نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 12 (زمستان 1401)

The present study aims to investigate the frequency distribution of monthly, seasonal and annual temperature in the boundary layer of Shiraz. For this purpose, radiosonde data downloaded at 3.5 local time during 1394 -1380 (5478 days) from the University of Wyoming web site. Then, the height of the meteorological station of Shiraz (1491 m) was determined as the base level of the inversion of the boundary layer of air, and The Top of the Inversion layer was selected to the geopotential surface of 700 hp (an average of 1.5 km from the lower layer above the surface) as the study space. The results showed that October and November are the highest and July's low frequency of inversion days. On this basis, the autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons were the most days of inversion, respectively. Also, the results on the annual scale showed that the frequency of inversion days was increasing. As the average monthly increase in the frequency of inversion days, the air temperature in the first 5 years (1390 -1394) compared to the first 5 years (1385 -1389) was twice as high as 5 years in comparison with the first 5 years (1380 -1384). The annual average annual average also showed that 73% of the year (267 days) of Shiraz was faced with inversion phenomenon. The most intense inversion of temperature in the air interface have occurred in January, this clearly demonstrates the role of night cooling in the intensification of inertia of the temperature of the boundary layer of the air .

Today, in the field of studying and explaining the integrated system based on the use of satellites, various satellites have been used to monitor and predict the environmental conditions of the earth in the long and short term and the economic activities related to the weather. These systems are based on remote sensing or satellite observations from the earth, biophysical theory of plant response to climate conditions, a set of satellite data processing algorithms, interpretation, product development, validation, calibration and applications. . New satellite observations are mainly represented by advanced infrared images, which are very efficient. In this regard, the use of remote sensing methods is known as one of the most efficient methods to monitor the effects of rainfall on vegetation. In order to reveal the effect of precipitation on vegetation, the monthly average (SPI) of precipitation data of 13 synoptic meteorological stations was used. Then, using infrared images as a weekly average of 2013 -2021 (April 1st to the end of July), the status of vegetation was examined. The correlation level (SPI) with NDVI, TCI, VCI and VHI indexes is 0.0025, 0.0027, 0.069, 0.050 respectively. (VCI) index has a higher correlation with (SPI), which can be suitable as a combined method of remote sensing and weather station information (SPI) to investigate vegetation conditions in Kermanshah province. Vegetation has faced different degrees of drought every year. The most severe vegetation drought in 2015 occurred in the central, southern and northeastern parts of the province. In 2013, a less severe drought occurred and in 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the vegetation was in more favorable conditions.

The Creating and developing industrial clusters in the agricultural poles of mountainous areas is a fundamental way to overcome job restrictions . The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of creating industrial clusters in agricultural poles using remote sensing; For this purpose, Tarom County has been studied as an example. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of type and method. Library and documentary methods, field and satellite images were used to collect information. The research area is Tarom county in Zanjan province. Classified land maps were extracted using Landsat 8 satellite imagery. Then, in order to identify the distribution pattern of agricultural lands, especially industrial clusters, satellite data were analyzed using ENVI, IDRISI SELVA and ARC GIS software s. To determine the industrial clusters with emphasis on agricultural clusters, the method of hot spot analysis and Getis -Gi statistics were used. For this purpose, three regional priorities were identified in Tarom county. The first priority is located in the main settlements of Tarom county, namely Chavarzaq, Abbar and Gilvan. The comparative advantage of this area is mostly due to the presence of human resources in these areas, which makes it possible to plan industrial -agricultural clusters based on the existence of human capital. The second priority is mainly in the immediate layer of the first priority, which has somehow been able to take advantage of the human resource potentials of the first priority. The third priority is mainly away from human resources, but other potentials in these areas allow the expansion of industrial -agricultural clusters in these areas. What is also clear in the study of these clusters is the existence of more spaces in the Chavarzaq area for the expansion of industrial -agricultural clusters, which in fact makes it possible to concentrate the potentials in a wider area.

