مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 57، تابستان 1402)

The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for couples, including managing household duties, child-rearing, and communication difficulties. Unfortunately, these challenges have led to marital conflicts and, in some cases, divorce. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children during the pandemic.

For this research, various English databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, ProQuest EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were searched from February 2020 to September 2022, using keywords like Children, Adolescents, Coronavirus 2019, Depression, Stress Anxiety, Domestic Violence, and Pandemic. In this study, the PRISMA systematic review study reporting guide was used.

Research findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in mental, physical, and sexual violence against children and women. Factors such as income level, employment status, age, school closures, smoking, and home quarantine have been associated with increased verbal, sexual, and physical violence against these vulnerable groups.

Violence against women and children can cause severe psychological and social consequences. As much of this violence may occur in secrecy, the country's welfare and psychological organizations must take action and promote awareness of domestic violence.

 Ensuring hamburgers' microbial safety is crucial for consumers' well-being. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of hamburgers served in Tabriz City.

 During the months of January to March 2022, a total of 50 hamburger samples were collected from supply centers in Tabriz City. These included 25 samples of industrial hamburgers and 25 samples of traditional hamburgers, selected at random. The microbial culture method was used to determine the total bacterial count, level of Salmonella contamination, and presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, mold, and yeast. Chi-square and t-tests were used for statistical analysis.

 The average amount of total bacterial count, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, mold, and yeast in industrial hamburgers was 4.87±0.14, 0.31±0.21, 0.27±0.11, 0.46±0.16 (log cfu/g), respectively, and in traditional hamburgers, they were 5.90±0.16, 0.95±0.33, 1.18±0.24 and 2.75±0.28 (log cfu/g), respectively. None of the samples were infected with Salmonella. Furthermore, when it comes to unauthorized samples, the industrial hamburgers had an 8% total bacterial count and an 8% coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus count. There were no observations of contamination exceeding permitted levels with Escherichia coli, mold, or yeast. Nearly half of all traditional hamburgers (48%) had unauthorized samples with high bacterial counts, while 16% have coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, 16% have Escherichia coli, and 28% have mold and yeast contamination. In the comparison, traditional hamburgers showed higher amounts of contamination than industrial hamburgers.

 Microbial contamination in traditional hamburger samples was more than the industrial hamburger. According to the results, regular and periodic control is recommended for the microbial quality of hamburgers consumed in Tabriz City.

Medical health tourism is an important factor in promoting tourism. This industry not only showcases national identity but also helps to alleviate poverty, generate income, create job opportunities, improve welfare and social justice in society, and contribute to the sustainable growth of the economy and overall living standards. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors that impact medical tourism, with a focus on Ardabil province.

A mixed research methodology with an exploratory approach was utilized to examine 43 articles related to medical tourism using the meta-composite method. The components were measured using expert opinion and the fuzzy Delphi method, then prioritized with the SWARA method. To conduct data analysis, Maxqda version 10 and Smart PLS software were utilized.

According to the research, the most significant factors that contribute to medical tourism in Ardabil province are economic growth indicators, the entrepreneurial ecosystem, quality of laws, social networks, challenges, variety of attractions and leisure opportunities, expert staff, development of tourism policies, respect for beliefs, sustainable income, Islamic medical services, effectiveness and efficiency, participation, language in common, medical infrastructure, costs, natural capacities, and medical service tariffs.

According to the research findings, the medical service tariff index, which had a final weight of 0.131, was deemed the most crucial component in health medical tourism.

Patient safety is one of the main pillars of health care and, in other words, avoiding any injury to the patient while providing health care. The study aimed to examine patients' safety from the perspective of medical staff in Ardabil city hospitals.

In this quantitative and applied study, descriptive-analytical data were collected cross-sectionally in public, private, and social security hospitals in Ardabil city in 1400. The study population included 189 medical staff of these hospitals in the medical, nursing, operating room, and anesthesiology groups, who were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection was done by visiting hospitals and completing standard questionnaires. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis.

