نشریه رهبری آموزشی کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1402)

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experiences of professors of Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran from virtual teaching during the Corona period. The current research method was based on the purpose of applied studies and based on the approach of qualitative studies based on the phenomenological method. The studied population included all the professors of Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran who had experience in virtual teaching. In this research, the purposeful sampling method was used to select the sample, which reached the theoretical saturation level to determine the researcher's sample size with the number of 20 people. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews were used, the reliability of the tool was obtained from the reliability method between two coders, and the reliability of the coding was confirmed. In order to analyze the data, the coding method based on thematic analysis was used. The results of the findings showed that the obstacles and problems of virtual teaching of Allameh Tabatabai University professors in Tehran include weakness in the learner, weakness of the teacher , weakness of the content , weak educational facilities , weak training time and the weakness of evaluation and feedback. According to the obtained results, most of the problems of the failed courses are related to the executive field, and the university managers should pay attention to the executive department in order to remove the obstacles to learning in the first stage and transferring learning in the next stage.

The aim of the research was to investigate the role of empowering leadership of school principals in the professional development of teachers through the mediation of organizational learning.

The research population was all the primary school teachers of Kurdistan province, and a sample of 364 teachers was selected from this population by proportional stratified random sampling based on the Cochran formula. The quantitative research method is correlation studies and covariance-oriented structural equation modeling approach.To collect data from the empowering leadership questionnaires of Ahearn, Mathieu and Rapp (2005); García Morales et al.'s organizational learning (2006) and Nova's professional development (2008) were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques and confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling was used for data analysis using lisrel software.

The results showed that the empowering leadership of managers and organizational learning have a direct positive effect on the professional development of teachers at the level of 0.05; Empowering leadership of school principals through organizational learning has a positive indirect effect on teachers' professional development at the 0.05 level; Also, the empowering leadership of school administrators and organizational learning are able to explain 0.51 of the variance of teachers' professional development

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the consequences of establishing successful management in Tehran schools. The mixed exploratory research method and the statistical population included all the professors of the field of educational management as well as all the principals of the top schools in the academic year of 2018-2019 in Tehran. 8 professors and 7 principals of top schools were selected using the purposeful sampling method and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis (theme) technique was used to analyze the data. To ensure the validity of the research, the review by the members and the multi-directional method of data sources were used, and to calculate the reliability of the done coding, the methods of retest reliability and intrasubject agreement reliability (agreement between two coders) were used. As a result of this study; The consequences of establishing successful management in schools in Tehran, including dimensions: scientific, cultural and social improvement of the society; Improving the status of the educational system and its management; Education of the ideal citizen; reduction of injuries and problems; school success; The feeling of success and satisfaction of parents, teachers, employees and students from the correct and logical functioning of the school; Academic and educational progress and success and getting support from the school. In the quantitative stage, the identified framework of the consequences of establishing successful management in schools was again confirmed in the interviewed sample of implementation and identified consequences.

The main objective of this study measured the effect of variables related to student achievement in TIMSS in Iran. The method of the present research was a meta-analysis type. The use of internal and external databases to find and report-research gathering all the action. Sample case studies included 13 studies from 2011 to 2023 across Iran. Data from the 13 studies using fixed effects model meta-analysis of the effect of Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. Statistical analyzes were performed using the second edition comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results showed that the overall effect size for the fixed effects model 0/605 to 0/597 against both random effects are significant at 0/001.The mean effect size for this study (0/605) can be moderate to large effect size of student achievement in TIMSS test interpretation. The quality of teaching teachers, gender, motivation, educational activities at school, school curricula, self-concept, socioeconomic status, the relationship between parents and schools, attitudes, teach thinking skills, school climate, school and family history with the success of students TIMSS there is a significant effect size.

