پژوهشنامه مطالعات وقف و امور خیریه
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Many researchers have addressed the role of non-governmental organizations in Iran and have examined it from various aspects (Pirmoradian et al., 2019; Javid et al., 2017; Saliani and Vosoughi, 2016; Valimohammadi and Eskandarinezhad, 2022). The growing importance of these organizations in social life cannot be hidden. However, despite the numerous pieces of research that have been conducted on the nature, function, and history of these organizations in Iran, less attention has been paid to their future. Activists and policymakers in this field need to have information about possible and desirable future scenarios. Concerning the interdisciplinary field of futurology, to clarify the goals of this field, describe the current trends, explain the prevailing conditions and depict the possible and desirable futures, which are all the tasks of this interdisciplinary field (Bell, 2013), the present research tries to check the state of charities and benevolence in Tehran. The main question of the current research is the following: What will be the status of charities and philanthropy in the city of Tehran from the point of view of activists in this field in the future and what will be the desired situation? From this point of view, related domestic and foreign research have been reviewed and discussed (Shirvani and Rajabi, 2011; Majidi and Hamissi, 2013; Jalali et al., 2015; Saliani and Vosoughi, 2016; Razeghi and Lotfi-Khachaki, 2018; Parsons, 2002). It is worth noting that not much attention has been paid to the future research of charities and benevolence.

The current research is qualitative from the perspective of methodology and uses the qualitative Delphi method to collect, reduce and describe data. The main goal of the Delphi method is to predict possible alternative options for the future to influence the actions or thoughts of decision-makers (Bell, 2013). The main tool for data collection in the qualitative Delphi method is the in-depth and semi-in-depth interview, which is also used in this research. For this purpose, semi-in-depth interviews have been used to collect the data of the current research among senior employees and CEOs of charities in Tehran. The sample size of the present study was 12 people and the sampling method was theoretical. The participants in the research have been selected because they are all real or legal active members of the philanthropy environment of Iran. For this purpose, charitable activists who participate in active and prominent charities have been selected as examples of this research. In this study, inductive qualitative content analysis has been used. In this type of content analysis, researchers avoid using prior categories and instead arrange the categories to emerge from the data and float themselves on the waves of data to obtain new knowledge. Therefore, through induction, categories emerge from the data. From another point of view, the content analysis of the current research is of a conventional type, which means that the extracted codes are defined during the analysis of the findings, and the study is keyed by viewing the raw text instead of starting from the theory (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005).

Based on the qualitative content analysis of the conducted interviews, the extracted categories were categorized in the form of possible future and desired future. In the possible future section, two main categories of increasing organizational rationality and structural problems were extracted. Increasing the rationality of the organization, which is known for greater transparency and the use of new technologies, is one of the issues that researchers from other countries have also pointed out. Also, the meaning of structural problems is the pressure that is exerted on the actors of this field through external forces and limits them. In the form of the desired future, two categories of organizational development and solving structural problems were identified. Organizational development refers to the positive change of values, strategies, and techniques governing organizational work, which aims to strengthen individual skills and improve organizational performance. Solving structural problems refers to the removal of destructive external procedures that have made the activists of this field too bound.

It can be claimed that there is a significant difference between a possible and desirable future in the field of benevolence. The possible future will be associated with many structural problems as well as initiatives from benevolent organizations. Participants have acknowledged that despite the existence of multiple structural barriers in the legal, social, political, and economic domains, charities will transform themselves and change their fundraising and management practices. On the other hand, due to the type of society's interaction with charities, the financial and operational transparency of charities will also increase to increase public trust and attract more capital. The desired future in the structural field has an obvious conflict with the possible future. If we talk about the continuation of structural problems in the future in the discussion of the possible future, the desired future will include the disappearance of many of these structural problems as its usefulness depends on solving many of these problems. In the organizational field, however, the distance between the desired future and the possible future is not as great as in the former case. The desirable future that can be drawn for the charities of Tehran includes the stabilization of the independence of the organizations and the improvement of their position as structured organizations; what we witnessed to some extent in the possible future. Of course, it should be noted that these categories gain meaning in communication and interaction with each other. Therefore, if the structural problems disappear in the desirable future, the situation for the organizational development of charities will also be facilitated, and to some extent, the opposite proposition is also true

Understanding how religious rites are reflected in the media and their impact on the believing audience is only possible by knowing the contexts of the relationship between two important social institutions, religion and the media. Considering the extent of the research conducted on the relationship between religion and media, the ideas presented can be found in a wide range from absolute acceptance to complete rejection of this contractual relationship. The number and form of beliefs and rituals are different in each religion, but in general, the purpose of performing rituals is to strengthen people's relationship with the religious aspects of religion. For years, these two aspects of religion (beliefs and rituals) have been reflected in the media. The research problem of the article is to find out how radio's educational, informative, and persuasive capacities are used to promote charity and rituals. How can Radium turn charitable activities into rituals by strengthening social religious campaigns and help them last? In the media of radio, which uses the four elements of speech, music, effect, and silence, various forms of message presentation emerge and lead to the mental imagination of the audience and his emotional involvement. Creating an environment for inducing a religious message is also different. This issue has an interdisciplinary nature and we can use many types of research for the background of the research.

