نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 131، تیر 1402)

Basically a diverse mix of natural resources can be used to create an attractive environment for tourism development and villages because of the characteristics and nature of your existence is directly dependent on the surrounding environment. So that changes in the spatial context of the passage of time takes shape and in geographical space and natural processes based on interaction between ecological and social factors create the political economy, the village features planned ecotourism in such an environment makes possible. This study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism on rural development was conducted from the perspective of residents.
Material and Library and field research method is analytical and data collection. Inventory host community to help vulnerable household's tourist village archive town Bayg was completed. Cronbach's alpha 0/71 indicates good reliability of the questionnaire. The normality of the variables was confirmed using the Kolmogorov Simonov. One-sample t-tests in SPSS software to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire is used.  
Results showed that the effects of tourism on the host community rural development (economic, social and environmental) archive town Bayg Torbat Hedarieyeh with 133/4 given is above average Supposed 121/7. So when the P<%5 is the conclusion of the host community tourism impacts to rural development in the rural settlement of Bayg Torbat Hedarieyeh archive is higher than average.
Discussion and The results show that although rural archive of Bayg Torbat Hedarieyeh have a high capacity for attracting tourists but strengthening the infrastructure needed in the development of rural tourism is essential to archive town   Bayg.

Due to the fact that the wastewater of ceramic factories have higher TDS and turbidity, Poly propylene fumarate (PPF) membranes seems to be suitable for the treatment of this type of wastewater due to their good mechanical performance, adjustable biodegradability and easy production. However, the main disadvantage of the PPF in membrane separation related to hydrophobicity property of it which leads to a low membrane flux and is easily susceptible for fouling. Presence of oxygenated functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl in GO causes the modified membranes have high effective flux and better antifouling property. One of main problem associated   with preparation of membranes containing GO is possibly related to the more homogenous dispersion of GO into the polymer matrix. The presence of Pluronic F-68 can solve this problem.
Material and

In this work, in order to improve the hydrophilic and morphological properties of PPF membrane, the graphene oxide that has been modified by Pluronic F-68 was added in to the membrane. These membranes were prepared with VIPS method.  The effects of the modified additive concentrations and vapor exposure times on hydrophilicity and permeation flux of the PPF membranes in mentioned wastewater treatment were investigated.

Increasing GO/Pluronic F-68 loading from 0 wt. % to 4 wt. %, the hydrophilicity level is increased and the contact angle is decreased by increasing the exposure time up to 30 min due to the high poros ity of membranes than others. The modificated membranes by Pluronic F-68 /GO present higher pure water permeability in comparison with the neat PPF mem brane.
Discussion and

These membranes have higher pure water permeability in comparison with the neat PPF mem brane. The membrane modified with 4wt. % of GO/Pluronic F-68 (Exposure time of 20 min) has high ability in reduction of wastewater pollution indices in comparison with others.

In the current situation, the pattern of water consumption and its knowledge in different areas are not paid attention to, and the strong need to know the amount of consumption and the factors affecting it is quite noticeable. Currently, the central watershed of Zanjan province is facing a severe water crisis. And the purpose of this research is to determine the social factors affecting the management of water consumption and to draw its sociological model in the mentioned basin and to provide solutions to the water crisis in the region to the administrators and water managers.
Material and This research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using a multi-level model alignment plan, the quantitative part with the statistical population of 19125 agricultural operators and the selection of 377 operators as a sample through the Cochran formula using the survey method and the qualitative part using the method Delphi was launched in 1401.has been implemented In the qualitative section,30 experts have been purposefully selected from among the employees of the Agricultural Jahad Organization, the Regional Water Administration and the agricultural elites of Zanjan province.
In this research,the quantitative and qualitative parts complement each other,the quantitative part shows that the variables of cultural capital,economic capital,social participation,social cohesion and social trust have a direct relationship with the variable of water consumption management.Among the issues raised by the society's elites in the three stages of the Delphi method are the existence of wrong habits,the lack of laws,the welfare of officials and the lack of attention to issues such as the integrity of the land and the lack of correct cultivation patterns in water consumption management.
Discussion and By examining the variables studied in the quantitative section and the findings of the Delphi method, we came to the conclusion that the variables of social cohesion, social trust,social participation,cultural capital and economic capital explain 60% of the changes in the water consumption management variable, as well as the category of local leaders.approved laws,established rules,social motivation,commitment and expertise in human resources, technical issues and single governance are the categories resulting from the Delphi method that affect water consumption management.At the end of the research,the sociological model of water consumption management was drawn with the help of the results of both quantitative and qualitative parts.

Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental performance of StarClean composting machine in converting wet wastes at origin to compost fertilizer and chemical and microbial analysis of the produced fertilizer and comparing it with reference national standards.Material and One composting machine with a capacity to convert 5-10 kg wet wastes was installed in region 22 of Tehran municipality, then Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis bacteria were added to the machine tank and wet wastes were strewed in it daily and after 24 hours, the produced compost was picked up. Afterwards, microbial and chemical characteristics of the compost were analyzed. Results showed that heavy metals concentration and Salmonella and Coliform fecal bacteria counts of the machine output compost were lower than permissible limits and completely passed the reference standards. Other chemical properties also were ideal which indicates the produced compost is a high quality organic fertilizer and its use can improve soil fertility.Discussion and the studied composting machine converts wet wastes to compost fertilizer with high quality in a short time without the production of leachate and an unpleasant odor. It also allows to complete separation of wet and dry wastes at source and production of compost fertilizer with high quality. Hence it is suggested to use this composting machine in places of wet waste generation.

Naphthalene is one of the toxic and dangerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for human and the environment, and it is necessary to remove it from the environment. The aim of this research is to investigate the phothocatalytic degradation of naphthalene from aqueous environments using two nanocatalysts TiO2-N, S/SiO2 and TiO2-P/SPA under visible light in the presence of Oxygen.  
Material and This research was done in year 2019.  In this research, two phothocatalysts TiO2-N, S/SiO2 and TiO2-P/SPA were synthesized by sol-gel method and they were used to remove Naphthalene from the aqueous environments under visible light and in the presence of Oxygen.  The Effect of various parameters including the initial concentrations of naphthalene, pH, contact time were investigated, and the structure of these nanoparticles was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive ray (EDAX) image and UV-Vis differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis.
SEM image showed the nanoparticle size of synthetic phothocatalysts to be 10 to 20 nm and, the thickness of the phothocatalyst thin layer TiO2-N, S and TiO2-P on the microspheres was 698.68 nm and 1.73 µm, respectively. DRS analysis indicated that the energy band gap of both phothocatalysts has become narrower than TiO2 and their phothocatalytic activity has been transferred to the visible light region. In the optimal conditions of Naphthalene removal, the values of pH, time, Naphthalene concentration, and removal efficiency were obtained for TiO2-N, S equal to 5, 50, 25, 94.23% and for TiO2-P equal to 5, 40, 25, 97.39%, respectively (Pv<0.05).
Discussion and These photocatalysts can be used as a new, effective and practical method in the treatment of water and wastewater from industrials containing Naphthalene under sunlight and visible light.

Direct measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil is time consuming and costly and today this parameter can be estimated using soil retrieval parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to use regression modeling to estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil based on grain size parameters i.e. d10, d50, and d60.  
Material and First, 25 soil samples with sandy texture were randomly collected in the spring of 2017 from the agricultural lands of Saqez city and the samples were collected in a container and taken to the laboratory for analysis and hydraulic guidance using the Darcy’s law was calculated. Using the available data, univariate and multivariate regression relationships were fitted on the data and based on the model evaluation statistics, the relationship that had the best estimate of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil was determined.
The results of this study showed that the linear equation with 3 inputs saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil more accurately than the equations with 1 or 2 inputs. The results showed that the parameter d10 had a more effective role for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil than the parameters d50 and d60 and the effective parameter for comparison of saturated hydraulic conductivity is called d10.
Discussion and The main purpose of this study was to provide models that can estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil with cost reduction and time savings with acceptable precision, and in summary, regression modeling can be used to estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil.

Considering the worn-out public transport fleet in Karaj city, it needs to replace the fleet with up-to-date standards. Considering the economic and environmental dimensions, the effectiveness of the measures taken should be evaluated. Therefore, achieving the goal of evaluating the change in the emission of pollutants based on each alternative scenario can help the authorities to adopt air pollution reduction strategies. The purpose of designing scenarios in this research is to estimate the effectiveness of scenarios in the field of replacing the fleet of worn-out single buses in reducing the emission of air pollutants.
Material and First, the classification of buses and units based on parameters such as different systems, year of production, pollution standard, type of fuel consumed and vehicle class have been studied at 1398. Then, scenarios of reducing standard pollutants were designed in two plans, replacing the worn-out fleet with a hybrid fleet, dual-fuel and with fuel consumption, with Euro 4 pollution standard, and finally the scenarios were compared with the basic scenario. Pollution emission coefficients and scenario design were calculated using the International Model of Mobile Vehicle Emission (IVE) model for passages, 1st degree arteries, highways and freeways, with slopes of zero and 22%.
The results of comparing the scenarios showed that by replacing the entire worn-out fleet in terms of age (to the new fleet, scenario four), the maximum reduction in emissions of standard pollutants was 40% (CO, 60% (VOC), 42% (NOX), 86% (Also, the results of the distribution of pollutants in the city of Karaj, with Arc Map software showed that the highest emission of pollutants is related to region 10, and the lowest emission is in region 1, Karaj city.
Discussion and According to the findings, the effectiveness of replacement scenarios of the worn-out fleet (use of hybrid, dual-fuel vehicles with Euro 4 fuel) in reducing the emission of air pollutants has been 40 to 80%. Pollutant reduction scenarios and strategies to increase air quality are useful for policymakers and researchers to better understand the current state of air pollution in the region and are largely operational, requiring timely funding and well-planned planning.

