نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 33، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The present study tries to discuss and examine the researches of conscription in Iran by using the qualitative meta-analysis method. For this purpose, by selecting 23 papers as samples, the findings of this field were described and interpreted in several categories. First, the paper were categorized from the point of view of the date of publication and the gender of the researchers, and then methodological paradigms, research fields, research approaches and thematic focus of the researches were discussed. In terms of form and methodology, interpretive paradigm, in terms of approach, qualitative method and in terms of thematic focus, the field of medicine and health have the most statistics among the researches conducted in the military field.. However, the changing shape of the military in the world and the needs of the Iranian society should not be neglected. Based on domestic and foreign experiences, the military in its current form does not serve much for the Iranian society, and the need to change and update it is felt more than ever.

The constitutional revolution provided the ground for developing modern concepts in the context of society. The excitement caused by the revolution led to the establishment of dozens of independent newspapers and associations. This issue is critical because, before the constitutional revolution, there was no opportunity for the presence of the urban middle class in society, except for a few publications and state-affiliated associations. Consequently, individuals and groups published their opinions through newspapers and associations, resulting in various interpretations of modern concepts. In the meantime, the constitutionalists had the upper hand and over 90% of the urban media were at their disposal. On the other hand, there were a few conservative-traditionalist newspapers, and in terms of content analysis, only the Oghyanoos newspaper deserves to be examined. The paper, which was run by the spiritual thinker Abdul Rahim Elahi, opposed the interpretation of modern ideas by constitutionalists. The findings of the research show that he defined freedom within the limits of the law by using the opinions of European thinkers. He also interpreted the law based on Sharia. This tactic exposed the behavior of radical constitutionalists against the freedom stipulated in the constitution and sanctified the position of the monarchy. By examining the concept of freedom in the opinions of European thinkers, this article takes into account the issue of its simultaneity and development over time and shows its impact or the opposite in the content of the Oghyanoos newspaper.

For a considerable period of time, the covid-19 epidemic has faced many issues with the quality of life of people as well as the performance of society institutions. Iranian researchers have explored the various effects and consequences of this event and have reflected some of their achievements in scientific journals. Knowledge of the achievements of the efforts made will be enlightening from a scientific and practical point of view. In this regard, two goals can be imagined. The first goal is to identify the characteristics of the existing articles in terms of theoretical, methodological and content coordinates, and the second goal is to identify the effects of the Corona crisis on the Iranian society.
Sylvia Walby's concept of crisis has been used as a thinking tool in the analysis of information taken from selected articles. Relying on the systematic review of previous researches, 93 articles related to this topic that were published in social sciences and sociology journals of Iran between 2021 and 2022 were selected and reviewed. The results of the analysis indicate that most of the researches have studied Covid-19 at micro level and with a descriptive (39.8%) and explanatory-consequential (35.9%) approach. Social psychology (19.2 percent) and sociology of religion (14.1 percent) have been in the center of researchers' attention more than other fields. Also, most of the researches (41.5%) have considered Covid-19 as a crisis that has changed the shape and structure of society in some areas such as religiosity, lifestyles, leisure patterns, mourning ceremonies and education methods. At the end, some research gaps related to the study of the social dimensions of Covid-19 have been raised.

The purpose of the present research is to identify and rank the employment barriers of university graduates in the Iranian labor market. This research is among the applied researches that have been conducted with a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative part was done using the meta-analysis method and as a result, during a seven-step process, a total of 52 documents were selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. The quantitative part of the research was also done using the descriptive method and using the survey method. Sampling was done using criterion sampling technique and80 experts participated in the research. Qualitative part data was analyzed by content analysis method, using thematic content analysis technique and with the help of MAXQDA20 software, and quantitative part data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and using structural equation modeling technique with the help of Smart PLS software. The findings of the qualitative section in the form of 7 factors including; Economic, educational, structural, political, business, cultural and human resources factors were calculated. Also, the results of the expert opinion survey showed that other than the human resource factor, other factors can be considered as obstacles to the employment of university graduates in the Iranian labor market, among which the economic factor is the most important and the cultural factor is the least important. The general results of the research show that in order to remove these obstacles and get out of the existing situation, measures such as; It is inevitable to revise university educations, create culture, launch a comprehensive labor market information system, revise university courses, etc.