Considering the novelty of the subject, this research is exploratory, and in terms of method, it is qualitative, and it has been done with a documentary-library method and a descriptive-analytical approach based on theoretical studies. In this research, the library method is employed to use the ideas raised about the research topic to form a meaningful whole. In the second stage, several radio programs were listened to again and analyzed using the descriptive method. Therefore, the research method in this research is inductive (moving from data to theory) to reach the key concepts. After searching for programs that deal with the issue of charity, two program titles, "Iran goghrāfi_ya Mehrabānī from Radio Farhang" and "Bar Madāre_ Nīkī” from” Radio Tehran" were identified and five episodes from each of them from the fall and winter of 1400 were randomly selected. Since the sample size in qualitative research does not have a specific amount and number, and the number of samples is determined based on the amount of information obtained and the saturation of information, so this number was sufficient. These programs were selected because claimed in their goals, "introduction of charitable institutions and charitable affairs with the aim of raising public awareness" and "promotion of charitable affairs, charities and people who benefit from these charities"

In addition to the structural weakness in messaging, the failure to broadcast the programs regularly at certain times and days, which is one of the principles of programming and helps to engage the audience, has weakened the effectiveness of the programs and the alignment of the audience with the charity campaign. Due to the lack of broadcast time and fixed structure, these programs have become a kind of occasional programs that, according to media definitions, remain only at the level of information purposes, and due to the lack of continuity and repetition of the message, they are not able to change the attitude or ultimately encourage the audience to behave in a certain way. To emphasize the importance of using new methods of attracting the audience in the production of such programs, it should be said that today the media have provided new opportunities to attract attention to charity affairs, which are far from the traditional methods. The traditional methods of attracting the attention of the audience to participate in the charity affairs of radios were:- Keeping in touch with regular contacts by sending messages on special occasions and answering their questions about how to participate in charity affairs. Receiving advertisements and broadcasting promotional messages in common ways on the radio and advertising the program being broadcast in newspapers and city billboards.Presenting a report on how to spend charity income to the audience.

To create media rites and then spread and consolidate them, the media should emphasize elements or beliefs that are learned quickly, implemented simply, cause a sense of spiritual satisfaction in people, placed in a simple media format, to be played many times and their repetition does not make the audience bored. These elements should not conflict with religious beliefs in terms of the structure and meaning of the message. Therefore, it seems that currently, programs are produced and broadcast on the radio to promote the good deed and encourage the audience to participate in a religious-social campaign, need to redefine the goals and methods of presenting the message to the audience, and despite the inherent capacities of the radio, they cannot be fruitful with the current structure. The parallel use of virtual space and making it possible for the audience to communicate with the program makers and send comments and complete the information and report the activities they have done in line with the goals of the program in the virtual space will help them to become more passionate about such charities. Multimedia capabilities should be taken seriously and not limited to producing and broadcasting radio programs. Integrating religious foundations with the cultural traditions of each province and producing special programs on provincial radios in addition to national radios can be one of the factors that strengthen charity through the media.

Offspring endowments are very important in securing the least financial needs of a family, protecting historical identity, and keeping alive family relations. Disagreement over electing the custodians and the way of spending the incomes have been among continuous problems of this type of endowment. This paper is going to study the way of electing custodians in the endowment of Sadri fort and the disagreement over electing and function of custodians based on the conditions of the donor. Having raised matters such as the importance of Offspring endowments and their functions; the history of the offspring endowment of Sadri fort of Qom and looking at the election and function of the custodians of the endowment, the paper will study the different aspects of the subject. The matter of custodianship in the offspring endowment of Sadri fort of Qom (Nosrat Abad) and the process of electing a custodian for this offspring endowment from the late years of the Qajar period up to now will be studied and researched, then matters such as the circumstances of executing the last will of the donor, disagreement between the children and the interference of other authorities in the endowment as an important and large type of offspring endowment in the country will be studied and researched. The most important questions of the paper are what reasons have affected electing the custodian of the offspring endowment of Sadri fort of Qom? Has the last will of the donor been executed? Was it possible adding between the two conditions of oldest and the worthiest or in case of having one condition or two conditions, was it possible to elect a custodian with the agreement of the heirs? To answer the questions, issues such as offspring endowments and their functions, a look at the history of the offspring endowment of Sadri fort, its custodianship and problems will be raised and answered in the paper. The Literature review of the subject shows that there is no paper on the offspring endowment of Sadri fort and its history, but some papers have been written on the offspring endowments including ''an analysis on the structure of the offspring endowments, case study: "offspring endowments of Razavi Sayyeds" (Sayyedi, 2001)1, " Razavi Sayyeds in Mashhad "(Hassan Abadi, 2009)2, chiefly focused on the Razavi Sayyeds and paid less attention to problems and difficulties of custodians and their actions. Meanwhile, a paper titled ''Ardabili Sadar al-Mamalik and the endowment of Nosrat Abad of Qom: Sadri fort ''(Mohseni, 2015)3 studied the history of endowments of Sadri fort generally and a paper titled ''the oldest or the worthiest: " A look on the circumstance of electing custodians of the endowment of Razavi Sayyeds'' (Hassan Abadi, 2009)4  which focused especially on the donor's conditions in the election of custodians and its effect on their election after donor by relying on the offspring endowment of Razavi Sayyeds, have a direct relation with the subject of this paper.

The method of this paper is a historical- documentary taking use of oral history. One of the features of the paper is using oral history and family documents as important sources in documenting the data of the paper and it is attempted to observe the standards of the use of the methods.

The finding and results of the paper show that the special offspring endowment of Sadri fort of Qom (Nosrat Abad) has a large expanse, suitable geographical position, and human resources, but family disputes on the election of common custodians, the circumstance of using the endowment, the incompetence of the custodian of every part (their common parts), lack of effective supervising role on the part of the related governmental organizations (according to laws) caused the endowment not having a worthy situation among other large offspring endowments in the country. Having a common custodian for endowment and setting the condition of being oldest and worthiest in the election of custodianship by Ardabili Sadr al-Mamalik has caused a dispute over choosing suitable persons and in different periods has caused the interference of government authorities and taking fatva from religious authorities. It seems that according to the current conditions and new management theories, creating an up-to-date and strong management structure can greatly help the growth and development, and productivity of this endowment. For this purpose, it has been suggested that the people of each main branch and its sub-branches be present in this endowment, to follow up and create a "general family assembly". The assembly can investigate two essential works. First, after the death and resignation (by every cause) of every custodian, the assembly can choose the oldest and merited person and recommend him/her to Vaqf Organization to get a custodianship order. Another important work is to appoint persons from the family to accompany the elected custodian in doing the affairs of the large offspring endowment of Sadri fort of Qom and helping him in this critical work. Of course, supervising the custodian's works and his assistants is one of the tasks of the general assembly.

