مجله جامعه شناسی نهادهای اجتماعی
پیاپی 21 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

The relationship between development and inequality in contemporary Iran has always been one of the most important and challenging issues that has occupied the minds of many thinkers in Iranian society. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt has been made to experimentally examine the relationship between the set of variables that make up the socioeconomic development construct and the set of variables that make up the construct of social inequality in Iranian society by relying on canonical correlation analysis.

Considering the nature of the topic as well as the main question, the current research is an explanatory one that the in-country quantitative comparative method was used with the unit of analysis “Iran/year” for the period from 1368 to 1398.

The value of the canonical correlation coefficient for the first principal root was equal to 0.898, which indicated a strong relationship between the combination of two sets of variables indicating the constructs of socioeconomic development and social inequality. The square of this correlation was equal to 0.806, which showed that the set of variables that make up socioeconomic development have been able to predict and explain about 81% of the changes in the set of variables that make up social inequality. The value of the canonical correlation coefficient of the second function was also equal to 0.692, which was interpreted according to its significance level.

The first root canonical correlation results showed that there was a very strong relationship (with a correlation coefficient of 0.90) between a linear combination of two sets of variables that make up socio-economic development and social inequality in Iran, which was statistically significant. The final result is that the increase in socio-economic development indicators between 1368 and 1398 in Iran has greatly increased the possibility of social inequality.

The four main objectives of the study are: 1- Identifying the countries’ position in the world’s scientific system; 2- Identifying the necessary conditions for the peripheral position; 3- Identifying the causal paths leading to the peripheral position; 4- Description of ways to improve the peripheral position. The research was based on network analysis and fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis. The data were secondary and were collected based on the theoretical model of research from international databases and different data sets for the period 2002-2017. The number of country-year observations was 2644. The countries’ position analysis in the world’s scientific system indicated that in 2002, nearly 82% of countries were in the peripheral position, of which only 7% were promoted to the semi-peripheral position during the studied period. The analysis of the necessary conditions showed that low exported value and weak exchange of international students are necessary to be placed in a peripheral position, but none of them alone lead to a peripheral position. Other conditions were liberal democracy, government effectiveness, human development, social similarity, English language, and dependence on colonial relations. The sufficient analysis indicated that the combination of low exported value and weak exchange of international students leads to a peripheral position in the world’s scientific system. Drawing the phase space of the upgraded countries showed that Singapore's position improved through increasing exported value. However, countries such as Iran, South Africa, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Colombia have achieved the same outcome through increasing international student exchange. Romania is the only country whose position improvement was due to an increase in both conditions. The change of peripheral position to semi-peripheral often coincides with a qualitative change in the social system, which is the product of changing elements of the economic or social subsystems or both.

The aim of this research is to investigate the role of families of origin and self-made families on the entrepreneurship of women with higher education. This goal is important because of the effect of women's entrepreneurship on improving the economic and social status of society; therefore, due to the need for research, conducting this research becomes necessary.

Qualitative research was conducted with grounded theory method, descriptive-analytical naturalistic approach, and semi-structured in-depth interview tool. The participants include women entrepreneurs who have graduated from higher education and living in Tehran and informants who were selected through targeted and consecutive sampling with the snowball technique and the interviewees of the study reached saturation with 52 people. For data analysis, using the three-step coding technique (open, central, and selective), concepts, categories, and themes were obtained that formed the content of the paradigmatic model and the narrative of the story. Rethinking, repeatability, and verification techniques have been used to determine validity and reliability.

The findings indicate the influence of the family of origin in creating cultural-developmental, communicative-adaptive, and emotional capital in the entrepreneur; Also, by playing the role of education, model, motivation, opportunity, and support they lead them to entrepreneurship, willingly or unwillingly. Self-made families are also effective in their entrepreneurship by playing exemplary, motivational, opportunity, and support roles.

Considering the effect of two types of families, the families of origin can provide a suitable socialization platform for women by modifying the "adaptive-communicative" style and expanding the "development-oriented" culture. Self-made families also provide them with opportunities for stimulation with economic, social, and cultural support.