The current research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the realization of sustainable urban development with a focus on green architecture in Shaft city. The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software and SAW model were used for data analysis. The results of the one -sample t -test showed that the sustainability situation in Shaft city, including the indicators of access to green open spaces, green lungs of the city with an average of 3.43, access to nature reserves, city agriculture , forestry with an average of 3.00, a pollution -free environment with an average value of 3.11, reducing accidents and crime in the environment with an average value of 3.33), is unfavorable, Furthermore, the results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the sustainable development of Shaft city and green architecture, also the regression results showed that, among the independent criteria entered into the regression equation, the contribution of the criterion (respect for users) is in the first place. The perception of positive changes of the dependent variable is more than other criteria of green architecture, and after that, the criteria (conserving energy, reducing the use of new resources, working with the climate) have the largest contribution in sustainable urban development, and also the measure of respect for users has the most direct impact on sustainable urban development. Finally, the results showed that, among the criteria of sustainable development, providing all physical needs with a weight of 0.295 has the highest level of effectiveness from green architecture, and the criterion of safety, security and protection with a weight of 0.112 has the lowest level. Have assigned to themselves.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of rural -urban linkages and its impact on the rural economy through the development of tourism in Hesar Valiasr district (Avaj Township - Qazvin province). In this applied research we used descriptive -analytical method based on the analysis of official statistical data and questionnaire data. The statistical population of the study consists of heads of households living in villages with second tourist houses, which according to the population and housing census data (2016) amounted to 1163 cases, which was selected as a sample using Cochran's formula 285 cases. One -sample t -test and two -sample t -test were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results of the analysis of official statistical data showed that the population of the sample villages had a decreasing trend until 2006 and after that in the period of 2011 and 2016 shows a significant increasing trend which can be reflected in the number of residential units in the Sample villages observed. The results of data analysis of the questionnaire showed that rural -urban linkges through improving communications and communication technologies, developing public infrastructure and increasing investment in rural areas with average values (4.36), (4.17) and (4.07) has had the greatest impact on the development of rural economy due to tourism. In addition, the results of the study of two groups of villages (located on the main axis of road communication and with a distance from the main road) in the study area showed that the two indicators "attraction of class and creative groups" and "general tourism infrastructure" "There are a significant difference between the two groups of studid rural.

The creation and expansion of rural settlements is influenced by various factors, these factors are divided into two categories of natural and human factors, whose impact on the construction and pattern of these settlements is undeniable. Changes in the pattern and architectural style of rural housing have occurred in many different ways. The present study has examined all the factors affecting the rural housing model in Khalkhal county. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of natural and human factors in the rural housing model and determine the degree of correlation between these factors and rural housing. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of method. In the first part, the results of studies show that natural factors have played a very effective role in the pattern of rural housing in this region. Therefore, the role of factors such as water resources, climate and, most importantly, the specific topography of the region have played a more colorful role than other environmental factors. In the second part, the effects of human factors in rural areas on the rural housing model are examined. The statistical population of the study is 5 villages of Khalkhal city with a population of 10,650 people in the form of 1940 households. The sample size is 320 rural households, which were interviewed by random sampling. For data analysis, Pearson and Spearman and multivariate regression methods were used using SPSS software. The results show that there is a significant and relatively strong relationship with a coefficient of 0.675 between human factors and the rural housing model in the study area, so that the socio -cultural index explains about 58.8% of the housing model .

Security is one of the important indicators for the development of the tourism industry. This index can affect various variables, the most important of which is the length of stay of tourists. The length of stay of tourists plays an essential role in the economic and social development of tourist areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and effects of security indicators from different aspects on the length of stay of tourists in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The research method was descriptive -analytical and based on data collection through a survey method using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was performed and the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the study consisted of tourists in six areas, including the city of Chelgard and the villages of Dimeh, Sheikh Alikhan, Sar Aghasid, Benovastaki and Qaleh Tabarak, but no statistics were available on their number. The sample size of 250 tourists was determined. The result showed that 17 factors affect the length of stay of tourists at a significant level less than 0.05. The most influential factor is related to the price and cost of services with an average of 3.99 and then the factor of accommodation with an average of 3.89. The results of one -sample t -test showed that the three indicators of socio -cultural security, economic security and security indicators of tourist resorts, at a level of less than 0.05, affect the length of stay of tourists. Also, the regression result indicates the effect of 32% economic security index, 25% social and cultural security index and 21% security of tourist accommodation index on the variable of tourists' stay. Assessing the status of the security component in tourist areas with a significance level of less than 0.05 and an average of 3.29 confirms that the status of the security component is moderate .

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of nature, and seeks to examine economic development with an emphasis on essential infrastructures with a focus on the strategy of geographic engineering of space in the villages of Shaft county. In order to analyze the data, Shannon's weighting models and fit page extraction, FARAS, and SPSS software were used. The results of Spearman's correlation test and Shannon's model showed that there is a direct relationship between the development of the rural economy and the necessary infrastructure in all the villages of the study area, with the exception of a number of villages that do not conform to the behavior of the presented models. However, in the examination of exceptional cases, some important points were noticed and it can be considered as a deficiency caused by ignoring the geographical role of regions in rural development planning at the rural scale within the scope of the study. Also, the results of the Aras Fazi model showed, respectively: development of public sector investment in the city with a weight of 0.519, increase in labor supply with a weight of 0.422, improvement of satisfaction with income with a weight of 0.400, improvement of satisfaction A job with a value of 0.384, improving the hope for the future of a job in the village with a value of 0.344, increasing savings with a value of 0.323, creating new markets for the sale of domestic products with a value of 0.312, improving health As a result of work with a weight value of 0.313, the development of private sector investment in the city with a value of 0.310, they have assigned the highest and the lowest level of influence from infrastructure.