Today, networks play a valuable role in the supply and sharing of achievements, ideas, and successful experiences as producers of social capital, which is mainly based on cultural and social factors. A case study in this research is the network of charitable organizations, including the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and its partner organizations, which include Bahar Khorramshahr, Khaneh Hoda, and Sepehr Institute). The purpose of this research is to compare social capital and its dimensions (structural dimension, communication dimension, and cognitive dimension) as necessary infrastructures in establishing a relationship between the aforementioned organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation. Since NGOs need social capital to create social development as one of the factors to promote organizational communication, such research can lead to major improvements in this issue. The problem of this research is to measure the strength of the social capital between the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and each of the organizations of Khaneh Hoda, Bahar Khorramshahr, and Qain Institute, and it should be noted whether there is a difference between the social capital status in the network between the above organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation to better advance the goals? For this purpose, some hypotheses are proposed in this research, which is to examine the difference in social capital and its dimensions in the network between partner organizations with the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation, and also to address the issue of which factors in this network need to be strengthened.

This research is applied from the objective point of view and descriptive from the method point of view. The data collection tool is the standard questionnaire of the American Social Capital Association. Since this questionnaire has been used in many types of research (Sarmed et al., 2010), (Maanipour, 2011), (Haghirizadeh and Salari, 2015), its content validity has been confirmed. Also, its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method with the help of SPSS software with a value of 0.833; hence its use for this research was recognized as appropriate by the researchers. The questions of the questionnaire include specialized and general questions, and in the specialized questions part, a 5-point Likert scale was used to measure the dimensions of the questionnaire (cognitive dimension, relational dimension, and structural dimension), and in the general questions section, general and demographic information was collected regarding the respondents.  The statistical population of the research includes managers and experts of partner organizations of the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation, which include: 5 people from Bahar Khorramshahr, 2 people from Sepehr Institute, and 9 people from Hoda House. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods were used to describe their dimensions and indicators using the mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics to test the research hypotheses, as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test for the equality of the average social capital and its dimensions, and at the end, during the focus group meeting with managers and experts the results of the Hypotheses were discussed.

The findings of the demographic profile of the respondents show that in terms of gender; Female, in terms of age; Age group 25-36, and in terms of education; Bachelor's degree the majority of the statistical population of the study. The table below shows the dimensions and indicators of social capital. Table 1. Dimensions and indicators of social capitalBetween the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Sepehr Institute, indicators of honesty, commitment to the organization's goals and shared values ​​and goals; between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Bahar Institute, indicators of honesty and having warm relations; between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Khaneh Hoda Institute, indicators of being a member of the common family and having common values ​​and goals; and finally, the index of common values ​​and goals between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and partner organizations has a high average. According to the results of descriptive statistics, the level of desirability of social capital indicators between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and each of the organizations separately and in general is higher than the average. The results obtained from the inferential statistics show that the equality of the average variable and dimensions of social capital (relational, structural, and cognitive) between three organizations with the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation are accepted.

Due to the lack of a warm and sincere relationship and the lack of a facilitating communication structure, Sepehr Institute and the Foundation did not want to share experiences, and on the other hand, the high level of honesty and commitment towards the realization of the goals made the communication between the two organizations at a good level. Hoda House and Entrepreneurship Development Foundation have been able to consider themselves as members of a common family because Hoda House was once formed under the supervision of the foundation. On the other hand, not having a spirit of criticism can hinder this relationship to some extent. Bahar and Entrepreneurship Development Foundation have been able to establish warm and sincere relations. In general, partner organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation should have common values ​​and goals more than establishing relationships with each other, and the lack of a spirit of criticism can prevent communication between organizations in the long term. The results of the inferential statistics indicate that a) the attitude towards social capital factors on the part of the development foundation has been fairly distributed among the three partner organizations. b) The organizations have been able to improve the quality of their relations with the foundation. c) The cooperation of organizations with the development foundation is based on the level of adherence to common values ​​and goals. t) Each of the organizations with the foundation has been able to use simple and accessible inter-organizational relations for education and research.

Nowadays, due to the globalization of the economy, the problems related to the economic situation in the countries have been given more attention. These issues and dilemmas have resulted in many consequences for societies, therefore economic inequality has become an important issue for countries and they are looking for ways to reduce it (Tanjitpiyanond et al., 2022; Vyas et al., 2022). The issues and problems that economic inequality creates for countries can sometimes lead to irreparable crises for countries (Beesley & Hawkins, 2022; Neapolitan, 1999; Stiglitz, 2012; Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). Economic inequality is a phenomenon that classical economics hardly can clarify its exact roots and consequences, and this is because the approach of classical economics does not consider all economic aspects and cause and effect relationships between variables (Markey- Towler & Foster, 2013). Charities and non-governmental organizations are among the institutions that there is a lot of discussion about their impact in reducing economic inequality and in general the impact of charities on macroeconomics and economic inequality. Therefore, in recent years, much research has been conducted on the effect of charities and non-governmental organizations in reducing economic inequality (Arulampalam et al., 2015; Fateh Ahmad & Majid, 2022; Jaffer, 2020; Mastromatteo & Russo, 2017). At present, the activities of charities in our country are such that they do not bring about big events in solving social issues, and the main reason for the weakness of charities in making a proper impact to improve society is the existence of many trustees without a proper road map (Lotfi, 2018).