The research showed that patients' safety status in hospitals of Ardabil city was favorable, with an average of 88.7. Social Security Hospital, with an average score of 95.92, had the highest patient safety score, and public hospitals, with an average score of 87.93, and private hospitals, with an average score of 39.85, were in the next rank. The safety status of patients was inversely related to the level of education of employees and was not significantly related to employment status, organizational post, and type of hospital ownership.

Overall, the safety status of patients in Ardabil city hospitals was assessed at the desired level based on nine patient safety dimensions. Furthermore, implementing patient safety standards in public, private, and social security hospitals has been done correctly. However, it is recommended to implement patient safety standards as best as possible concerning nurse-to-patient education, patient identification, and infection control.

Waste separation and recycling have become crucial in managing waste materials, especially with the involvement of parents and student groups. As such, a study was conducted to investigate the predictors of waste separation behavior in elementary school students of Khorram Abad, based on the theory of planned behavior.

This is an analytical cross-sectional study that was carried out on 200 primary school students in Khorram Abad during the academic year of 2020. The sampling was done in a multi-stage manner from eight elementary schools in the city. The study collected information through a reliable and valid questionnaire that included knowledge (nine questions) and theory of planned behavior (26 questions). Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Witney and linear regression.

The age of the students and their mothers had a mean of 10.22±0.84 and 36.44±5.43, respectively. There was no significant difference between the level of knowledge and constructs of the TPB and behavior among male and female students. The average waste separation behavior was observed to be 2.37±0.70 (out of 4). Using the regression model of perceived behavioral control and the age of students, it was found that 18% had the highest power to predict the behavior of waste separation in students.

After analyzing the data, it was concluded that although students had a good understanding and attitude towards waste separation, their performance was still inadequate. To improve this, it is crucial to conduct a thorough needs assessment to identify any obstacles preventing proper waste separation behavior. These findings should be prioritized and emphasized in educational materials and programs.

Managing stress and building resilience are crucial in maintaining optimal performance and adhering to COVID-19 prevention guidelines. This study aimed to explore the correlation between stress and resilience while adhering to the guidelines for preventing COVID-19 in Kermanshah province.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kermanshah province from December 18th, 2020, to June 6th, 2021, using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of five sections: Demographic information, Health records, Procedures for COVID-19 prevention, Perceived stress, and Resilience. The data was collected through this questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression statistical methods.

Out of 188 participants, 121 (equivalent to 64.36%) were female. The perceived stress, resilience, and adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines were measured with mean scores (SD) of 23.53 (8.85), 62.16 (20.53), and 41.72 (7.22), respectively. The correlation analysis between the three variables revealed a significant positive correlation between resilience and adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines. Further analysis with multiple linear regression, taking into account other variables, showed that resilience, moderate, and high-stress levels significantly increased adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines by 17.27 (95% CI: 10.47, 24.07), 13.61 (95% CI: 6.53, 20.07), and 14.24 (95% CI: 6.57, 21.91), respectively. Additionally, there was a significant negative interaction between resilience and stress levels regarding adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines.

The stress level is almost moderate, and resilience is high; conversely, compliance with the guidelines for preventing COVID-19 is also high. Considering the inverse relationship between the interaction of stress and resilience with following the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19, the necessity of gaining people's trust through their support in facing the adverse conditions of the pandemic, such as psycho-social and economic support by Health policymakers, is emphasized.

The study of workload was initially focused on physical workload, but today, with the change in job characteristics, studies are mainly focused on mental workload. This study has investigated the level of mental workload, fatigue, and possible influential factors in operating room personnel.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study investigated the factors affecting mental workload and fatigue in operating room personnel of hospitals. The data was collected with demographic, CIS20R, and NASA-TLX questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson correlation tests, one-way analysis of variance, and independent t-test.

This study's maximum and minimum total mental workload were 100 and 41.2, respectively, with an average of 74.3. Among the demographic characteristics, the level of education had a significant correlation with the total mental workload. Also, some sub-scales of mental workload had a significant relationship with some demographic characteristics. This study's maximum and minimum total fatigue was 97 and 28, respectively, with an average of 58.4. Among the different dimensions of mental workload, performance and the degree of frustration had a significant relationship with total fatigue.