The creation and expansion of rural settlements is influenced by various factors, these factors are divided into two categories of natural and human factors, whose impact on the construction and pattern of these settlements is undeniable. Changes in the pattern and architectural style of rural housing have occurred in many different ways. The present study has examined all the factors affecting the rural housing model in Khalkhal county. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of natural and human factors in the rural housing model and determine the degree of correlation between these factors and rural housing. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of method. In the first part, the results of studies show that natural factors have played a very effective role in the pattern of rural housing in this region. Therefore, the role of factors such as water resources, climate and, most importantly, the specific topography of the region have played a more colorful role than other environmental factors. In the second part, the effects of human factors in rural areas on the rural housing model are examined. The statistical population of the study is 5 villages of Khalkhal city with a population of 10,650 people in the form of 1940 households. The sample size is 320 rural households, which were interviewed by random sampling. For data analysis, Pearson and Spearman and multivariate regression methods were used using SPSS software. The results show that there is a significant and relatively strong relationship with a coefficient of 0.675 between human factors and the rural housing model in the study area, so that the socio -cultural index explains about 58.8% of the housing model .

Cities are often placing of high population density and man -made phenomena. For this reason, if there is no preparation to deal with the crisis, the probability of human and financial losses is high. Among the topics of urban planning and its relationship with crisis management, one of the important and worthy topics is the topic of riskiness of the urban system. The present study was compiled with the aim of investigating the causal model of the effective components in crisis management in urban areas. The method used in this research is practical in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of this research was made up of experts and professors of geography, urban planning, urban and regional planning in Shirvan city. Experts were selected by the snowball method and the considered sample size to complete the questionnaire of 25 university professors and experts in the research field. The tool of data collection was a questionnaire based on fuzzy dimetal, since the questionnaire used was prepared based on the criteria identified in the background of the research and the views of experts and experts. Among the indicators studied based on the D -R value, the capacity and empowerment index with a value of 1.255 as the most influential index in the pre -crisis stage, during the crisis stage the aid and response index with a value of 1.953, and in the post -crisis stage The government support index with the highest D -R value of 1.932 was identified as the most influential index. In a general conclusion, it can be stated that crisis management in Shirvan city requires a structural and comprehensive perspective, and it is necessary to pay special attention to the components identified in this research when planning in line with the crisis management of the studied city .

Due to the ecological and economic -social conditions, rural areas face many and diverse issues, poverty and deprivation being the most important of them. Entrepreneurship can play an effective role in improving the economic and living conditions of villages by creating new employment opportunities; It is very important to measure the entrepreneurship status of the villagers and try to improve it in the process of rural development by identifying the progressive factors. The current research was conducted to identify the progressive affecting the future state of rural entrepreneurship development in Al -Shatar city and how these progressive affect each other. In terms of its nature, this research is based on the method of future research, analytical and exploratory science and based on the practical goal, which in two stages determines the key indicators through the Delphi method and identifies the progressive based on the opinion of executive and academic elites specialized in the field of entrepreneurship using MicMac software was based on the method of cross -effects analysis. The findings showed that the system is unstable and most of the factors are scattered around the diagonal axis of the scattering plane. Among the 24 factors considered, according to the high score of influence and direct influence of 14 factors as the output of Mik Mak, they are effective in the future development of rural entrepreneurship of the city. The results showed that of the 14 progressive factors, the factors of access to the appropriate market for supplying local and indigenous products to consumers, the creation and development of local institutions and organizations related to entrepreneurship, investment in educational, promotion and information services, access to bank credits and Government facilities are more influential. The findings of the research state that paying enough attention to the influential factors, prioritizing and considering their relationships with each other is the reason for the favorable and model -oriented development of rural entrepreneurship in Al -ashatar city.

The Manjil wind is one of the Iran atmospheric phenomena that is blowing in the southwestern of the Caspian Sea and northern region of the Iran plateau. Daily regime with the specified direction and high intensity of Manjil wind cause to the first windy farm is foremed in this region. In this study the reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR were used to identify synoptic weather systems during the period 2010 -1980. At first, the pressure gradient between northern and southern Alborz were obtained and were compared with observation data of Manjil wind intensity then synoptic patterns of wind were obtained during different months. In synoptic scale, long -term mean of sea level pressure indicate Siberian high pressure system in the cold months and the AZORZ high pressure system from the West Europe to the southern coastal of the Caspian Sea in the warm months lead to the formation of the North flows along Sefid Rood valley. In the warm season, meriditional extension of Pakistan monsoon low -pressure and Saudi Arabian thermal low - pressure toward the Iran plateau cause to increasing the pressure gradient and wind speed. long -term pressure variation for hours of maximum wind speed (12UTC) and minimum wind speed (00UTC), indicate radiation and thermal conditions are very important factors on both sides of the Alborz mountains, especially during the hours of the on the wind formation mechanism. The narrowing of the Sefidroud valley as a secondary force is the main cause of channelization and increasing of the Manjil wind velocity