فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1402)

The uncontrolled development of cities in recent years has led to a lack of attention to the quality of the human environment and design for human societies, resulting in scattered urban growth and the formation of new neighborhoods in many Third World cities; Therefore, the present study, which is of a developmental-applied nature and descriptive-analytical method, has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the effective components on the environmental quality of the newly established neighborhoods of Manzaria and Shahrekord. The required data were collected using library studies and field surveys at the household level and the sample size was estimated to be 315 households according to the Cochran's formula. Using quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment, the degree of environmental quality and prioritization of effective components in the target areas are investigated. 54 quality indicators of urban environment have been studied in the form of 4 physical, economic, social and environmental indicators. In LISREL software, explicit indicators were prioritized and summarized based on the degree of importance and effectiveness, and a fuzzy logic model in GIS format was used to prepare effective indicators. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two neighborhoods in terms of environmental quality indicators; Thus, Manzaria neighborhood has a low environmental quality and Boram Pahneh neighborhood has a high environmental quality; In terms of having environmental quality indicators, priority in Manzaria neighborhood, physical, environmental, social and economic indicators with 0.511, 0.456, 0.287 and 0.266 percent, respectively, and Baram Pahneh neighborhood Order of priority, physical, social, environmental and economic indices with 0.548, 0.306, 0.294 and 0.278 percent have the most role in the environmental quality of Shahrekord, which indicates the importance of the physical dimension compared to other dimensions.

Urban open spaces have great potential for all kinds of urban activities, and one of the important functions of these spaces is leisure time, which has become more important in recent decades due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the revolution that has occurred in the lifestyle of citizens. Dealing with the issue of quality in urban open spaces for spending leisure time, and analyzing and identifying the most important indicators affecting the quality of these spaces can be especially important for managers and urban planners. Therefore, introducing a process that can provide a proper analysis and evaluation of urban open spaces and factors affecting their quality is important and is one of the goals of this research. This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative-qualitative approach and as a case study. In this research, using theoretical foundations, 45 indicators of quality in urban open spaces were introduced (as an evaluation checklist) and then, using the exploratory walking technique, the mentioned indicators were evaluated in selected open spaces of Arak city. The necessary data has been collected. Then, by using a factor analysis structural measurement model, the influence coefficient of each indicator has been calculated as the weight of the criteria. And then, using the weight of each index and TOPSIS technique, the studied open spaces have been compared and ranked. In this way, a practical process for analyzing and evaluating the quality of urban open spaces for leisure time has been introduced. Based on the results, it was determined that the indicators "the existence of areas and facilities for games and excitement for all ages" and "the existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the facilities for creating climatic comfort" in improving the quality of urban open spaces for spending leisure time, are the most effective indexers. Also, among the studied open spaces in Arak city, the "Laaleh Amusement Park" and " Shohadaye Gomnaam Park" have won the first and second places, respectively, for spending leisure time.

