پژوهشنامه تمدن ایرانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Contemplating the rise and fall of governments, their nature and structure is one of the important topics of historical thinking and historiography, which has always been the concern of some thinkers. They have proposed theories by formulating the rules governing the development of states. Ibn Khaldoun is one of these thinkers who proposed a theory to understand the rise and fall of states. The Seljuq dynasty, which ruled the land of Iran for about two centuries, is the first Illyrian state that dominated this land, and from this point of view, it is important to think about how this state was formed. The current research aims to explain the formation of this dynasty based on Ibn Khaldoun's theory in a descriptive-analytical way. The findings indicate that the variables mentioned in Ibn Khaldoun's theory, such as the Illyrian origin of the Seljuks, tribal nervousness, the reproduction of the power structure using force and the weakened nervousness of the established government (Ghaznavids), were the most important factors have played a role in the rise of the Seljuks. 

The education of women by women in the structure of the Ministry of Culture is one of the important and new phenomena in the era of Reza Shah. Women teachers entered the field of education, worked and retired through a process that was very similar to the hiring process of men. The women who taught middle and lower class girls in the cities and villages with the 6th grade and later in the structure of the Ministry of Education created an important change in the level of Iranian society by entering this field. The issue of how the hiring process and then control over their work was like can be one of the most important indicators of Reza Shah's era. Among them, the teachers of Kerman state have been considered, because this state had many deprived areas during the period under review, and there was also religious and ethnic diversity in it. In this research, the cases of several women teachers have been explored from the stage of employment to retirement, and the research has been prepared and organized by posing the question of what was the activity status of women teachers in the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Kerman province. Therefore, the research has been compiled . The results show that, in their first steps, women teachers have faced many problems in terms of rights, place of life, maternal and female responsibilities. Iranian society has not been very ready to accept womenteachers in the new form of education.

Landscape architecture experienced various innovations in the middle and late centuries of Islamic era. One of these innovations was using water in architectural elements, especially in gardens and palaces. According to archeological evidence, ancient Iranian architectures have always benefitted from water, fountains, ponds and pools in Persian gardens. However, the first examples and the zenith manifestation of this architectural model in the Islamic era were developed in India during the reign of the Mamluk sultans through imitating the landscape architecture of some Hindu temples. Water palaces became widespread in India during the Mughal period and simultaneously, this architectural model entered Iran due to the interregional connections that were formed between the India and Iran in the Safavid period. Based on historical texts and archeological evidence, Lahijan water palace is one of the oldest water palaces in Iran, which was built by one of the local rulers of the All-e Kia dynasty who ruled Gilan in this period. The results of the present research show that this water palace was built by the order of Khan Ahmad Gilani (one of the local rulers of the All-e Kia dynasty). The dominant pattern in the design of this water palace is "Hashtbehesht" and it is built in one story. The general appearance of Lahijan water palace is very similar to that of Namakdan Kushk of Isfahan and Beheshtbagh water palace in Ahmadnagar, and its plan is comparable with Gazurgah Kushk of Herat and Jamhal Kushk of India. and its plan is comparable .

Examining the relations between the tribes and the tribes with each other and with the central government is one of the important topics in the history of Iran during the Islamic period. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the kind of hostile relations that were going on with the Ottoman government, In this article, the activities that is, the clans and tribes of the western regions of Iran, in the political developments of the period of Shah Abbas I (1038-996) have been analyzed analytically. During the period of Shah Abbas I, how were the policies and conflicts of the Kurds with each other? It is one of the important topics of the article.The result of the research shows that during the era of Shah Abbas I, the Kurdish clans and tribes of Iran, who had the power and sovereignty of the state in the western regions of Iran in the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshahan and Azerbaijan, were among the main political and military actors in the west of the country. During this period, a kind of multifaceted relationship between the tribes and the Kurdish peoples emerged, which created the grounds for unrest in the western province of Iran, and increased tribal conflicts among them. The main actors of tribal and tribal conflicts in the Kurdish regions during the period of Shah Abbas I were Mahmudi, Donbali, Bradost, Mukri, Hakkari, Ardalan, Belbas and Oraman clans and clans.

The duality of private-public arena is one of the important dualities of women's historiography. The different forms of this duality can be seen in the lives of women in the modern and also in Iran during the Qajar era, especially in the photographs. In the Qajar period, taking pictures of women was very slow, which was due to the patriarchal and religious nature of the Qajar era. The problem of the present research is whether the entry of the camera into the privacy of Iranian homes has changed the boundaries of this privacy (from the Naseri era onwards) or not? In order to answer this question, the recorded images of women in the period from the early stages of photography to Iran until the constitutional revolution have been analyzed with a historical and analytical approach. By examining the mass of women's photos, we will finally come to the conclusion that due to its representative feature, photography has been able to bring out the women enclosed behind the inner walls to some extent, and the camera has been able to challenge the boundaries of this duality by recording women's images. and changed the private space to some extent. This change may not be very significant compared to the transformations of photographing men, but its analysis in the Qajar era society shows that just being in front of the camera created a challenge in their private lives. These pictures remained in private albums for many years until the woman was finally revealed.