Social exclusion as a modern phenomenon can deprive a part of society from rights and opportunities. Policymakers have paid more attention to this issue in the last two decades in order to prevent dissatisfaction. In the modern world, due to the attention to urbanization, villagers are exposed to social exclusion. According to the theoretical sensitivity of this concept, the present study deals with the experience of social exclusion of the villagers of Shaft city, Gilan province. This research with the qualitative method and data theory strategy of the foundation seeks to understand the experience of social exclusion of the villagers and the field of study is Rastekanar and Chamacha villages of Shaft city. The participants included 22 villagers who were selected purposefully and with theoretical saturation criteria. After analysis, the validity of the data obtained from the interviews was determined by the review method by researchers in the field of social sciences. The core category of the research is "experiences of rejection from resistance to migration"; According to the findings, there are two types of rejection experiences, some people leave the villages and do not have the patience to bear the problems of the village, and instead regret and urban problems await them, and others are not satisfied with leaving the village and resist the hardships. The result is that the social exclusion of the villagers as an example of the discriminatory behavior and inefficiency of the government and local officials, in addition to the negative consequences for the people, causes the marginalization of the natives and the excessive presence of non-natives in the villages.

The prominent feature of Iranian society, familism, has changed in recent decades. This study investigates the effect of cohort replacement on these changes. For this porpose, we analyzed WVS data during 2000-2020 and Wittgenstein center data. Demographic pyramids based on education reveal that cohort replacement has significantly transformed Iran's demographic composition. All cohorts accept the family as a totality and there is a consensus on its importance. However, differences are considerable when it comes to behaviors within the family. The younger generations’ attitudes are more radical. Divorce and abortion acceptance are higher among them. Most of them consider marriage as an outdated institution; fewer believe that having children is a social obligation or taking care of parents is the responsibility of children. The familism varies significantly between cohorts and the difference between the 1990s cohort with their predecessors is more evident. They experienced different socialization. They have been raised in an era in which mass media and the Internet evolved, which positively affects young people's formation of modern thoughts. The 1990s cohort has a higher disbelief, secular and post-materialist values that decrease familism. The expansion of these values and continuation of the cohort replacement will lead to a further decline in familism in the future. However, government policies can accelerate or slow down this process.

During recent decades, the number of solo-living divorced women in Sanandaj has been growing. It is very important to describe women's experiences, interpretation, and understanding of loneliness and the phenomenal world, and to answer how the "world of loneliness" is present in the lived experience of a lonely divorced woman. The methodology of the current research is qualitative and for this purpose, 23 divorced solo-living women in Sanandaj city were interviewed with the interpretive phenomenological approach. Van Manen's six-step method was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained from the lived experience of solo-living women show the understanding of living alone as an extension of the scope of more options and freedoms, the absence of a double burden on the shoulders of parents, and the protection of children. For this reason, a different feeling towards living alone after divorce has been formed among participating women. For some women, the feeling of living alone is considered as an unpleasant experience, and for another group, as a liberating metaphor. The understanding and interpretation of solitary women from the phenomenal world implies self-support and developing resilience against problems, transformation in female behaviors and self-image, reinterpretation of life in the world and self-control, and restraint of sexual need. Living alone has left different effects and consequences on women's lives, which are categorized under four general themes: "individual growth", "personal independence", "social rejection" and "vacuum of support of children". Based on the semantic constructions of the present study, it shows that women living alone are experiencing a difficult life in the world with their own problems, which requires the support of society in an all-round way

The task of the sociology of religion is to know the various ways of using religion that people use. Therefore, religiosity is the benefit and application of religion in the context of people's daily lives, which has found various forms according to their economic and social situation. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the state of religiosity of the new middle class. This research has been conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The participants in this research are religious activists of the new middle class in Shahrekord, who were selected through purposeful sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with sixteen people in this class. In order to analyze the data, open, axial, and selective coding methods were used, and Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were used to ensure validity and reliability. The resultes show nineteen selected categories in the form of a paradigmatic model with a main category (secularization of religious activism of the new middle class), causal conditions (modernism, rationalism, scientism, individualism, and materialism), background conditions (non-mandatory religious socialization), intervention conditions (high socioeconomic status), strategies (rational religiosity, modern religiosity, ethical religiosity, selective religiosity, and secular religiosity), and consequences (decrease the role of religion in daily life, worldly attitude towards religion, self-diagnosis in religious matters, religious tolerance, desacralization, and tendency towards new spiritualities) are organized. The results show that although the religiosity of the new middle class has taken different forms and distances from its traditional form, religious elements have not yet disappeared from the collective mentality of this class and are accompanying it.