The old cities, which are often built based on the pedestrian model, had a favorable walkability level; But with the passage of time, especially after Pahlavi era and with a greater desire to use cars, this desirability started to decline. At the present time, the development of cities is car-oriented, while the walkable city encourages citizens to walk in the city by planning the environmental structure and land use. Based on this, the current research aimed to evaluate and compare the walkablity in developed urban neighborhoods at different periods and with different physical, social and economic characteristics. The research case study of Semnan city has been selected, which consists of three districts, and one neighborhood will be investigated from each district. Pachenar neighborhood is located in District 1 and the historical context of the city and formed the city's core. Golshahr neighborhood is located in the second district of Semnan city, and its formation and development are mostly related to the forties and the second Pahlavi period. Modiran neighborhood, located in the third district, has a new texture, and its formation is due to the development after the revolution and is mainly related to the 80s. The approach used in the research is descriptive-analytical, and the walk score method was used to evaluate the walkability in these three neighborhoods. This method is a valuable tool for quantitative measurement of walking in a specified urban area, which can be done in four steps and calculates the final score based on the distance of a user from her required users. These uses can be classified into five categories. If they are within 400 meters (a quarter of a mile) or less from the center of the neighborhood or the designated origin, they will be given the highest score, and if they are located at a greater distance, a lower score will be given to them. The results of using the walk score method in the research show that the Golshahr neighborhood in the second district is the most walkable among these three options due to the number and variety of activities and its location at an accessible distance for the residents. After Golshahr, the Pachenar neighborhood, in the first district, with its historical context and mainly lack of planning, has the most favorable situation. Finally, the Modiran neighborhood, in the third district, with a primarily residential structure, the least amount of variety of uses, narrow sidewalks, uniform the atmosphere of the neighborhood and the lack of identifying elements are placed in the last priority in terms of the pedestrian condition. On the other hand, according to the results of the research and field investigations, there are suggestions such as improving the condition of the lighting system, improving security, creating greenery on the side of the roads and increasing the visual quality of the roads, paving and improving the condition of the sidewalks, observing the human scale in constructions, increasing mixing Uses, improving the quality of urban furniture and the legibility of the environment (the ability to identify routes) and finally using attractive and diverse facades in buildings in order to improve the pedestrian condition in each of the neighborhoods.

Throughout history, many cities have been built for various reasons and abandoned after a while. Among these factors, we can mention the economic factor. This factor can be effective both in the deterioration of an urban fabric and in solving the problem of these areas. Today, it has been concluded that only the physical factor cannot be effective in solving its problems. Urban regeneration is one of the most important effective measures in this field, which deals with broad topics such as competitive economy and quality of life. Raste Kuche neighborhood is one of the old and central neighborhoods of Tabriz city, which is struggling with many economic, physical and social issues and problems. In this study, based on the approach of improving business points, urban design tools such as the evaluation of existing condition maps and the Ergon method were used for the purpose of urban regeneration in this neighborhood. With the help of these tools, the method of implementing this approach was shown in the neighborhood of Raste Kuche, and finally general and specific projects were considered for the neighborhood. General projects such as changing the width of the roads, lighting, arranging the appearance and landscape, changing the flooring and special projects such as the development of the neighborhood centers, the flower and plant exhibition, and the organization of the river-valley of Mehran-Roud were considered for the neighborhood. Therefore, it seems that with the operational implementation of the approach used in this study, several advantages will be obtained, including the creation of economic enterprises appropriate to the scale of the neighborhood and the organization of neighborhood roads, which, in the presence of an economic cycle and the subsequent increase in population, will tend to other changes. Positively increases in the neighborhood.

According to available statistics and information, Iran ranks first in energy consumption in the world. Meanwhile, cities are the main consumers of energy (about two-thirds), and Mashhad is no exception. According to this issue, in recent years, planning in order to create cities that are optimal in terms of energy consumption has been considered as one of the most important goals of urban planning; In the meantime, it seems that land use planning at the level of urban neighborhoods, including the densely populated neighborhood of Sarafarazan in Mashhad, can help to optimize energy consumption by influencing different dimensions of the city's form and structure, building patterns, density, and transportation. In this way, this research has been carried out with the aim of verifying the role and effect of land use planning in order to reduce energy consumption in Sarafrazan neighborhood of Mashhad; Therefore, in the first step of this research, in the light of physical and social survey (questioning the residents of the neighborhood), the land use situation of Sarafarazan neighborhood of Mashhad city has been measured from the point of view of energy efficiency. In the next step, based on questioning experts and elites related to the topic of this research and familiar with the scope of the study, he explained the role and effect of land use planning in order to reduce energy consumption in the Sarafrazan neighborhood of Mashhad. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant, direct and strong relationship between the effective categories of land use, including local form and structure, transportation and building sector, and energy consumption reduction at the level of Sarafrazan neighborhood. Also, the effective categories of land use significantly explain the reduction of energy consumption at the level of this neighborhood. Nevertheless, although the land use of Sarafarazan neighborhood in the building sector is somewhat moving in the direction of energy efficiency, but in the two sectors of form and local structure and transportation, basically, the land use of this neighborhood plays a lesser role in reducing energy consumption.