In the science of international relations, some theories consider material elements and some normative-value elements to have priority in power building. Based on this assumption, the aim of this study is to identify the pattern of power production in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh as one of the most important platforms for Iranian identity formation. Using a Directed qualitative content analysis, two questions are posed: 1) How are the elements and patterns of international relations formulated in Shahnameh? 2) What are the guiding elements (material and immaterial) for Iran's power production vis-à-vis others and how are they applied in Shahnameh?. The authors selected constructivism as a theoretical framework to investigate these questions. The results of the study show that there are both normative and material models of international relations in the Shahnameh and The production of power by the Iranian actor to another behavior and it depends on how Iran perceives their identity. In the science of international relations, some theories consider material elements and some normative-value elements to have priority in power building. Based on this assumption, the aim of this study is to identify the pattern of power production in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh as one of the most important platforms for Iranian identity formation. Using a Directed qualitative content analysis, two questions are posed: 1) How are the elements and patterns of international relations formulated in Shahnameh? 2) What are the guiding elements (material and immaterial) for Iran's power production vis-à-vis others and how are they applied in Shahnameh?The authors selected constructivism

The fall of the Safavieh dynasty caused instability and the internal politics and the influx of foreigners to Iran s borders the rise of Afghans the illegal considerations of the Russian and Ottoman governments and insecurity in the maritime borders wer the results of this instability. In the meantime Nader shah Afshar was able to Suppress the Afghans and toke the lost territories from foreiners by ordering the disorderly Iranian army . Nader shah s effords to expel foreigners from Iranled to the unification of the land and the formation of storng govern in Iran in the 12th century. On of the reasons for the Success of Nader Shah in saving Iran and stabilizing the government was the components that strengthen the national identity . this research is about using a constructivist approach of identity and its components in the era of Nader shah Afshar. The results of this research wich has been done in a descriptive and analytical and library method.suggests that Nader Shah has had a moral awareness over the history calture and important components of the Iranian identity and during its rule he has been trying to meet These components independence and maintaining boundaries.suggests that Nader Shah has had a moral awareness over the history calture and important components of the Iranian identity and during its rule he has been trying .

The present research is about the relationship between teachings in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh with the thoughts of philosophers and thinkers such as: Plato, Schopenhauer , Nietzsche , Hume and Will Durant have studied about the purpose of marriage about the purpose of marriage, the criteria of choosing a husband (attention to body and fitness and courage). In fact, the purpose of this research is a philosophical analysis and reflection on the purpose of marriage and the criteria for choosing a husband in the Shahnameh . The purpose of marriage and mating in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is to give birth to a child. Courage and fitness are among the criteria for choosing a husband in the Shahnameh. Why bravery and fitness were the criteria for your selection in Shahnameh ? How was the position of the body and the beauty of the body in the Shahnameh? There are questions that the author has answered based on the teachings of the mentioned philosophers. The results indicate that the sanctity of marriage was due to the continuation of the species and the birth of children, physical fitness also helped the continuation of the correct species, and the beauty of the body was as important as the beauty of the mind. Also, in the ancient world, due to the existing conditions, attention to the body was paid attention to along with the soul and soul. In this research , an attempt has been made to deal with this issue with a descriptive - analytical method .

Tombs are one of the most important sources of archaeological studies for research in various human sciences fields. Inscriptions carved on tombstones, beside their main usage as preserving the memory of the deceased and expressing some information in his introduction, are considered as an important finding for dating in cultural and archaeological studies. In this research, the stone inscriptions of the family tomb of Garm-e Salar Reza, attributed to the local ruler of the Safavid era, located in Anbarabad town, Jiroft city, Kerman province, has been studied. Also, this research investigates the impact of environmental factors on the cultural findings (tombstones) and the location of this area as one of the important settlements of the Safavid era in Jiroft Plain, based on the history of the construction of the building. The data of this descriptive-analytical research has been collected through field investigation and library study.Information related to the dating of the tomb, folklore concepts, genealogy and religious tendencies of the deceased was obtained. In addition, the environmental characteristics of this area was explained in relation to the type of findings (tombstones) and the nomadic lifestyle of the residents of Jiroft Plain during the Safavid era. The underlying type of tombstones is the kind of marble quarry in those areas. Also, the influence of factors such as aqueducts and eastern unevenness of the region on the selection of this area as one of the gathering places of the human community of Jiroft nomadic plain during the Safavid period was determined.

In the Qajar era, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar attack destroyed and declined the city of Kerman and the subsequent rulers of this city tried to rebuild and revive the prosperity of the city again. Waqf and charity is also a factor that could always be effective in serving the prosperity of urban life. In the city of Kerman, there were various religious and intellectual cultural currents that tried their part to promote the urban life of Kerman. According to the cultural and scientific background of Kerman, the revival and creation of scientific and cultural centers is one of the aspects that different currents tried to promote. According to these conditions, this research seeks to answer the question of to which group belong the benefactors who were effective in the scientific and cultural prosperity of Kerman. The findings of this research showed that the groups affiliated with the government had a greater share in scientific and cultural endowments and charities. On the other hand, the formation of the Sheikhiya movement in Kerman and the dependence of this movement on the government caused this religious movement to contribute significantly to the scientific and cultural endowments in Kerman. This historical research has been done using the analytical descriptive method and relying on library studies.

The Tehran government building is one of the most valuable buildings in Iran during the Qajar period, which was built by order of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar and was destroyed in the first Pahlavi period by order of Reza Khan. The first aspect of the importance of this issue is the structure of this building and its value in the art of religious mourning in the Qajar period, which determines the transmission of religious traditions and cultures, and its study can be a good ground for studying this building in Qajar period painting. The purpose of this research is to realize the importance of this building, its construction in the Qajar period and Kamal-ol-Molk painting as the only color document left of this building. The question of this research is how this building was built and what are its features? What are the characteristics of Kamal al-Mulk in the painting of government support? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and using library resources and the method of analyzing the works is based on the study of visual principles and rules used in the physical characteristics of the work. The results of this study show that this building and its structure was an important event in the Qajar period and one of the most important buildings in the capital that was destroyed in the first Pahlavi period. The color is from the inside of the support, and the few photos that remain are black and white, and Kamal al-Mulk'