This study examines the learning organization indexes among the employees of Ardakan University. The indicators are based on the five disciplines of learning organizations in Senge’s model; individual capabilities, mental models, building a shared vision, team learning and systems thinking. The statistical population of this research is 44 employees of Ardakan University, all of whom were questioned in this research. In order to carry out this research, first the learning organization questionnaire was prepared and after its validity was verified by experts, the reliability of the questionnaire was measured with Cronbach's alpha, and the value was 0.95. After completing the questionnaire by the employees, the data were entered into SPSS 26.0 software. First, the normality of the data was determined by using the skewness and kurtosis test. Then, based on the one sample T-test, it was confirmed that Ardakan University was in a favorable condition in terms of all the indicators of the learning organization; In other words, Ardakan University is considered a learning organization. Further, the results of the Friedman test also showed that the rank of each of these indicators is not the same, and the system thinking index has the best status and the team learning index has the worst status. Finally, according to the independent t-test and ANOVA, it was found that only the gender variable has a significant relationship with the learning organization.

The new situation caused by the corona outbreak has imposed unprecedented conditions on the country''''''''''''''''s education system, and the teaching of courses, including physical education, is done virtually and in absentia. The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experience of teachers of the effectiveness of physical education training during coronavirus disease. The approach of this study is qualitative and its strategy is phenomenological method. Its statistical population consists of all physical education teachers in Ardabil province. Using Purposeful sampling methods until reaching theoretical saturation, 15 participants were selected. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, ensuring confidentiality, the interviews were recorded, then implemented and typed in office software, and finally coded using AXQDA20 software, and the collected data was parsed into small conceptual components. In this study, the external arbitrator method was used to evaluate the validity of the research and two external judges monitored the research and gave consultative opinions. To check the reliability, according to Silverman, three experts performed data coding and the coding results of more than 80% of the open source code were the same. According to the first methodological process, from the initial data, the relevant codes were identified and 63 open codes were obtained. In the next step, the identified codes were categorized and combined based the degree of conceptual similarity and extracted in the form of four components of the physical education system in schools during the Corona period, which included process components, system output, system input and feedback, respectively.

The current research was conducted to design and evaluate a model for virtual education management. The research method is applied research method, and it is exploratory in terms of the research family. In the qualitative part, using the foundation's data research method, first data were collected then items were determined. Then they were coded and analyzed.The statistical population in the qualitative section were professors and specialists in educational management and virtual education at Tehran University and Mohaghegh Ardabili University. In the quantitative phase, the questionnaire was compiled. The statistical population in the quantitative part includes 172 postgraduate students of Mohaghegh Ardabili.Data were analyzed in the form of a structural model. The validation of the designed model was done in the quantitative part. In the quantitative stage, analysis was done based on SPSS and Lisrel software.The results indicated that the variables of causal factors, contextual factors, interfering factors, strategic factors, and determined items are meaningful predictors for virtual education management. Also, the output of Lisrel software indicated that the model has a good fit. According to the results, causal factors, contextual factors, interfering factors, and strategic factors have a direct and significant effect on virtual education management. They can be considered effective factors for designing the virtual education management model.

