نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی
پیاپی 43 (تابستان 1402)

Tomorrow transactions cover cases of deals at the end of a business day based on predictions made for its next day price in the context of a group composed of members with financial credit under the supervision of one of them as the head of the group who is responsible for taking bails appropriate to members' activities.  On the one hand, absence of any legal supervisory body outside the group, lack of any written agreement between members, the possibility of carrying out non-face to face deals, no need to deliver the object of transaction, and ease of use are aspects that are attractive to a wide range of dealers. But, there are doubts over the legitimacy of these transactions which has amounted to imposition of some restrictions. This descriptive-analytical research was done using a library method. The study attempts to detect and evaluate possible cases falsifying the legitimacy of tomorrow transactions from the perspective of jurisprudence and enforcement of the Islamic law in the society. The results suggest that the gambling nature of this type of transaction, uncertainty about its elements by considering tomorrow transactions as a reciprocal obligation, granting no permission for the possession of the consideration even with the owner's consent on the general presumption that individuals shall settle debts for the fulfillment of their obligations, having hesitation in taking risk as the lawful source of interest, and causing serious damages to other people due to the freedom to make speculative investments are the main reasons behind the illegitimacy of these type of transactions.

After more than seventy years have passed since the initial design of Islamic economics, the question is now whether the views presented in this field have progressed practically and theoretically. To answer this question, we must first clarify what we mean by economics and Islam, and why we consider this science to be attributed to Islam, so that we can have a measure and line to evaluate the effectiveness of the published works. After answering this question, this article first evaluates the Scientific works in Islamic economics with analytical-descriptive method and then offers suggestions and solutions to improve the situation in which Islamic economics is involved.In the investigations conducted, these results were obtained that, firstly, the issue of Islamic economy is human behavior in the field of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in Islamic society in terms of an evolutionary movement from the existing situation to the desired situation. Secondly, the ultimate goal of this science is to change the existing situation to a desirable one, and its method is in the area of Understanding the current situation, a modified tool of the conventional economics, and in the area of determining the desired situation, the exploratory method from religious sources is similar to the method of discovery of martyr Sadr and in the area The transition from the existing situation to the desired one is the simultaneous use of experimental and Transcription method and the use of institutional and behavioral factors. Therefore, the Islamicity of this science can be seen as dependent on the observance of a combination of considerations aimed at its purpose, subject and method. Based on this analysis, three major Streams in Islamic economy are introduced, one of which is more acceptable and capable.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Foreign Bank Penetration and Banking Competition on credit risk in the banking system. In this regard، using a set of data taken from the Global Financial Development Database provided by the World Bank and the availability of data, 42 Asian countries during the 1999-2019 period as a research sample and using the correlation method through panel econometric models. The results showed: There are complex relationships between foreign bank penetration، competition and credit risk in banking، depending on the measurement of foreign bank penetration and competition. the increased number of foreign banks، not higher foreign banks’ assets، contribute to alleviating nonperforming loans and bank credit risk. However، the negative relationship between the number of foreign banks and nonperforming loans and credit risk is conditional on the measurement of the country's bank competition. The concentration and market power in banking exhibit a different impact on bank credit risk، particularly when both variables are interacted with foreign bank penetration. The increased presence of foreign banks is therefore detrimental for bank-asset quality in countries، particularly when the banking market is highly concentrated. The increased presence of foreign banks can reduce nonperforming loans when the bank is too concentrated. Therefore, providing incentives for the banking industry to avoid cross-selling strategies in boosting noninterest income is also worth considering, given the fact that changes in nonperforming loans due to foreign penetration and competition in banking can be partly explained by changes in noninterest income

An efficient financial market in the economy can cause economic growth by ensuring the optimal allocation of financial resources, efficient allocation of economic resources, and reducing the cost of capital by accelerating capital accumulation processes in the financial system. The relationship between financial innovation and economic growth has been one of the topics of concern for economists for the past few decades, and different views and opinions have been raised in this regard. In this article, three indicators of financial innovation, i.e. the ratio of liquidity volume to the volume of money in circulation, the ratio of bank credits to the private sector, and the penetration rate of the Internet on the economic growth of Iran during the years 1375-1399, using the auto-distributional regression model with a break (ARDL) in Short term and long term has been paid. The results show that the short-run credit ratio and the long-run ratio have a significant positive effect on Iran's economic growth. Also, trade liberalization has a positive effect on economic growth in the long-run. It is suggested that financial innovation expands financial activities in the economy with the emergence of new forms and structures of financial institutions, better financial services through technological advancement, improvement of financial products and capital accumulation by encouraging savings in society, which in turn leads to economic growth. In addition, an efficient financial sector requires financial innovation that allows efficient allocation of economic resources to productive methods.

