نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی در ورزش
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار 1402)

Today, sports and its various dimensions are considered as an important topic in various circles and as an efficient tool and a unique phenomenon in order to create a dynamic and lively society and solve many social, cultural and even economic and political crises. It has shown its many uses; However, this global phenomenon today faces a serious challenge that cannot be easily overcome, and this challenge is the weakening of the category of ethics and especially professional ethics in all aspects of the great sports community, including athletes, coaches, judges, and spectators. , mass media and managers and employees of sports organizations, which is the concern of many researchers and accounts for a significant part of the research done in the country's publications; Based on this, the current research aims to have a comprehensive review of the most important researches conducted in the field of professional ethics in sports, which have been published in the form of articles in the country's publications. Thus, the aim of the current research is to review the studies of professional ethics from the sociological perspective of sports.

The current research is of a descriptive and review type and examined the articles with the keyword "professional ethics" along with other keywords related to the field of sports such as "football", "sports organizations", "sports", " "Players and Coaches" and "Physical-Training" in their titles and were published in the country's publications database, humanities portal, Noor specialized magazines database and academic Jihad database. In order to increase validity, this process was done separately by two researchers, and then by discussing and exchanging opinions, existing differences were resolved and the final classification was prepared; In this way, the final review was done on more than 70 articles.

According to the subject of the articles and based on content logic, the collection of articles identified in three main categories: 1) professional ethics in relation to physical education professors and teachers, 2) professional ethics in relation to sports organizations and 3) professional ethics In relation to athletes and coaches, it was divided, and in order to better understand the research fields, we tried to break each category into smaller categories as much as possible. Accordingly, for each category, three sub-categories were considered, which are: First category: 1. Investigating the components, models and methods of institutionalizing professional ethics among physical education professors and teachers; 2. Examining the role of professional ethics of physical education professors and teachers on their personal and professional characteristics or vice versa and 3. Examining the effect of professional ethics of physical education professors and teachers on the personal and academic characteristics of students. The second category: 1. Presentation and review of professional ethics development models in sports organizations; 2. Examining the obstacles to the creation or development of professional ethics in sports organizations and 3. Examining the issue of professional ethics in relation to managers and employees of sports organizations, and the third category: 1. Obstacles to the development of professional ethics in players and coaches; 2. Designing and presenting professional ethics development models among athletes and coaches and 3. Studying the professional ethics of athletes and coaches in relation to other personal and professional components.

According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that due to the relative youth of the literature of professional ethics in sports in comparison with many other sports subjects and areas where the subject of professional ethics has been studied, there is room for defining More research topics are available to deepen previous findings or to understand new dimensions of professional ethics in sports; It also seems that what the field of professional ethics in sports needs in order to grow and improve itself is to move towards conducting research with different, newer and more efficient research methods, in accordance with the level of development of concepts and paying more attention to parts have been less researched so far.

Sport injury is doubtlessly one of the major events in the athletes’ life, which has different unwilling outcomes for athlete and society. Athletes are dealing with acute and chronic stressors in all their sport life span. The study of the relationship between stress and sport injury and its various aspects seems to be of interest in many studies. Also, among many extrinsic and intrinsic factors, the effect of intrinsic psychological factors on incidence of sport injury has been discussed in some studies. It has been said that some psychological factors show their direct or undirect effect on sport injury vulnerability via stress response in athletes. One of the important psychological elements of stress- sport injury model of Andersen & Williams (1988) is coping resources. It is assumed that coping has an effective role on stress/ injury bond in athletes. Two primary coping styles are approach coping and avoidance coping. Also, four styles of coping are identified that frequently appear in athletes responding to stress. These coping styles are described as problem-focused coping (problem-oriented strategies directed to the environment and self), emotion-focused coping (managing emotional responses to stress and changing the meaning of situations), appraisal-focused coping (appraising or reappraising stressful situations using reframing of situations or logical analysis), and avoidance-focused coping (behavioral and psychological efforts to disengage from the demanding situation).The value of studying an athlete’s coping style improves the ability to predict an athlete’s use of coping strategies in response to stressful events, and to predict coping strategies in response to events of similar stressors in the future. According to documents, this study was done to investigate the effect of psychological coping skills such as “Coping with adversity”, “Coachability”, “peaking under pressure”, “Goal setting/Mental preparation”, “Concentration”, “Freedom from worry”, and “Confidence and achievement motivation” on the relationship between stress and sport injury.