The main purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of charities and also "the proper distribution of charities' resources" on economic inequality. Therefore, in a laboratory environment, the mechanism of "proper distribution of charity resources" is examined by designing scenarios. Because the implementation of these scenarios in real space requires high cost and time, in the present study, the agent-based modeling approach was used (An et al., 2021).One of the simulation approaches that has recently received a lot of attention in the field of social and economic sciences, especially in systems that have a lot of complexity, is agent-based modeling. In this approach, different components of a system are modeled using the concept of an agent, and in social sciences, each agent can represent a person in society, and in this type of modeling, it is also possible to define exchanges and processes between system components (Wilensky & Rand, 2015). In the present study, the simulation is implemented in the NetLogo software, and Epstein and Axtell's "Sugarscape" model was used to model the economic system of the present study (Epstein & Axtell, 1996). This model is also available in the NetLogo software standard library (Wilensky & Rand, 2015). The "Sugarscape" model has been developed based on the topic that is the main goal of the present study so that the role of charities and the way of distribution of charities' resources can be modeled and the questions raised can be examined using predetermined scenarios. Economic inequality in different scenarios is reported using the Gini coefficient index (Deltas, 2003).

Table 1 shows the results of 10 times of the implementation of different scenarios designed in this article, which briefly shows the effect of the existence of charities and also the creation of a suitable mechanism for distributing the resources of charities in the economic model studied in this article. Table 1. Statistical report of the number of people of different economic classes after 1 year By comparing the average Gini coefficient in three different scenarios, it is clear that the best economic situation in terms of economic inequality was the third scenario. The average Gini coefficient in 10 simulations of the third scenario, i.e. the second behavioral model of charities, was 0.241 and compared to the previous two scenarios, it has the lowest value. This issue can answer the second question of the present study and how to improve the performance of charities in the economic system is determined by creating a centralized database for charities. Therefore, if a centralized database is created for charities to operate in, it can increase the effectiveness of charities in improving economic conditions in the long run. It is suggested that to reduce the economic inequality in the long term, the environment of charities should be improved and to reduce parallelism and errors in identifying the real needy, a mechanism should be provided for the proper distribution of charity resources.

In the presented model, other economic factors such as producers, banks, etc. have been omitted, and only the exchange of the agents' wealth with the environment and each other has been modeled. Therefore, it will be possible that researchers to develop a model in the field of socio-economic and charitable systems. In this study, the Epstein and Excels model was developed for the effect of charities. To develop the model, another type of agent was added, in addition to the main agents of the model. The charity agent has been added as an institution to create economic balance in the model. On the other hand, the behavioral model of people has also been developed and good behavior has been modeled for them. It is in this way that it is possible to create a flow of resource distribution from the well-off people to the less well-off people of society. Two questions were asked about these issues. The first question was whether the creation of charitable institutions and good behavior by people has any effect on economic inequality. The second question is the role of the existence of a suitable distribution system of good resources in the model. For this reason, two different types of charity behavior models were developed. In the first model, charities help the agents who have referred to them, without having a database to identify the need and also to meet the needs of the people. The weakness of this model can be examined from several different aspects, which were mentioned in different parts of the model presentation. For this reason, there is a need for a system in which charities can provide their services and at the macro level of society, good resources can be distributed appropriately and purposefully among the less fortunate.

According to the standard economic theory, participation of individuals in charitable activities is low, because this participation is usually used to compensate for market failure, which is precisely due to the self-interest of the economic man. However, field and experimental evidence show a high level of participation of individuals in the third economic sector. The conflict between the traditional economic theory and observations has led to the modification of the self-interest assumption in behavioral economics and the recognition of intrinsic motivations in humans, such as fairness, reciprocity, and altruism, which are opposed to the traditional economic motivations, namely material rewards and punishments, known as extrinsic motivations. In some situations, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations coexist, and increasing material rewards can have a reverse effect and cause crowding out of intrinsic motivation (Frey, 1997). Many experiments have been conducted in various disciplines such as economics and psychology and various theories have been proposed to explain intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. These theories aim to understand the nature of the interaction of these two motivations on each other to make correct policies and reduce the financial burden of the government. The phenomenon of motivational crowding out is also addressed in Islamic teachings, especially ethical issues without naming it, because in Islamic teachings there are multiple motivations in at least two general categories: divine and non-divine, and crowding out occurs when a good-looking activity is done with a non-divine motive (Riya). What highlight the importance of developing an Islamic theory, in addition to the importance of motivation in Islam itself, are (1) the difference between the definition of human in Islamic teachings and social sciences, and (2) the difference in the goal of attracting charitable contributions, because in Islam the main purpose of the donation is firstly to purify the donor (Surah Al-Tawbah /103) and then to help the needy. Any proposed theory on motivational crowding out in charitable giving should take place in two related steps: first identifying and classifying different types of motivations for participating in charity and then determining their types of interactions, i.e. crowding in or crowding out. Accordingly, this paper aims to fill part of this important research gap with the help of transcendental theosophy to identify the motivations of charitable giving and provide a model for their effect on each other.

Using comparative and multidisciplinary studies (including behavioral economics, related Hadiths, anthropological findings, Aristotelian philosophy, and transcendental theosophy), the anthropology of charitable giving is presented and then its results are extracted using rational analysis. Based on this, this article with the help of Mulla Sadra’s theory of substantial motion of the soul and the theory of nature of martyr Motahari and a glance at related Hadiths and findings of behavioral economics, proposes five levels of the soul from low to high including vegetable, animal and human instincts and angelic and divine nature in human.