The Iranian revolution of 1979 sought to reshape social and cultural relations in the country. The newly-established regime launched a comprehensive campaign to effect transformation in all social fields. The present study draws on a case study of football in the first decade after the 1979 revolution to revisit the reconstruction of culture and society in post-revolutionary Iran. Thanks to its vast popularity and mass appeal, football offers an excellent case to analyze this subject. A thorough analysis of the relevant texts and documents demonstrates that the concept of Islamic or revolutionary sports continues to suffer from ambiguity. Amid post-revolutionary tensions and the ongoing war, the widespread appeal of football and the some spectators' actions and chants that went against the established political norms made football brought football into conflict with the values promulgated by the state. The primary objective pursued by the authorities in sports and particularly football was creating a new subjectivity. However, this goal never materialized due to a lack of a clear policy line and a blueprint for triggering extensive social change. As a result, starting in the mid-1980s, with radicalism on the decline in Iranian society and politics, the key decision-makers endorsed Competitive sports and somehow the idea of professionalism in sport. In this way, Iranian football gradually entered the typical trajectory of sports worldwide. This study shows how the Iranian policymakers somehow retreated from the vague ideals of the early revolutionary period while establishing the state apparatus, setting the stage for the gradual social and cultural shifts that occurred in the 1990s Iran.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate why social network users are involved in cyberbullying using the theory of situated action. For this purpose, using a sample of 380 female and male students of Gilan University, who were selected by convenience sampling method, the assumptions of situated action theory were examined. The results indicate that low self-control (beta coefficient: 0.180), low morality (beta coefficient: 0.130), low perceived inhibition (beta coefficient: 0.090), deviant moral background (beta coefficient: 337 0) have a significant effect on students' participation in cyberbullying. Also, the level of education (beta coefficient: -0.097), age (beta coefficient: -0.116), marital status (beta coefficient: -0.090) and gender (beta coefficient: 0.124) increase the possibility of cyberbullying. promotes Also, deviant tendencies moderate the relationship between criminal background and cyberbullying.

Due to the existing risks, measuring environmental attitudes has become one of the most important social issues today. The aim of the article is to study environmentalism and its sociological explanation in Iran with the cross-country comparative approach. Based on the theoretical perspectives that explain environmentalism, the effect of various variables such as economic welfare or livelihood poverty, social capital, gender, Religion and religiosity has been experimentally tested. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis of World Values Survey (WVS) data in the latest wave. The 7th wave has been implemented in 59 countries (including Iran) between 2017 and 2020. According to the findings, Iran is placed in cluste 1 (the countries with a high score in the environmentalism index), and has obtained the 11th rank among 59 countries. The results show that environmentalism both in Iran and in the world is directly affected by education, economic well-being, social participation and Post-Materialist values and inversely by the variables of age, poverty and religiosity. Another important finding of the research is the different environmental tendencies of the world's dominant religions: While Jews consider economic growth and environmental protection to be equally important, Christians are more environmentalists and Muslims are more advocates of economic growth.

Considering the impacts of globalization on weakening or strengthening the Iranian national identity, several studies have been conducted. By adopting a new approach and using meta-analysis, the current research tries to combine the findings of independent and similar studies in this field and, as a result, present an analysis beyond the analyzes that have been done. In fact, the purpose of this research is to meta-analyze the researchers conducted in the field of the impact of globalization on the Iranian national identity in order to obtain a new and clear picture of the current state of researches and shortcomings in this field. The socio-statistical research is the research conducted in the field of the impact of globalization on the national identity, which was obtained through searching in the Moghiran scientific database, the comprehensive portal of humanities, the Normagz specialized journals database, the database of the Academic Jihad Scientific Information Center and Irandoc. Among the researches, after the initial refinement, 17 cases were selected as samples according to meta-analysis criteria. The findings are presented in two sections: systematic review and effect size calculation using comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2). The most important weak points of the researches in this field are: the low use of standard questionnaires, the use of multiple and sometimes irrelevant components to measure the variable of globalization and even national identity, the lack of a clear theoretical framework in 17.65% of the researches, little attention to the validity and reliability of the tool. Research In most of the researches, the proposals presented in the conclusion section of the researches are vague and impractical. Also, the effect size calculation shows that globalization has a significant impact on national identity -0.47.