Marriage is a social contract and is determined based on the custom, law, and religion of each society. There has been a declining trend in the desire to get married in Iranian society with the transition from the traditional world to modernity, value-normative changes, transformation from the extended family system to the nuclear one, as well as the new lifestyle. The main goal of this research is to examine the effect of macroeconomic indicators on the marriage rate in the provinces of the country during the period of 2014-2015. Study The research method of this research is a documentary that is based on secondary analysis of data related to the marriage variable was taken from the statistics of the country's state registration organization. The results show that today marriage is a rational-emotional action and due to economic pressures its rational dimension plays a decisive role in the rate and amount of marriage. Increasing divorce statistics, financial pressures on the lives of couples, economic instability, and unfavorable and unstable business environment have led to prudent actions (profit-loss, exchange action, avoidance of economic-social loss) in the problem. As a result, in the 90s (1390-1400) at the same time as the Gini coefficient increased, the inflation rate and unemployment as well as the decrease in the rate of economic participation) along with society's awareness of the existing conditions (increasing divorce and heavy dowry), the desire to marry has decreased. Based on these findings, it is expected that in order to maintain the demographic window of the society and the stability of the institution and culture of the Iranian family system, long-term scientific planning and policymaking should be done seriously in macroeconomic indicators.

The current research was carried out with the aim of sociologically explaining the grounds of dissatisfaction and protest behaviors in the last two decades (summer 1400-1380) in Iran, with an emphasis on protests in Khuzestan province. The research has used the discourse analysis method to achieve the above goal. The research participants are 34 knowledgeable people, local trustees and people with the ability to analyze social, cultural and political issues, managers and experts of various organizations in the field of cultural, social, political and security environment, university professors and expert experts familiar with the subject and texts. It is related to the state of dissatisfaction and protests in the last two decades. These participants were selected using theoretical sampling in the process of data collection and analysis. The data were collected using the in-depth interview method and analyzed with the help of Laclou and Mouffe's discourse analysis method through three steps (drawing the discourse space, alienating and articulating). The discourse analysis of the texts revealed that the floating sign of protests and unrest in Khuzestan by highlighting the "accumulation of people's demands" as the main sign, reveals the approach of the discourse of protests and unrest in Khuzestan in the last two decades. Such highlighting is indicative of its own specific times or meanings; So that "regional inequality", "water crisis and drought", "environmental problems", "lack of good urban governance", "feeling of failure and hopelessness", "tribalism", "activism of different actors", "economy-centered", "feeling of relative deprivation" as the main moments and signifiers. They organize the articulation of the dissatisfaction discourse in the last two decades in Khuzestan. Discourse analysis according to Laclau and Mouffe regarding dissatisfactions in the last two decades in Khuzestan shows that the problems left over from the multitude of unresolved issues in Khuzestan province have brought the work to a boiling point, and in the meantime, a combination of people's feelings and perceptions. Khuzestan has also influenced their behavior and political action and finally, it has formed the emergence of protest behavior and the phenomenon of unrest. Based on the findings, the articulation of the ruling discourse on protest behaviors and social dissatisfactions in the last two decades has been drawn.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as emerging phenomena in response to the inefficiency of the private and public sectors and the requirements of the development discourse in the second half of the 20th century, have expanded and today, they play an undeniable role in participatory development and democracy as one of the most important actors of civil society. In this context, this article aims to study the non-governmental organizations in Marivan through the statements have published by these organizations during the last decade. The theoretical statement of the subject is formulated by referring to the theories of civil society, social capital, and the theory of new social movements. this study has been carried out in a documentary way using the content analysis technique. The unit of analysis consists of the statements published by several NGOs in Marivan between 2012 and 2021. According to the findings, most of the statements were published collectively and jointly, and the environmental, scientific, social, and cultural NGOs had the highest contribution in it. "Environment", "women" and "civil society" are the topics that have the most importance and priority for NGOs. The tone of the statements shows a demanding (critical) position from government institutions and playing an enlightened role towards society. Another important result of this article is the predominance of identity politics and in other words the politicization of NGOs affected by Kurdish identity. It can be argued that Marivan's NGOs have been able to fulfill the roles and functions expected from civil society organizations properly.