Types of motivations in charitable giving in Islamic thoughts are (1) Life instinct (the lowest level): the tendency to preserve life such as reproduction, growth, and nutrition. (2) Animal instincts: The most important manifestation of this instinct in economics is self-interest, according to which the individual helps others if he or she gets more help. This is the character of the neoclassical economic man. (3) Human Instincts: Motivations such as fairness, reciprocity, and altruism. (4) Angelic Nature: Motivations of achieving future rewards and pleasures or avoiding future punishments (related to the world of the hereafter) come into play. (5) Divine Nature: All actions are done with the intention of being close to God Almighty. The motivation of the instinctive action is first to achieve pleasure (which is understood by the instinct itself) and then the achievement of perfection occurs, but the motivation of the natural action is first to achieve perfection (which is understood by the intellect) and then to obtain pleasure. Based on this, in the Islamic governance of charitable contributions, where the main goal is to bring more people to higher perfections, i.e. eudemonia, two types of motivational crowding out can occur. The first type is when a higher order has completely reached its actuality and perfection, and therefore doing a good deed will cause pleasure. In this case, the stimulation of the lower-order motivation can lead to the motivational crowding out and withdrawal of the person from doing the good deed, the mechanism of which is similar to the expulsion of intrinsic motivations by extrinsic motivations in traditional literature. The second type occurs when the higher order has not yet reached its worthy perfection and therefore the person does not enjoy doing good deeds and even suffers. In this case, the stimulation of the lower-order motivation causes more pleasure for the individual and if consciousness does not play a role, for example by nudging the individual, the motivation of the individual is weakened, and doing a good deed not only does not create perfection for the individual but also causes the degradation of his order (Misbah Yazdi, 2012: 162). Therefore, improper management of motivations can cause a person to be placed in the lower orders of perfection and even backward. For example, for a person who is at the beginning of the stage of faith, and has not yet settled in it, the stimulation of purely human motives without involving faith, has the power to weaken his faith. Although this may increase donations.

According to the verses of the Holy Qur'an, in the management of motives for good work in Islamic governments such as the era of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, people should be given attention to the exalted status of their existence and asked to give charity continuously and solely with the motive of gaining divine approval. In this case, people who obey this order can quickly follow the path of growth and perfection (like the story of Ahl al-Bayt's charitable giving in Surah Al-Insan), and people who do not have the desire to do this, will follow the path of degeneration and their actions will be destroyed and they enter the valley of disbelief (Surah Al-Baqarah/264). But non-Islamic governments usually pay attention to maximizing charitable contributions rather than paying attention to the perfection of human beings. In this case, they choose a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations so that they can witness the most participation in charitable giving with the least cost (reward). In addition, out of the four motivations of the proposed model, they only deal with the second and third orders. Islamic countries have not yet extracted the authentic Islamic model and applied it, and usually give the most importance to the amount of donations. While in the government of the Prophet, a group of people were forced to participate in charity affairs due to social pressures or to gain the opinion of the Prophet and the people, and considered it a loss for themselves. God does not give any rewards for such donations. In this case, it can be said that in Islamic countries, similar to many other social interactions, we are witnessing the secularization of charity and its departure from the path that God has set for it. While this model is suitable for secular countries.

Paying attention to charitable institutions is expanding more and more due to the ever-increasing expansion of their role in the administration of society (Oliveira et al, 2021). Charities, as one of the components of civil society, are non-commercial, non-profit, non-governmental, non-political, and voluntary institutions that play an important role in social, health, and economic issues. The most important areas of activity of these institutions in Iran include providing financial aid, health and medical services, construction activities, education, consulting, employment and entrepreneurship, assistance in livelihood, marriage facilitation, housing provision, and so on, offered with various titles and structural formats such as charities, groups, and non-governmental organizations. The conceptualization of governance in the related literature is such that different meanings are inferred from it. On the one hand, this concept represents the emergence of the experimental way of adapting the government to its external environment, and on the other hand, it represents the theoretical expression of the coordination of social systems centered on the role of the government in this process (Pierre, 2000). In the governance continuum, different patterns can be examined and different approaches and frameworks have been presented to classify these patterns. Newman (2001) has used the competitive values ​​framework provided by Quinn and Rohrbaugh to classify governance patterns. The current research aims to answer the following questions:1. What are the conventional models of governance? 2. What is the position of charitable institutions in each of the governance models? 3. Iran's governance model is similar to which of the governance models? What are the most challenges in Iran's governance model in interaction with charity institutions?

This qualitative research was designed and implemented to systematically review the challenges of charitable institutions in the context of Iran's governance model, with the method of qualitative content analysis. In this research, by examining statistical reports, theses, articles, books, and research reports after Screening and full evaluation, a total of 28 cases were identified for qualitative synthesis. According to the subject of the research, a total of 86 codes were extracted and classified into 25 categories and 9 major challenges. Then, using the importance-performance analysis matrix (IPA), the identified factors were ranked based on the importance coefficient and weight of each characteristic.

According to the purpose of the research, the most important challenges related to governance in the interaction of charities with other stakeholders and especially government institutions, 9 basic challenges including regulatory, communication, international relations, legal, bureaucratic, informational, functional, and cultural challenges were extracted. According to the IPA matrix, 11 components in the first area with very high importance - poor performance, 3 items in the second area with high importance - good performance, 5 items in the third area with low importance - poor performance, and finally 6 components in the fourth area, with low importance - optimal performance were identified, and in each area, the identified cases were ranked based on the importance coefficient. The results of the research are generally presented in the extensive matrix of importance-performance analysis in Figure 1. Figure 1. Performance-importance analysis matrix

Examining the challenges shows that the approach of the country's governance system in interaction with the third sector, especially charities, is confused and heterogeneous, one of the main reasons for which is the mixed model of governance in the country. Based on this, it can be said that the existing governance system based on the theory of the welfare state and the traditional model of public administration for many years after the revolution and the adoption of a centralized approach in the administration of public affairs caused the marginalization of the third sector, including charitable institutions, during the following years after the revolution. A significant part of this situation is rooted in the legal system that governs the country and especially the constitution, which in some parts is based on the welfare state theory, has formed wide expectations from government institutions and has placed the majority of economic, social, cultural and political activities on the government.
The results of research in the field of challenges of charities show that in the governance dealings with charities, these institutions have either gone under the shadow of the private sector or have been marginalized due to security considerations and mistrust (Masoudipour & Bagheri Nasrabadi, 2017; Ahmadvand & Khorasani, 2017).The lack of a comprehensive law has caused arbitrary dealings with these institutions (Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic, 2020). The parallel work and multiplicity of custodian institutions have caused the lack of unity of action between the executive bodies, from issuing licenses to monitoring institutions. Also, the lack of an integrated information system is a serious challenge for the government (Aram, 2015). In this regard, by reducing the government's intervention, it is possible to overcome many problems which the deprived classes are facing through charitable institutions as liaisons between the deprived people and the government (Moradi, 2015).