Betting on various sports competitions, gambling and crimes related to this field, due to the popularity of youth in team sports, especially football, has established its position as a facilitator channel in providing a windfall income. The high importance of sports in different countries, the wide range of sports and the attention of different groups to sports events have led to increased awareness of the sports betting industry to sports competitions. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic strains on the involvement of individuals in illegal sports gambling. For this purpose, using 447 sample of male citizens of Bandar Anzali, Rasht, Lahijan, Rudsar and Langrud cities, which were selected by convenient sampling method, the research hypotheses were examined. The study found that objective economic strains have a significant effect on online illegal sport gambling with mediation of subjective strain, negative emotions, and deviant motivations. The socio-economic status (SES) of Respondents moderates the relationships between general strain model and illegal gambling.

Studying and understanding the causes, processes, indicators and consequences of administrative corruption and ways to deal with this phenomenon is an undeniable necessity for the administrative system. In municipalities, corruption is considered as one of the important issues of urban management. The purpose of this research is to find a model to explain the causes of administrative corruption in Tehran Municipality. Administrative corruption was studied with inductive approach and grounded theory method and semi-structured interview tool. In this regard, interviews were conducted with 30 managers and experts in the field of administrative corruption, and after performing open coding, central coding and selective coding, 12 main concepts and 44 areas of administrative corruption in Tehran municipality were identified. Finally, the paradigmatic model, the causal conditions, the intervening conditions and the underlying conditions of the occurrence of administrative corruption in Tehran Municipality were explained. The causes of corruption can be investigated at two levels, namely organizational structure and organizational environment and bureaucratic activism. The factors and axes identified that are the cause of the occurrence of administrative corruption in the municipality are all gathered around a more general concept that has created a suitable platform for the emergence of these areas, and that is the concept of "corrupt organizational structure". The "corrupt organizational structure" has finally caused the creation of a culture of corruption in Tehran Municipality, which results in the reproduction of corruption in the organizational context of Tehran Municipality.

The main purpose of this research is to provide a data-driven model about causes and circumstances of occurring sexual harassments in the university. The research data were collected through interviews with 15 female students (purposeful sampling) in one of the public universities of Iran outside the center; in addition to that the data were gathered by studying and reviewing the available documents and experiences of some universities.  Data analysis after open, axial, and selective coding showed that the gender discriminatory structure of the larger society is reproduced in the university and therefore the gender inequalities and inferiority and powerlessness of women continue. Reproducing the culture of rape on campus along with ethnocentrism and the bureaucracy's lack of sensitivity to sexual harassment of women, create a situation in which victims' complaints are ignored or they are forced to remain silent in order to preserve their honor and dignity. The consequences of these conditions will be the collapse of students' beliefs about the position of university and their alienation and frustration. Eventually, the university is unsuccessful in realizing its aspirations and achieving its goals to meet the needs of society and the growth and development of a more just social order and moving toward gender equality.

This research aims to analyze the lived experience of girls who live and work independently of their family in Tehran city,  In situations where it seems that their personal gender identity and social gender identity are facing each other. Considering this confrontation and more precisely, this dialectical contrast can be understood in different types of differentiation, opposition, conflict, contradiction and symmetry, the main focus of the research is to answer to this important question: “what will be the final outcome of the confrontation of these two sets of definitions, for this group of girls”? In order to answer this question, the grounded theory method was used and 13 in-depth interviews were conducted based on Theoretical sampling and in accordance with the logic of theoretical saturation. The research findings indicate the existence of gender identity conflict as the outcome of the mentioned dialectical contrast. Although such a conflict is not perceived in the same way for all the girls and would be different in quality and quantity depending on the material and cultural identity-building resources that a person has. Furthermore, in facing the situations arising from this conflict, depending on the contextual and intervening conditions, a combination of solutions is used, which includes both solutions in line with the personal gender identity model (more modern identity patterns), and strategies in line with the social gender identity model (more traditional identity patterns).