The purpose of the research was to provide a model for preventing financial stress in the banking industry. The method of mixed research is exploratory. The statistical population in the qualitative part included academic experts and in the quantitative part all managers and heads of branches based on the grade of public and private banks in Golestan province. 384 people were randomly selected for model testing in the qualitative part of the purposeful snowball and judgmental sampling and in the quantitative part of the simple random sampling method based on Cochran's sample size formula. The research tool in the qualitative part was an interview with experts and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire. Validity was used in the qualitative part of the criteria of verifiability, reliability, transferability, credibility, and in the quantitative part, content validity and construct validity were used. Reliability in the qualitative part was confirmed by two methods of retesting and intrasubject agreement between coders, and in the quantitative part by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the qualitative part, similar categories were merged and finally 47 total data were obtained. In the next step, the coded data were classified into 6 categories. The developed qualitative model was tested in the form of a questionnaire. In the quantitative part, using confirmatory factor analysis, the model was examined and the fit of the experimental model was determined. The results of the structural model showed that the proposed model has sufficient validity, which was analyzed using PLS software, and the fit of the measurement, structural, and overall model models was confirmed. In general, the results showed that the management of attracting resources, increasing profitability, optimal management of costs and obligations, managing customer relations, managing deferred and doubtful items, and promoting foreign exchange activities are among the main dimensions in preventing financial stress in the banking industry.

Content analysis method has been used to identify economic development variables that affect green city-port cooperation. After finding the research variables, the fuzzy AHP research method has been used for ranking. In order to present the model, after identifying the variables of green cooperation of the port city and financial and economic development, we will use the interpretive structural modeling method. Based on the obtained results, the analysis of variances shows that assuming the variance of the two groups is equal and at the confidence level of 95%, the significance obtained for the averages of the financial development components is smaller than the standard value of 0.05, so between the answers There is a significant difference between the two groups regarding the functional status of factors affecting economic development (institutional environment, financial sector, openness of the economic sector, non-banking economic sector, banking economic sector) in Bushehr port in the studied area. In other words, these factors are far from a favorable situation for economic development for the city-port due to environmental pollution and waste of resources from a favorable situation for green cooperation. According to the total results obtained from the research model, the component ((environmental factors)) is the most infrastructural (fourth level) and the component ((environmental cooperation opportunities and capabilities)) is the most structural (first level) elements of the model. Green cooperation is also the most fundamental component ((institutional environment)) (third level) and the components ((banking economic sector)), ((non-banking economic sector)) and ((openness of the economic sector)) are the most structural (first level) ) has been the constituent elements of the economic development model.

The overall purpose of this paper was to research the future of the independent auditing profession with an emphasis on the evolution of e-commerce.

Based on the type of research, the research method is a type of combined research, some of which is qualitative and some of which is quantitative, and based on the purpose is applied and based on the data collection method is descriptive-survey and exploratory. Scenario development is one of the tools suggested in this paper that can be used to examine the future consequences of making decisions and implementing various strategic policies regarding the possible future of the independent auditing profession.

After identifying the factors shaping the independent auditing profession in the context of the evolution of e-commerce, three scenarios were obtained with the titles of intelligent auditing, social learning and knowledge retrieval.

Considering the conditions of the factors shaping the strategic future of the independent auditing profession in the context of the evolution of e-commerce in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, the second scenario (intelligent auditing) was proposed.

The stock exchange is one of the main pillars of the country's economy, and paying attention to this organization not only brings prosperity to this organization, but also to the growth and development of the national economy, for this reason, the factors that have the ability to influence this organization in some way should be analyzed. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of socio-economic factors affecting the investment behavior of shareholders in Tehran stock market. This research is considered as an exploratory research from the objective dimension, and from the strategy dimension, it was classified as non-experimental, field and qualitative research. The participating community of this research consists of all the shareholders of Tehran Stock Exchange in 2013-2014, who were selected through purposeful sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. Data were collected using unstructured open interviews and analyzed through the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin. In general, the achievements of the field research include a central category, 4 main categories, 67 sub-categories and 139 concepts. Faced with the stock market and its prevailing conditions, the participants of the round adopted the basic strategy, and the consequences of these strategies are examined. If shareholders invest in the stock market, it will have consequences such as obtaining resources for large businesses, creating a platform for creating medium-sized companies, creating jobs, and reducing liquidity and inflation. Considering the second strategy of investors based on not reinvesting in the stock market, this will cause the fall of the stock market.