Based on a convenience sampling, a total of 341 male and female injured athletes of varied sport majors and with a mean age of 26.35 participated in this descriptive correlational study. All the sample members had no sport activity for at least one day because of sport injury. The research design was retrospective, so to do this, the “Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes” was used to assess stress level, and the “Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28” was used to evaluate coping strategies. Sport injury is defined as any type of injury or physical condition that results from sport participation, which requires medical attention, and prevents participation in sport activities for a period of time. To assess the sport injury characteristics in participants a designed questionnaire was used. The effect of coping skills on life stress/ sport injury relationship was investigated using logistic regression modeling.

Total Coping skill and its two subscales of “Coping with adversity” and “Coachability” did not show any significant effect on stress and injury relationship, but five subscales of “peaking under pressure”, “Goal setting/Mental preparation”, “Concentration”, “Freedom from worry”, and “Confidence and achievement motivation” had a significant moderating effect on this relationship.

It seems that teaching and using appropriate coping methods to promote stress confrontation strategies can lead to better stress management and reduction of sports injuries in athletes. Being able to actively and effectively cope, helps athletes to react to stressors in different conditions. Coaches also need to be aware of useful effects of different state and trait psychological variables to educate athletes, resulting in better performance and decreasing sport injury vulnerability. Since each stressor is proven to be independent of each other, some stressors appear to be more predictive of coping style than others. Being able to give athletes a tool kit of useful coping styles like ability to lessen the worry, to concentrate, to have confidence, being motivated, to perform under pressure, and goal setting can help the athletes to put them into practice immediately and respond to specific stressful situation, and return to optimum performance. In total, applied results of psychological surveys will effectively reduce the individual and social side effects of sport injury.

Pathology and performance assessment is one of the most important tasks that successful sports managers should put on their agenda. Rapid and timely pathology is one of the constructive measures of any effective organization that seeks to improve its effectiveness and productivity. Therefore, by performing pathology in a timely and correct manner, it is possible for managers to always be aware of the existing problems and issues in their organizations and to take the necessary precautions before it becomes acute. Therefore, it is important to hire experienced people and users as part of the human resources of organizations; It does not matter if the body is private or public because the important principle is to hire, select, train, retain and promote staff. Pathological assessment of Iran's football planning system based on the characteristics of the governance structure.

The present research is a descriptive survey research and has an applied nature. The statistical population of the study consists of all organizational human resources working in the Football Federation and Iranian football delegations, which are 865 people, which according to Morgan table, 206 people were evaluated by random cluster sampling. To identify the items related to interviewing experts and reviewing the theoretical foundations, the basic research tools were developed. The questionnaire was analyzed after determining the face and content validity by heuristic factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Fortel Locker tests and structural equations.

The findings showed that the characteristics of the governance structure are: factor 1 (damage to transparency), factor 2 (damage to teamwork), factor 3 (damage to human capital and stakeholders), factor 4 (damage to the democratic process), factor 5 (Selection and selection injuries), factor 6 (professional and ethical behavior injuries), factor 7 (control index injuries), factor 8 (feedback and accountability injuries)

Based on this, it can be concluded that high-level managers should be selected based on ability, job competence, quality of work, leadership capacity, honesty and work experience, and experts in the field of sports law are attracted to the federation and programs are based on legal characteristics. International is moving forward. Also, there is a need for individuals representing athletes, coaches, agents, medical staff, etc. to participate in important decisions, and a system of integrated risk management and control of sports arbitration should be on the agenda of the federation.

The purpose of this study was to design a model for the development of women's public sports in Ardabil province with emphasis on social market dimensions.