Starch is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, paper & textile industry in large quantities. The wastewater of these units have high biological oxygen demand (BOD). In this study, the adsorption capacity of starch from aqueous solution was investigated using metal nanoparticles coated with chitosan. Due to the fact that chitosan biopolymer is non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable and also high adsorption capacity, degradability, stability, easily production and low cost, so the possibility of this nanoparticle can be considered in starch wastewater treatment.
Material and First, magnetic nanoparticles was and the structure characteristics and morphology of this nano particle were investigated. Then, the performance of nano-adsorbent and the effect of effective parameters on starch uptake, such as contact time, adsorbent, initial adsorbent concentration, temperature and pH of the solution, were studied.
The results showed that it is possible the adsorption of starch with metal nanoparticles coated with chitosan. The maximum adsorption 84 present of starch is obtained at pH 5, contact time: 60 minutes and the dosage 2 mg of adsorbent per liter. According on experimental data are more compatible with the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich isotherm. The results also showed that these data follow a pseudo-second order kinetic model.
Discussion and According to the results, although it is possible to reduce the amount of starch by using magnetic chitosan nanosorbent, but it is necessary to pilot and techno- economical study to investigate hybrid use with other conventional methods in treatment system of starch processing units.

Today, there are two differences of opinion and approach review including the trend and intensity of land use change and land protection changes regarding the development of urban areas and the use of land, which explain the characteristics of the growth and expansion of cities and their environmental sustainability. The current trend of growth and development of urban and residential areas and the resulting regional changes have been proposed and introduced as one of the main challenges to define development strategies in urban areas.
Material and

 Today, achieving appropriate methods of measurement and evaluation and planning at all levels is supported by managers in urban areas. Although different factors such as location and natural, environmental, ecological, edaphic characteristics, social, cultural, economic and even political conditions are taken into consideration in the existing models and methods for land preparation and land allocation for different uses, it can be stated that in some of them, such as CLUE-S and AEZ models, only the change of land use, including agriculture, pasture and forest lands, has been considered. Now, the arguments about the planning of urban areas in relation to land allocation, research events in the field of land use in the form of principles and concepts of land planning have been more emphasized.

The present study aimed to model the allocation and zoning of urban land in the form of a case study in the city of Chadegan, located in Isfahan province, and also the modeling was performed using the integration of spatial modeling methods and multi-attribute decision making with balanced score card methods and clean production in the environment of geographic information systems.
Discussion and

The result of the research presented a descriptive model based on scoring 22 indicators related to 4 social, environmental, ecological and economic criteria or components. Thus, by identifying the features and attributes of each of the components and preparing thematic maps related to them based on the scores of each of the 22 indicators in the environment of geographic information systems, it is possible to allocate and zone urban lands in 4 situations including unfavorable, relatively favorable, favorable and highly favorable according to the type of users in urban areas.

 The Purpose of this research is Evaluation of Ecotourism Sustainability Marketing Strategies in Arvand Free Zone.   

 In this study, in the qualitative section, first, researches related to the subject were explored through meta-analysis in order to determine the strategic themes of sustainable ecotourism marketing. Then, based on Delphi analysis, an attempt was made to confirm the level of reliability of the research content with the identified themes. Finally, in a small part, through structural interpretive analysis, the research evaluated the strategic themes of sustainable ecotourism marketing.

 The results of the research in the qualitative section showed that out of a total of 11 initially approved researches, 7 researches were selected to identify sustainable ecotourism marketing themes. Through content screening, 10 themes were identified to enter Delphi analysis to determine their reliability. In this section, 8 final themes were included in the quantitative analysis section. The results in the quantitative section showed that the most effective strategic theme of sustainable ecotourism marketing is the use of education in recycling; Water consumption management, etc. in sustainable ecotourism marketing is at the fourth level of this model.  

 The results show that marketing in the form of sustainable development of ecotourism focuses on aspects of raising the level of knowledge and awareness of its audience that can strengthen the sense of social responsibility and commitment to environmental protection in lovers of this field of marketing programs.