One of the problems of organizations is the lack of trust between managers and employees. The lack of trust causes the loss of the organization's resources and the failure to achieve its goals. Organizations need managers who become leaders to build trust. Authentic leadership is an organizational leadership style that is based on the integrity of leaders in the workplace. Trust, and in particular trust in leadership, is an essential and enduring component in the success of an organization, and authentic leadership is defined as being trustworthy (Rog, 2021). Authentic leadership includes a multifaceted process in which leaders seek to establish effective communication with employees based on trust (Sheikh et al., 2022). When employees trust their leaders, they have fewer negative feelings leading to a better performance (Anthony et al., 2021). According to Gardner and Schermerhorn (2019), authentic leadership has a significant impact on positive organizational behaviors such as trust. One of the important factors in creating trust is the presence of authentic leaders in the organization. This research is innovative because it studies charities and examines the element of trust, which is one of the most important factors in choosing a charity. The objective of this research is whether authentic leadership affects organizational trust or not.

The current research is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of the nature and method of data collection, it is descriptive survey research of the field type. The statistical population of the study is 500 employees of charities in Isfahan City in various fields such as healthcare, livelihood, empowerment, and marriage. This statistic was obtained by an inquiry from the social affairs office of Isfahan governorate. The sample size was calculated as 217 people based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan. The sampling approach in this research is the Convenience Sampling method. The questionnaire covered 28 specific questions, in which the authentic leadership variables included four dimensions of self-awareness, balanced processing, relational transparency in the relationship, and internalized moral perspective. The organizational trust variable includes three dimensions horizontal, vertical, and institutional trust. Content and construct validity methods were used to assess validity. In terms of construct validity, first-order confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS software was implemented. The factor loadings of the questions were examined and the factor loadings of all questions were greater than 0.5, so the construct validity was confirmed. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS and AMOS software.

According to the findings, 75% of respondents were male in terms of demographic characteristics. In terms of education, most of the respondents had a bachelor's degree, and in terms of work experience, most of the respondents had more than 12 years of work experience. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality. The data were normal. Table 1: Test of Normality .Table 2: The result of the test of research hypotheses According to Table 2, since the value of the significance level in all hypotheses is less than 0.05 and the critical value is greater than 1.96, the hypotheses are confirmed.

The results of the first hypothesis showed that authentic leadership has a positive and significant effect on organizational trust. One of the most important tools for the success of charities is trust. Trust in charities is two-way, in the sense that both benefactors and employees should trust charities. Since most charities are dependent on benefactors for their activities, charities will face problems if benefactors do not trust them. The findings based on the second hypothesis showed that authentic leadership has a positive and significant effect on employees' horizontal trust. The results of the present study show that authentic leadership can increase the horizontal trust of employees. The key to increasing horizontal trust is developing communication between individuals. A strong communication network can increase people's awareness and consequently reduce conflicts and disputes. The findings based on the third hypothesis showed that leadership has a positive and significant effect on employees' vertical trust. Vertical trust in charity organizations can be interpreted as the trust of benefactors in managers and also the trust of employees in their higher managers. The findings based on the fourth hypothesis showed that authentic leadership has a positive and meaningful effect on the institutional trust of employees. Institutional trust is to assure the stakeholders about the goals and strategies of the organization and attract their participation to cooperate in this field. To create transparency, the charity managers are suggested to provide the financial performance of the charity to the public monthly. Also, charities should evaluate their activities with the help of an auditor and publish the auditor's reports publicly.

Childhood is of fundamental importance for basic and universal education. One of these basic educations is the transfer of concepts related to moral values, including philanthropy. Philanthropy is one of the basic needs for social life, which is as important as obeying the law. Due to the important position of philanthropy in achieving personal and social perfection, creating a sense of interest in doing philanthropy in children and teenagers is considered one of the important missions of education. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the policy-making and curriculum planning of elementary education in Iran from this point of view.

To reveal the importance and place of philanthropy in Iran's primary education policies and curricula, the content of upper-level documents and primary course textbooks in terms of the extent of dealing with philanthropy and its examples using a qualitative approach and inductive content analysis method was investigated. The research community includes the upstream documents of the field of education, i.e. "Twenty-year vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1404 solar horizon", "General policies of transformation in the education system", "Fundamental transformation document of education", "National Curriculum" and "all the textbooks of the elementary school"; the sample was purposefully selected from among them.

The analysis of the policy documents of Iran's primary education field shows that philanthropy is followed from their point of view with this approach "philanthropy activities are a religious phenomenon that is mostly done for the community of believers and even sometimes only for friends". The facts reveal that the topic of philanthropy, with all its related concepts (even with a slight similarity), in the upstream documents, including "Twenty-year vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the horizon of 1404 solar", six items, "general policies of creating transformation in the education system", three items and "fundamental transformation document of education", thirty items have been proposed; Basically, their emphasis is on "sacrifice" with the meaning of defending the ideas of sovereignty. In the document more related to the field of curriculum, i.e. "National Curriculum", twenty-eight concepts related to philanthropy are used. These policies have been crystallized in the school curriculum, i.e. "textbooks" of the elementary school, and most of all, "Quran" and "Gifts of Heaven" textbooks have been used to outline the teachings.