Central Asia and the Caucasus, as part of the sphere of Iranian civilization, have a special position in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Especially, after the collapse of the Soviet :union: and the emergence of five independent political units instead of one, the Islamic Republic of Iran is faced with opportunities and threats that its understanding can lead to adopt a realistic, dynamic, inclusive diplomacy which is consistent with the realities of the Central Asian region, and in return, Iran can, among a multitude of regional and supra-regional powers, possess an appropriate share of political-economic and cultural capacities of Central Asia and the Caucasus. This study is conducted to explain the challenges and opportunities of the Islamic Republic of Iran's policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Therefore, the main question of this research is the challenges and opportunities of the Islamic Republic of Iran's policy in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Case study of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). It is assumed; policy-making of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Caucasus and Central Asia; 1) Recognizes Russia's vital interests. 2) Opposes the critical presence of governments outside the region. 3) Iran has always tried to establish its relations with the countries of the region according to maintaining its territorial integrity and observing good neighborliness. Accordingly, geopolitical factors seem to be neglected or acted against it in formulating the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in most cases. The research method is analytical-descriptive

There have been many financial crises in economies in recent decades, often with political, social, and economic consequences. One of these crises is bank bankruptcy, the destruction of which can be transferred to other markets. The Islamic banking system, which is relatively new and still growing in the banking industry, due to its religious characteristics such as non-interest-bearing activities, faces more risks and bottlenecks than other banks, which highlights the need to prevent them. In this article, with the aim of designing a an early warning model to predict the probability of bankruptcy in the banking system of 8 selected Islamic countries during the period 1998-2020, the Multinominal Logit Method was used. Bankruptcy was determined using the Z-Score and financial ratios were considered as variables affecting the probability of bank bankruptcy. In the Multinominal Logit method, it is possible to predict the occurrence of bankruptcy in two periods, before the occurrence and during / after the occurrence of  bankruptcy. The results showed that the ratio of working capital to bank assets and the ratio of  bank income before zakat and taxes to net assets in the period before and after bankruptcy had a negative effect on the probability of  bank bankruptcy. The ratio of  total bank debt to equity in both periods had a positive effect on the probability of  bankruptcy. On the other hand, the ratio of accumulated profit to total bank assets in both periods did not have a significant effect on the probability of  bank bankruptcy in selected Islamic countries.

Pension systems in most developed countries are considered to be the largest non-banking financial institutions and can be an effective factor for economic growth and development in addition to ensuring social welfare, especially during old age. In Iran, the discussion of pension reforms for many years due to different reasons, major challenges caused by demographic changes, aging population, decrease in fertility rate, increase in life expectancy and fundamental changes in the labor market such as unemployment, decrease in the quality and quantity of jobs and the expansion of the informal economy are the major concerns of policy makers. This article analyzes and simulates Iran's social security system in the framework of general equilibrium by using the three-period overlapping generations model. The optimal consumption and saving behavior  and the level of people's utility are different during the lifetime under different pension systems. The simulation results show that the full savings system has a higher physical capital accumulation than the current payment pension system, which leads to higher national consumption and national production in the full savings system.

The current research aims to investigate the qualitative components affecting the ethical decision-making of certified accountants under the conditions of restrictions on the right to choose and control the expected feeling of regret. Therefore, in this research, we are looking for an answer to this basic question: What are the dimensions and qualitative components that affect the ethical decision-making of certified accountants under the conditions of restrictions on the right to choose and control the expected feeling of regret? The statistical population of the current research consists of two groups, the first group includes professional experts and university professors, and the second group includes certified accountants. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to test research hypotheses. In order to answer the main question of the research, first with the fuzzy Delphi method and using past researches, each of which is under the field of professional ethics, accounting and financial issues, the dimensions and components of the research are identified and after the approval of the experts, using They were ranked by AHP method and then leveled by ISM method. The SEM method was used to measure the relationships between the research components, and finally, after the final fitting, the model of qualitative components affecting the ethical decision-making of certified accountants under the conditions of restrictions on the right to choose and controlling the expected feeling of regret was presented.