فصلنامه پژوهش های ارتباطی
پیاپی 114 (تابستان 1402)

Emerging phenomena cause changes in current legal rules. The increase in cyber activities, including the publication of fake news to interfere in states governing, is an emerging phenomenon that has become one of the challenges of international law and has somehow cast doubt on the legal order governing the international community. It is also in conflict with the principle of prohibition of interference in the local affairs of governments, as a customary rule and a universal obligation. The article studied fake news and the prohibition of interference in the local affairs of countries from the perspective of international law. This qualitative research is developmental-applied in terms of its goal. To collect information, the method of studying documents and libraries has been used. Focusing on the rule of non-intervention and explaining the meaning of compulsion, this research showed that the principle of non-intervention can affect the spread of fake news - with the aim of influencing in governing. According to the findings of the research, fake news in some cases violates the principle of non-intervention and cannot be classified as "forced". It also argues that a new model of non-intervention should be developed to shift its focus from the conventional standard of coercion, i.e. Coercive and military measures, to the new standard of manipulation.

The aim of the research is to identify the effective factors on operational management in media organizations during the Corona epidemic. The research was Conducted by survey, interview, and grounded theory techniques. The statistical population of the survey part was experts and managers of the national media, with a sample size of 368 people. Interviews with university professors and media experts have been Conducted and analyzed with fuzzy Delphi test. In the first Stage the impact of the factors was identified with structural equations. and finally, the findings are drawn in the model resulting from the grounded theory. Data was Collected by a questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was Calculated above 0.7, to test the validity of the questions, the validity of the content was used, and for this purpose, the opinions of experts, university professors and experts were used. The index of the adequacy of the number of interviews was theoretical saturation. Based on the results of the research, five factors for causal conditions (attention to media tasks, etc.), intervening conditions (audience, competition, politics, etc.), background conditions (internal organizational characteristics, etc.), strategies (management internal and external challenges, etc.) and consequences (studying the cultural goals of the national media, etc.) Have been Identified.

The aim of this research was providing a model to Decrease the generation gap among students through the Instagram social network. This research was applied in terms of purpose, mixed in terms of data and exploratory survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the qualitative part was experts whom included senior managers of education and university professors in the field of culture and virtual space, and 20 of them were selected for interviews purposefully and by snowball method. And in the quantitative part were parents, principals, and teachers of secondary schools in Tehran. 163 people were selected as a sample using the Karjesi table and by random method. Also, to determine the validity of the findings in the qualitative part, three pluralism methods were used, and to determine the reliability in the quantitative part, Cronbach›s alpha method was used. Theoretical coding was used to analyze qualitative data and confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze quantitative data. The obtained results have led to the identification of 65 open codes, 17 central codes and 5 selective codes as programs and cultural strategies effective in reducing the generation gap through the Instagram social network among students. Finally, the obtained factors have formed the model. The obtained results indicate that by implementing the identified cultural strategies and programs, the generation gap among secondary school students can be reduced to some extent.

The purpose of this research was providing a model of utilizing the capacity of the media in the development of educational innovations in the physical education curriculum. The research method was qualitative in terms of the purpose, application, and approach, and the theme analysis method has been used. faculty members of the sports management field were selected as the participants of the research to interview. the views of the physical education managers, school managers, teachers and school physical education teachers and students were also used. The sample were selected Purposefully - the criterion of having research for professors and experience of more than 10 years for physical education managers, managers, teachers and physical education teachers and winning sports championship medals for students - until reaching theoretical saturation of 18 people. To analyze the data, the continuous comparison method was used using MaxQD Pro. software. The results of the theme analysis showed that there are 4 educational, entertainment, motivational, and cultural organizing themes and 21 basic themes as the dimensions of the media's role in the development of the innovative physical education curriculum. Considering the impact of the media's role in the development of the innovative curriculum of physical education lessons in schools, it is recommended that the results of this research be used to develop the innovative curriculum of physical education lessons in schools.

Paying attention to sexual health and promoting it leads to strengthening the family and society health, and the media can play an important role in this field. In this research, which was carried out with the aim of studying sexual health programs on TV, using the content analysis tecniqe and stratified sampling, three prominent TV programs (Harime Mehrvarzi, Hezar Rahe Nerfete, and the third series of Hale Khoob) which were broadcasted from October 2014 to January 2018 in Iran TV (61 programs and 857 items), and have been analyzed in terms of structure and content using a reverse questionnaire. The unit of analysis in this study was "item". The findings showed that most of the TV programs in this field were in the form of expert interviews and discussions and were produced with an educational and promotional approach for couples and families; Experts in the field of psychology have been present in these programs more than other experts. Most of the programs dealing with sexual abnormalities and disorders have dealt with sexual perversions. On the other hand, most programs related to sexual perversion have dealt with sexual desire disorder. some dimensions of the programs were highlighted, so all topics, approaches, experts, etc. had no opportunity to be brought up and had not been represented properly. The results of this research can increase the awareness of managers, programmers and those involved in the production of TV sexual health programs and help them reduce the weaknesses and strengthens the favorable points.

The research addressed the role of media in evaluating the performance of sports education. The qualitative research with a systematic and socio-statistical exploratory approach included university professors, organization managers and professional consultants related to the subject. A sufficient number of 17 people were selected by judgment method based on reaching theoretical saturation. The data collection tool included systematic library study and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the data collection tool was evaluated and confirmed based on legal and scientific validity, experts› opinion, and agreement between reviewers, and multi-stage conceptual coding method. The findings were analyzed by systemic analysis approach. The results of analyzing the interviews and extracting the research codes have shown that 6 main categories (core codes) including information gathering, reporting, communication, financial, critical, and informing, and 24 open codes are among the factors of the role of the media have been in the evaluation of the performance of sports education. Also, based on the results of selective coding, information gathering has an effect on 5 other variables, and the communication variable has an effect on financial and critical; so paying attention to the factors of evaluating the performance of sports education through the media, can set a clear path for the managers of this organization to formulate appropriate programs based on it.