Looking deeply into the content of the upstream documents, it becomes clear that the term philanthropy, which means serving others without expectations, is mentioned only once in the form of "spreading the culture of philanthropy" in the fundamental transformation document. In other documents, the concepts and examples of its counterparts have been taken into consideration, and in many cases, those concepts had a meaning outside of the concept of philanthropy. As a result of the analysis of the policies and curricula of the elementary school in Iran, it was revealed that the education and curriculum based on the limited meaning of philanthropy are followed in such a way that five achievements can be imagined for it: cultivating virtuous students, limiting self-sacrifice to relatives, believing in helping others, encouraging good deeds and endowment in the forms of governance and material assistance to others. Also, the pursuit of policies and teachings related to charity and its equivalent concepts in children's education, which are followed through open curricula, mainly is presented in the context of the "Quran" and "Gifts of Heaven" textbooks with limited meaning. In this study, it was revealed that the desired set of teachings and thoughts related to philanthropy in Iran's primary schools are organized and followed under thirteen basic topics which include: logic, concept, nature, position, types, examples, effects, models, training and order (recommendation), necessity, commemoration, mediating forces and scope of philanthropy.

Social participation, as one of the main pillars of social capital, plays an important role in the development of a society; But the policy-making method and governance procedures in the field of promoting and stabilizing social participation in various economic, social, cultural, and political affairs can seriously affect the results of the type of use of social participation capacity in society.What is important beyond the essence of paying attention to social participation in various affairs in a society, is how to deal with it, policy-making, and establishment of a good governance system in it. Although participation in social affairs is not a sovereign category in general, the role of governments, especially based on the fact that they can impose restrictions on the type and direction of this participation through legislation, determining procedures, and issuing licenses, is very important anfundamental.What is discussed in this article refers to this issue. In our country, good deed in the sense of "charity " and "voluntary humanitarian action for the benefit of another and without looking at one's own benefit", has a very long history. Various models of good work and charity to respond to various social needs have existed in Iranian society for centuries and even before the establishment of the modern government, and have responded to an important part of social needs. But from a specific point in time with the establishment of the modern government in Iran, a specific law for granting licenses to charitable institutions was also approved and implemented.Considering the above problem, the main and basic question of this article is "What are the main regulatory challenges in the governance of charity and volunteering?" Based on this, the answer to another important question will also be considered: "What is the appropriate solution to face these challenges and solve them?"

The Theoretical background of the subject:

Non-governmental social institutions must have two minimum and mandatory characteristics in their statutes and goals: to be 1- non-governmental and 2- non-political. At the same time, there are considerations in terms of economic activity and income sources of institutions. Based on this, four types of institutions that can operate in the non-governmental social sphere can be defined:Non-profit non-commercial institutions: These types of institutions/organizations are actually the ones known as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and charities. These institutions or social organizations are active to solve a social problem, meet the needs of some groups of society and reduce their sufferings, improve their welfare and social status, and so on. But they cannot share the benefits of their activities among their members like commercial companies.For-profit non-commercial organization: This type of social organization, which is set up with the aim of providing a type of social service to the target groups, does not have any restrictions for making a profit and reaching profit to its members or managers.Non-profit commercial institutions: These types of institutions, which are very few in the country and at the same time mostly face the lack of official regulations, include an important part of social actors who, although produce and sell a commercial product, their purpose is not to distribute profit to members. Social entrepreneurship models in the special sense of the word are included in these institutions.For-profit commercial institutions: These types include profitable economic enterprises that, except through fulfilling the social responsibility of economic enterprises, which is an activity on the sidelines of their main activity and not the main nature of the institution itself, their goals and activities generally do not have a social aspect in terms of the concept of public good and volunteering from the path of social participation.

In analyzing the state of governance of voluntary work in general, or in other words, "charity and voluntary work", we must first look at the executive bodies and government organizations that issue licenses to non-governmental social institutions. These organizations include, currently, the General Police Command (through the Information and Security Police Organization), the Endowment and Charity Organization, the Welfare Organization, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the Islamic Propaganda Organization, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, and the Environmental Protection Organization.At the same time, the foundations and institutions under or affiliated with other governing institutions also try to prevent, control, and reduce social harm. The most important of them are the Executive Headquarters of Farman Imam (RA), the Ehsan Foundation, the Alavi Foundation, and the Khatam al-Awsia Headquarters along with other centers, popular and jihadist groups with the organization of public institutions including charitable groups affiliated with religious bodies.The regulatory challenge in the governance of charity and voluntary affairs can have various examples, some of the most important of which are reviewed here:- Unfair and unequal support of governmental structures to various organizations that enter into social activities as people's groups, volunteers, and similar titles. Unbalanced benefit and lack of procedural justice in financial, logistic, and media support of different types of groups in the non-governmental social sector. Another challenge is the lack of proper laws and regulations in contrast to the existence of redundant and unnecessary and restrictive regulations. Currently, the only important upstream document in this field is the regulation of non-governmentalorganizations, approved by the Council of Ministers on August 27, 2015.Therefore, the issue of regulation is the most important issue of governance in the field of social participation in Iran. The consequences of the continuation of the regulatory challenge in this field are:- Lack of sufficient effectiveness of activities and measures that were expected to lead to significant improvement along with the social participation of the non-governmental sector;The erosion of social trust as a result of the creation of a gap and structural discrimination towards the activists of charity and volunteerism, simultaneously with the development of the slogan of populism; Lack of information about the activities and presence of other institutions and social organizations in the geographical area or in the subject of each other's activities.
 