The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of women customers of sports clubs in Ardabil province as well as women active in parks and morning sports and open places. The statistical sample was 7 times the number of identified items. The sample was selected by stratified random sampling according to 63 identified items. The number of samples was 441. After distributing the questionnaire, 442 questionnaires were collected in full, of which 430 were complete and analyzed. The research instruments included two questionnaires of public sports development and social marketing. The validity of the instrument was confirmed using the opinion of experts and the reliability of the research was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data and the relationships between the variables, Smart PLS 3 software was used.

Findings showed that the dimensions of social retrieval were promotion (0.30), effectiveness (0.24), accessibility (0.24), trust (0.22), price (0.21), and product (0.15), respectively. And diversity (0.12) had a significant effect on the development of public sports in Ardabil province.

In general, it is suggested that social marketing training courses be held for all those who are somehow related to sports activities. Also, make these communities familiar with the range of women's sports activities and their capabilities. After the authorities become familiar with these factors, they should carry out promotional activities and extensive communication about the benefits of public sports for women through mass media and social networks. Social marketing approaches regarding public sports in the field of women and how to use them to increase the participation of women in public sports were unknown until now, and no research had been done in this regard in the country. Also, the results of data analysis showed that all dimensions of social marketing had suitable factor loadings as well as fit indices with appropriate sizes for fitting the model. According to the surveys conducted in the field of social marketing, all the researches have used the four-point marketing mix as a tool to promote physical activities and sports, but in this research, new dimensions of social marketing have been used for the development of public sports, which managers Executives should apply these items in their program. In past researches, effective factors in the development of public sports and specific methods of social marketing that have been carried out as interventions have been discussed; while considering the concept of marketing in past researches, no comprehensive approach was observed in the field of public sports. According to the results of this research, we should look for approaches to change behavior in the development of public sports, and according to the results of the present study, the social marketing approach is one of the appropriate and effective ways for the development of public sports.

Purpos:

Tourism is the biggest industry in the world and sports is also one of the biggest and most important industries in today's world. The aim of this peresent study was Explaining the components of the sports tourism development model: the sociological landscape approach of Isfahan city.

The current research is survey type and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection method in this research is field type. The statistical population included sports tourists, sports managers of Isfahan city and sports management professors in the number of 500 people. Delphi technique was used to prepare and compile the questionnaire. The researcher's questionnaire was based on the dimensions of sports tourism. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used in two separate sections to analyze the statistical information of the findings. To investigate the interactive effect of demographic characteristics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to establish a relationship between dependent and independent variables and to present the model (Amos).

According to the results, it can be said that every economic activity in the tourism industry, the destinations must have a detailed knowledge of the market they are facing and the audience and products, and has analyzed the tourism market.

Counclusion:

In general, it should be acknowledged that by focusing on the views and interests of sports tourists and determining the target market for them with appropriate advertising and information about the Isfahan sports tourism market, creating transportation facilities and a suitable transportation system, social stability , improving the health and service situation, creating welfare and accommodation facilities and welcoming tourists and attending stadiums. In order to achieve this issue successfully, it is necessary to combine the perspective of politics, planning, sports management, control and supervisory processes and coherent social learning of Isfahan city, which this active participation can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of sports in the field of tourism and its sustainable development. to create On the other hand, market segmentation is predicted with the assumption that each market is made up of groups or segments with almost different demands and needs. It can be said that tourism marketing is of special importance; Because if marketing is considered a management process, all planning activities, provision of tourism products and attraction of tourists need marketing operations and activities.

Today, due to the globalization of competition, rapid technological advances, continuous environmental changes, organizations are faced with uncertainties that have forced them to move beyond the local and national level to the international level based on new competitive patterns. have a more special look. By taking a comparative look at the countries of the world and comparing advanced countries, we find that the reason for the progress and development of countries is having efficient and capable human capital. If a society does not have this blessing, it certainly cannot achieve its desired goal. Therefore, the existence of effective human capital is one of the prerequisites for progress and development of any country. according to this, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the state of human resources and its effect on the development and social sustainable performance of Iran's football industry.

Considering the exploratory nature of the research, the qualitative research method was used to identify the most important factors related to the research topic. For this purpose,  The required data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. According to the use of foundation data method, the research sample was selected as a combination of theoretical and snowball sampling methods.