The purpose of this research was to identify the components of cultural competences of Iranian higher education managers. This research was conducted in terms of qualitative nature and thematic analysis method. Data collection was done by library method and by reading books, articles and related materials on the internet and by exploratory method. Qualitative method and Lawshe's reliability ratio were used to measure the validity of the data. The test-retest reliability method and intra-subject agreement method were used to calculate the reliability. AMOS software was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the basic themes of managers' cultural competence were 122 themes, which were identified with the overarching themes of cultural skills, cultural knowledge, cultural awareness, cultural interactions, and cultural tendencies. In the field of cultural skills, the themes of the organizer: the skill of accepting cultural differences, the skill of accepting cultural differences, the skill of evaluating cultural competences, in the field of cultural knowledge, the themes of the organizer: identification of the culture of beneficiaries from other cultures, the source of culture Beneficiaries from other cultures, epistemology of culture Beneficiaries from other cultures and in the field of cultural awareness, organizing themes: identity of own culture with emphasis on higher education, sourceology of own culture with emphasis on higher education and epistemology Khudi culture was identified with an emphasis on higher education. With the knowledge of these findings, scales and indicators can be used in the selection and appointment of higher education administrators.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between school climate and work-life balance of primary education teachers mediated by the role of job stress.The method of this basic research was correlation and more precisely structural equation modeling. The research population included all the teachers of primary schools (girls and boys) in Yazd city in 2020-21, numbering 1759 people. 317 teachers from the study population were selected by available sampling method. The research instruments were Pashiardis School climate Questionnaire (2011), Kyriacou & Sutcliffe Stress Questionnaire (1976) and Wang & Ko Work-Life Balance Questionnaire (2009). Data analysis was performed using Amos 24 software.Findings showed that the school climate negatively and significantly predicts job stress (β = -0.42) and positively and significantly predicts work-life balance (β = 0.54). The results also showed that job stress negatively and significantly predicts work-life balance (β = -0.42) in primary school teachers. The results of the bootstrap test showed that the job stress variable plays a mediating role in the relationship between school climate and work-life balance. Finally, the study of fitting indices showed that the proposed research model is confirmed through experimental data. Therefore, by improving the various dimensions of the school climate, it is possible to reduce the job stress of teachers and ultimately increase the work-life balance in this segment of society. In this way, it increased job satisfaction and improved job performance.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reflective leadership on school effectiveness with mediating of tendency to lifelong learning and teacher’s academic optimism. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was all teachers in Nookabad city (Sistan and Baluchestan province) in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=307). By stratified-stratified sampling of 171 teachers through questionnaires of reflective leadership, school effectiveness, lifelong learning and teacher’s academic optimism were studied. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct effect of reflective leadership on school effectiveness is positive and significant. Also, the indirect effect of reflective leadership on school effectiveness through mediation of lifelong learning and teacher’s academic optimism is positive and significant. Therefore, school principals who design school programs based on thinking, encourage teachers to participate in In-service training courses, personal studies and exchange experiences with other colleagues, and believe that teachers are influential in the success and learning of students, they can improve the schools effectiveness.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of managers' self-efficacy in professional learning and teachers' learning communities in Chenaran city: the contribution of educational leadership. The statistical population of this research is all the teachers of Chenaran city, and the random sampling method was simple, according to Morgan's table, 200 people were selected as a sample. The data collection tool is the standard self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer & Adamz 1982), the professional learning questionnaire of Qasimzadeh et al. (2017), the social learning questionnaire of Qasimzadeh et al. (2017) and the educational leadership questionnaire (Oliver, Hip & Leak, 2010). The results of this research showed that managers' self-efficacy has no relationship with professional learning and professional learning communities, but educational leadership has a positive and significant relationship with professional learning and learning communities. Also, the results of this research showed that between professional learning and professional learning communities, there is a positive and meaningful relationship, and educational leadership mediates the relationship between managers' self-efficacy and learning communities, as well as the relationship between self-efficacy and professional learning.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of SE on EE with emphasis on the moderating role of LMX and the mediating role of employees' unethical tolerance. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-survey of correlational type. The statistical population of this research (850 people) is the employees of Shohada Kargar Hospital in Yazd city, who were selected randomly through the Cochran 265 formula. Data collection tools were questionnaires: Supervisor Expediency of Greenbaum et al (2018), Employee Expediency of Greenbaum et al (2018), Employee Unethical Tolerance of Froelich & Kottke (1991) and finally LMX of Graen & Uhl-Bien (1995). Validity and reliability The questionnaires indicate that the measuring instruments have good validity and reliability. The results of hypothesis testing by SMART-PLS software and using t-test statistics and path coefficients (β) showed that LMX and employees' unethical tolerance can play a moderating and mediating role, respectively. to have Despite the designed model, it can be expected that the hospital managers can reduce the level of expediency of the supervisor over the expediency of the employees by reducing the leader-member exchange, but by increasing the unethical tolerance of the employees, the level of the supervisor's expediency and the LMX They increase the EE, and this may work in the short term, but in the long term, they will never be able to continue managing the hospital and will deal a fatal blow to its structure.