In the last few decades, the creeping of cities and the unplanned physical development of cities have imposed many positive and negative consequences on peri-urban settlements. In this regard, the current research aims to analyze the economic, socio-cultural and physical-spatial consequences of urban sprawl and the annexation of villages to the city in rural settlements around the city of Kerman. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The collection of information has been done in two ways: library and field. The statistical population of the research includes households living in rural settlements around the city of Kerman. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula, 372 households, and the samples were selected using the simple random sampling method. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software environment using sample t-test, Friedman and Mabak technique. The results of the sample TT test show that the negative economic, socio-cultural and physical-spatial consequences of creeping and annexing villages to the city, in the studied area with an average of 3.67, are more than the positive consequences with an average of 3.26. The results of Friedman's test show that among the positive results, the environmental awareness index, with an average rating of 12.30, and the infrastructure improvement index, with an average rating of 10.08, have a higher rating than other indicators. Also, among the negative consequences, the index of environmental pollution, with an average rating of 5.8, land use change, with an average rating of 5.54, and cultural conflicts with an average rating of 5.38 have a higher rating than other indicators. In general, the results of Friedman's test show that the surrounding villages of Kerman city have been affected by urban sprawl and the annexation of villages to Kerman city. Finally, the results of the Mabak model also show that among the villages around Kerman city, Qaem Abad village ranks first with Si value of 0.221, and Saadat Abad village ranks sixth with Si value of 0.103.

By 2025, about 60%of children will live in cities. These children need a healthy and safe environment for healthy growth and sufficient movement. However, such conditions are not provided in most cities of Iran. Correcting these conditions requires careful scientific and research investigations. To provide the spaces needed by children, this research sought to find out the needs of this group through drawings. The current descriptive and analytical study was conducted using children's paintings. Hence, the sample was 120 children aged between 6 and 15 years old which was selected and asked to draw the elements needed in the playgrounds. The drawings were evaluated using the content analysis method and considering the physical, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. According to the results, the physical dimension occupied a more important place among other dimensions. In addition, children's growth happens through stages, and their preferences are completely different depending on the stage of development. According to the findings of this study, children up to the age of 9 pay attention to perceptual elements. At the age of 9, they emphasize the development of cognitive skills, and at the age of 13 and older, the emotional and social dimensions are more important. The presence of these elements in urban parks can ensure the health and physical fitness of children, leading to more presence of children and subsequently increasing the vitality, security, and happiness of adults in these spaces.

The concept of space identity with human habitation in cognitive geography has been considered in recent decades. This concept is studied in the format land-meaningfulness which is human insight in dealing with space identity and original position of community life. The land-meaningfulness has given to the meanings of human of from space identity meaning and concept that manifests it in the type of social configuration. This research has studied the faulty identity of Qazvin Baghshahr configuration with the noumenonology method and within the framework of the Isfahan school. The gardens around the configuration of Qazvin Bagshahr are a smart and astutely dam against floods. In the configuration of Qazvin Baghshahr, several bio cryptography plexsuses have maintained its sustainability and durability until today. The results of this study are presented in three statements:Some cities of Iran land – context have a faulty identity, such as Qazvin Baghshahr configuration.People of Qazvin Baghshahr configuration have kept this configuration in a sustainable way for 1000 years with the land-meaningfulness which is recognition of space identity through the division of the amount of flood water in the scrolls and documents of water division and the spatial arrangement of fields and gardens.The survival of any geographical phenomenon like Qazvin Baghshahr configuration is the result of the bio cryptographys plexsuses stability and their mechanisms during the 1000-year period.