructural-management were identified as the most important and main factors of the economic, social and environmental effects of drought, respectively. The construction of small dams and floodgate is the main infrastructure factor in the opinion of the farmers of the study area to reduce the consequences of drought.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important axes of economic development in many countries of the world. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the power and potential export capacities of this sector and the factors affecting the increase of these capacities in international trade in light of the Total productivity of production factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the total productivity of production factors on the bilateral export capacity of Iran's agricultural sector and the European Union member countries. In this study the total productivity of agricultural production factors is calculated through the Tornqvist index and from the gravity model to study the effect of variable of agricultural TFP of Iran and the European Union, and other influencing variables during the period of 1980-2015 have been used. The statistical data are related to Iran and 24 EU members state and the panel data method using the fixed effects model has been used to estimate the model. The results of the fixed effect model for the export capacity of Iran's agricultural sector showed that the total productivity of production factors in Iran and the total productivity of production factors in importing countries (EU) have a positive and significant effect on export capacity of Iran's agricultural sector. The results also indicate a positive and significant effect of total productivity of production factors of agricultural sector in the member countries of this union and the insignificant effect of the total factor productivity of Iran's agricultural sector on the export capacity of the European Union. To achieve more reliable results, we suggest implementing executive strategies to achieve higher productivity growth by managers such as more investment, better and more comprehensive training for manufacturers, the use of modern technology, and specialization of workers in priority to be placed in future studies.