Research findings were obtained using simultaneous analysis and coding process, during and after the interviews. In the end, the research results showed research showed obstacles in 2 general sectors, including organizational and behavioral factors, have an effect on the social sustainable performance of the Iranian football industry, and in order to have a social sustainable performance in the two sectors, the above obstacles should be specially addressed.

In the current, organizations gain their real power and authority through the existence of expert human resources, as strategic assets. Humans, by possessing the greatest source of power, thinking, can provide the means of excellence, movement and growth of the organization. based on the findings of the research and since human resources are the most important asset of the organization and the essential factor for gaining a competitive advantage, in order to remove the obstacles affecting the development and social sustainable performance of the Iranian football industry in this field, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of planning, governance, Legal opportunities, training, support and facilities, partnership opportunities, transparency, integrated system of knowledge management and strategic management of human resources overcome the challenges.

The role and influence of policies on public opinion in any country is undeniable. The acceptance and acceptability of sports policies by the people can be one of the potential research fields and provides an effort to understand the public attitude towards sports policies. A high level of public support for sporting success is required as one of the resources required for the successful development of an elite sport system. This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the pattern of reducing the migration of elite athletes based on the acceptance of policies.

The method of this research was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section was elite sports experts who were selected purposefully and 12 experts were interviewed based on the theoretical saturation index. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included elite athletes, 407 of whom were selected as samples. The research tools were interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis was done using structural equations and PLS software.

The results of the research showed that the main factors affecting the reduction of migration of elite athletes based on the acceptance of policies, including building trust (with concepts such as the development of elite sports infrastructure, supporting the growth and development of athletes), facilitating conditions (with concepts such as innovation in acquisition of general knowledge and talent management), limitations (with concepts such as political culture, meritocracy and systemic communication network), contextual policies (with concepts such as research and efficiency of the financial system), quality improvement (empowerment and motivation), understanding success (with concepts such as personal and social interests) is the acceptance of policies (with concepts such as usefulness of acceptance, acceptance of support and ease of use) which were categorized in the form of causal factors, contextual factors, limitations, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. Also, the results of the quantitative section showed that all paths have a positive and significant path coefficient.

Understanding and accepting the policies of the elites, which will reduce the migration of the elites, requires a strategic approach. This approach includes supporting the growth and development of athletes with the benefit of advanced technologies, supporting veterans, recognizing the patterns governing the public opinion of society and adopting policies aligned with organizational goals in sports organizations.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors of English language proficiency as a predictor of cultural intelligence (Earley, Ang. 2003) of Iranian sports supervisors.

Phenomenological method was used in this study with a qualitative approach (Holloway & Todres, 2003). The research population, 12 male and female sports supervisors who had sent their athletes to international competitions at least once, were selected purposefully and homogeneously. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Classification and coding were done under the supervision of an expert. 

The factors of English language proficiency were identified and formulated in the form of three overarching themes "structural", "individual" and "environmental". The overarching theme of "structural factors" was identified the basic themes; holding English language classes for sports supervisors, using translators in the conversations of sports events, getting help from the international relations experts of the federations in facing new cultural situations and themes of the organization; training, communication through a translator and exchange of information. The overarching theme of "individual factors" was formed the basic themes; the use of key words in the language of the host community during conversations, an interest in maintaining communication with foreign counterparts during Sports events in intercultural sports environments, expressing the needs and requests of the team in international spaces through mastering the English language and organizational themes; verbal behavior, communication and purposeful interactions. The overarching theme of "factors Environment" including basic themes; attending sports meetings and events and the need to establish intercultural communication with other sports communities, conducting administrative correspondence with sports institutions in English and announcing rules, approvals and changes of global sports events in English and organizational themes; exchange of cultures, compliance with the rules and knowledge of the rules.

Overall, the findings showed that one of the components of cultural intelligence, especially in intercultural situations, is mastery of the English language. Mastering the English language is the main factor for establishing effective communication in intercultural spaces. The current research suggests giving importance to the issue of mastering the English language in order to achieve greater success of Iranian sports supervisors in international arenas.