The results of this study showed that the mental workload in operating room personnel is high and different dimensions of mental workload and fatigue have a significant relationship with each other. Also, some demographic characteristics affect mental workload. Therefore, mental workload and fatigue are related to each other, and by reducing the mental workload in the operating room personnel, fatigue can be controlled to some extent.

 Due to the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus, it has become more crucial than ever to be aware of its physical symptoms. This responsibility mainly falls on medical and therapeutic communities. However, psychologists and psychiatrists are responsible for examining the psychological and psychosomatic aspects of the disease. This article investigates the relationship between health anxiety, conspiracy delusion, and the attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine.

 A descriptive web-based correlation approach was utilized for this research. Two hundred seventy participants were selected through social networks using available sampling techniques. Questionnaires about health anxiety, CMQ conspiracy illusion, and attitude towards the VAX vaccine were distributed through Google Forms and online platforms. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression techniques were utilized to analyze the collected data in the SPSS-24 environment.

 The study revealed that health anxiety, conspiracy delusion, and attitude towards the vaccine are interconnected. There was a positive and significant correlation between health anxiety and the attitude toward the vaccine (p<0.05). Similarly, conspiracy delusion and the attitude toward the vaccine were positively and significantly related (p<0.05).

 Based on the findings, it can be concluded that health anxiety and conspiracy illusions can predict the attitude toward the vaccine.

 In today's world, the globalization of information, communication, and economy has significantly impacted health organizations. Such organizations require strategic planning and environmental analysis to adapt to these changes. Managers can more effectively implement health system strategies by assessing the internal environment. This study aimed to examine the Weisbord model's variables and provide insights to enhance the performance of Shahid Chamran Kangavar Hospital.

 This descriptive-analytical research was conducted at Shahid Chamran Hospital in Kangavar in 2019. The study utilized a cross-sectional design and included 150 hospital employees who were selected through a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using the Weisbord (1976) standard organizational diagnosis questionnaire, which had been validated by expert professors in the field and had a reliability estimate of 0.945 using Cronbach's alpha. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and t-tests were conducted through SPSS-22 software.

 Several variables were assessed, including goal setting, leadership, organizational structure, coordination, intra-organizational communication, and attitude toward change in the strong state. The reward mechanism dimension was only evaluated in the weak state. The dimension of attitude towards change had the highest score (3.29±1.32), while the reward mechanism dimension had the weakest score (4.86±1.29) among all the variables.

 In this situation, the reward mechanism may be too weak to encourage hospital staff to provide high-quality services. However, the system can be improved by modifying and revising it. This could motivate staff to perform better and offer better service.

 Medical science universities need to improve their employees' health literacy. Despite the existence of the health literacy paradigm in education and health for a long time, there is still no comprehensive model for these universities to follow. This has made identifying and developing medicine's antecedents difficult, and the lack of health literacy among employees remains a significant challenge for these centers. To address this issue, the current research aims to provide a model for improving the health literacy of teaching staff at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, using grounded theory as the approach.

 A qualitative content analysis approach was used for research, utilizing the "grounded theory" method. A group of experts and professors from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences were interviewed through semi-structured in-depth interviews. To ensure accuracy, a targeted method was used to select ten statistical samples, continuing until theoretical saturation in the data. The data was analyzed using coding inspired by Glaser's theory, and the MaxQDA software was utilized to extract categories related to the pattern.

 Based on the findings, the study categorized 213 primary codes in open coding, 71 major categories in axial coding, and 11 core categories in selective coding in the form of causal conditions, contextual, intervening, strategies/actions, consequences, and the main phenomenon (health literacy) were classified. To accomplish the research goals through data-based theorizing, health literacy was identified as the main phenomenon. A logical model was formulated that relies on understanding its causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, strategies/measures, and consequences.

 By adopting this model, we observed a significant enhancement in the health literacy of the teaching staff of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of this model has been successful.