The fact is that the problem of regulation, in addition to the ambiguity in the precise and clear definition of the central trustee in the field of social participation, also includes the ambiguity in the definitions of the types of public participation and the forms of institutions that can participate in different ways in solving important problems of the society.However, legal support and transparency for all charitable and voluntary activities in the form of a comprehensive and effective law can guarantee the effectiveness of the regulatory body and the cooperation of other active institutions and organizations in the field of licensing and supervision of non-governmental social institutions. But it should be emphasized that both the clarification of the definition of the regulatory body and its legal support through the approval of a comprehensive law for social participation in charity and voluntary affairs, along with the clarification of important definitions and concepts in this field, beside the establishment of a management system and information registration of various processes of social institutions, can reduce a large part of the existing challenges and concerns. Because policy-making based on data and information can provide the context of governance based on transparency and efficient and effective supervision.

The expansion of urbanization in Kermanshah and the issue of endowment as phenomena that can partially clarify the different experiences of Kermanshah in its development is an issue that has not been discussed so far. Endowment has had important characteristics and functions, the most important of which are: not being class-based, creating a sense of social solidarity and even in moments of history, being a mechanism to realize social justice and participating in the social security system, and poverty alleviation. The production of urban space in the city of Kermanshah is at least influenced by two historical factors, one of which is rooted in the religious political economy and the other in the modern capitalist political economy. This article is going to discuss the role the endowment institution has played in the production of modern urban spaces in Kermanshah. Besides, this article is going to know how the endowment mechanism that affects the production of the urban space of Kermanshah, is elaborated in different political orders. 

Theoretically, Lefebvre's theory of space production has been used, emphasizing the moment of spatial representations, as well as Gertsel's theory of political order. In terms of methodology, this research is affected by the dialectic of regressive-progressive: "The point of view adopted here may be described as regressive-progressive." This method places the facts of the present as the starting point. This means that referring to anything in the past is rooted in the issues of the present. Looking from the point of view of the present causes a search in the past. It is what determines at which moment in history the researcher should search for the origin. This attitude is also a kind of genealogy.

In the pre-constitutional political order, the endowment governance was in crisis only when the governments used the endowment revenues to gain territory. Otherwise, an agreement between the institution of religion and the patriarchal system was gradually made regarding its governance, and it was generally governed in a bureaucratic manner. Although it was not always the institution of religion or specifically the class of scholars and Ulama who only benefited from its income or its supervision, they were involved in the endowment institution in different ways (Shafaghi, 2016). This crisis entered a new stage with Reza Shah's modernization approach."Reza Shah’s official nationalism was largely based on the manipulation of this patriotism and a program of cultural assimilation and coercive linguistic unification" (Matin, 2013: 85). The nationalist order predominance in the political system of the Pahlaviera changed the governance of endowment. These developments became actual with modernization. Urbanization based on infrastructure construction for capital circulation, so that urban spaces should be produced in such a way that new consumer goods could be traded, was generally the central core of the nationalist order of this era. Nationalistic assimilation and identification were in line with the same standardization that capitalism needed for its globalization. Kermanshah was also not immune from these developments. The end of this order had unintended consequences that were inseparable from the evolution of the endowment governance in this city. Reza Shah did this to enrich the royal family and consequently the power of his central government. He declared that many estates and lands in the most fertile areas of the country belong to the state or are monarchical.

In the pre-modern political order, which in a sense can also be called a religious order, the endowment system was such that it could perform a complex function in the long-term division of labor and in which this institution could continue its life under the legitimacy of religion. In that order, the endowment was a public institution that was able to shape the economic metabolism and by that, the economic matter was embedded in the social life. The city of Kermanshah and its spatial development in the Nasrid era clearly shows the decisive influence of endowment. It shows how the community character of the endowment has organized power and wealth relations in the community and, by extension, the city as a whole. The most important result of the endowment functions in this era was the relative generalization of wealth. In the nationalist order of the era of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah, endowment became an organization under the modern state bureaucracy, and the process of de-personalization of endowment, which is the other side of the coin of community decentralization, began. At the same time, the income from the properties and endowments should mainly be spent on the things that the government recognizes. After the 1979 revolution, efforts have been made to revive the regulatory role of religion, but it has not led to the possibility of returning to the pre-modern religious order. Therefore, the charitable function of endowment becomes more prominent in the new order. This is the result of the relationship between the changes in the endowment organization and the new political order. This new order, which took control after the 8-year war, was the neoliberal order. The three basic principles of the neoliberal order are deregulation, structural adjustment, and privatization, according to which the public expenses of the government should be reduced. In addition to this cost reduction, which takes place under structural adjustment, public expenses should be outsourced in the form of charity affairs. This is where the prominence of charity affairs in the endowment organization becomes important and prominent. In addition, during this period, the endowment organization sought to stabilize its position by judicially dealing with the status of endowment properties, which were undecided half a century ago and their fate has changed.

One of the widespread popular organizations in Iran is the Basij Organization, which, according to its inherent duty, tries to create value in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the antecedents of value creation of Basij Construction Organization in the development of home businesses. The approach of the present qualitative research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the data and method. The statistical population of the research includes the activists, specialists and experts of the covered businesses as well as the managers of the Basij Construction Organization in the field of organization and development of home businesses in Qom, who were interviewed with 12 experts using the snowball sampling method and according to the rule of theoretical data saturation. became. The resulting data were conceptualized using the theme analysis technique, and as a result, 178 propositions were labeled in 66 basic themes, 11 organizing themes, and 5 global themes. The results of the research show that the main value-creating antecedents of the Basij Construction organization in the development of home businesses include comprehensive themes of multilateral development, infrastructural empowerment, development of self-confidence and self-reliance, community-oriented capacity building, and development of the employment ecosystem. Therefore, in order to eliminate poverty and provide the necessary platforms for the development of home businesses, it is suggested that the Basij Organization should promote the culture of home work, teach new marketing methods, encourage successful home businesses, encourage government agencies to purchase the products of these businesses, and create product supply networks. They provide financial support, establishment of growth centers and counseling of home businesses, support for the formation of cooperatives by the families who own these businesses, holding training courses, providing permanent exhibitions.