فصلنامه پژوهش های اجتماعی اسلامی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Contrary to some Western social science scholars who deny the problem of the fixed and constant laws governing social equations, Islam emphasizes this issue titled the custom or tradition of God and the way Allah conducts the affairs and the rules governing the universe (Arabic: 􀄂􀅒 􀄟 sunnah). The sunnah of winning truth against falsehood is of the rules which are definite and constant (unchangeable). With the descriptive-analytic method and examining some related Quran verses and hadiths and samples of Imam Khamenei’s speeches for studying the position of the Qur'anic sunnah of winning of truth against falsehood in the defensive thoughts of Imam Khamenei this paper has been written. At the look of the holy Quran, the truth is victorious and the falsehood because of not originality has not been constant and is vanished. According to the promise of God in the Quran verses, the sunnah of winning of truth in the form of the elimination of falsehood and the establishment of the truth, protecting God’s messengers, believers, and those who believe in God, the victory of Hezbollah, the promise of the appointment of a successor in the land inheritors and imamah, and leadership in the land, … appears. From the view of Imam Khamenei, the victory of the Islamic revolution is based on this divine sunnah and the occurrence of this sunnah in any current depends on patience, resistance, combat, overcoming fear, hopefulness, etc. Emphases, citations, and the promises of winning of truth front have been stated several times like many samples of his citations to this constant divine rule in history like the delicate and complicated situation of the 33-day war is a sign of his deep attention to this God’s sunnah and its important place in his defensive thought.

The present paper is going to extract the anthropology components included in the defensive theory of Ayatollah Khamenei which are stated in his speeches and determine them on the Quran ground. The study of anthropology revolves around three general axes of insight, orientation, proactive and reactive or beliefs, interests, and practices based on Claude Rivière’s view according to three specifications: reasoning, feeling, and behavior. The Quranic documentation of the mentioned components in the speeches of the leader about the category of the defense and its interpretation is the goal of this research which the method is descriptive-analytic. The findings show that in the defensive theory of the leader identifying the enemy is the most essential component constituting the beliefs of defenders, tendency to spirituality and having no excessive tendency to the material world are the most important instances in human desires of Mujahid (Muslims who are fighting in support of Islam) with its more appearance in spy and escaping from war in proactive dimension giving help and assistance to the religion and the divine saints, resistance, comprehensive progress on defensive power is of anthropology components.

According to the Islamic revolution teachings and both Imams of the Revolution, the way which the Islamic republic covers is to achieve a new Islamic civilization. From this perspective and along with the civilizing horizon of the Islamic Revolution, concerning the competence of the youths in proportion to the second phase of the Islamic revolution and also determining how to act with a comprehensive view of cross-border and strategic longitudinal direction as stated by the great Islamic revolution leader is the most mandatory (required) in comparison to other necessities and the change of the world modern order in the different religious, political, scientific, cultural, economic areas and with the defensive nature of the resistance with using the capacity of unity building civilization at the level of the Islamic community is of the necessities which should be paid attention and emphasized. For this reason, while defining the merits of the proportional youths, the note has attempted to determine the stages of the unity-building civilization and the way of the role-playing of the proportional youth under the theory of the resistance in 3 primary themes and 72 sub-themes based on the system of the supreme leader thought of Islamic Revolution. According to the findings of the present research and for establishing the connection between the theory and practice areas and planning the effective role-playing of youths in proportion to the second phase of the Islamic revolution in the world areas with the approach to the modern Islamic civilization, suggestions have been presented in the strategic and practical levels with the approach of discourse making-systemization chain.

One of the common schools in the modern world is Positivism whose methodological principles have affected not only natural sciences but also humanity. This paper with the analytic-descriptive method and library collection of data criticized five main principles of the positivism school including the principles of ontology, anthropology, epistemology, sociology, and axiology based on the principles of Transcendent theosophy or al-Hikmat al-Muta'āliyah. The limit of existence to matter, incompatibility of human freedom with necessity, inconformity of mind with object, the reality of society, and not perceiving values (absences of values) are the most important criticisms of Transcendent theosophy or al-Hikmat al-Muta'āliyah on the methodology of the positivism school. The most important findings of this research are the Positivists selected the quantitative research and limited the research to the data of experience-based they have the approach of the methodic convergent unity in the humanity methodology , while al-Hikmat al-Muta'āliyah considered the qualitative and quantitative method and non-exclusiveness of the sources of knowledge to natural sciences has used all capacity of the rational, transmitted knowledge and natural methods and has selected the approach of the methodic convergent diversity in humanity.

One of the most important issues in respect to a country is its security and defense against different threats. In the past, the security of a country was measured only by its military power and weapons and military supplies but today military equipment does not contain security alone but using other equipment such as soft power can establish security and defend against threats. This new dimension of power which its literature has been theorized by Western scholars like Joseph Nye, however, the foundation of the Imam Khomeini movement did not attain victory except by utilization of these social and cultural components which today emerge in the form of the soft war. Today, it is inevitable for Islamic Republic of Iran considering its significant strategic and geo-politic position to strengthen the soft power dimensions while strengthening the different dimensions of hard power (military and economic power). One of the most important components governing soft power is the social capital which Imam Khamenei with true explanation accurate use and comprehensive knowledge of the moods and culture of public opinions especially youths has implied to as a bridge for the development and victory of the Islamic Revolution. The importance of this category, to a certain degree, is that the success of communities, persons, and somehow the society’s achievements depend on. With this approach, the present paper with a descriptive-analytic method with understanding the declaration of the second phase of the Revolution interpreted the concept of social capital in the defensive school of Imam Khamenei. The determination of the Revolution’s nature and its social capital in the next 40 years in the declaration of the second phase of the Revolution is an attempt to stabilize and strengthen the defensive components of stable security that finally results in the creation of the new Islamic civilization with applying an Islamic-Iranian model of progress.

From the man’s healthy dimension, social health is more necessary for youths who are the main engine of society. From the perspective of Islam the category of the social health of youths is more important. In the Islamic lifestyle and from the view of sociology the requirements should be considered for this dimension of health. In the Islamic lifestyle, the person who follows a worthy model and has hope, motivation cheerfulness, answerability, cooperation, equitability, and a feeling of satisfaction can have social health. From the view of sociology, requirements can be counted such as cohesion, unity, participation, flourishing, and social acceptance. Internet, software, library sources, and documents have been used in this research, and with the analytic-descriptive method it has been attempted the different aspects of the issue be explained initially and then they have been studied.

After World War II and the victory in the Cold War, the United States emerged as a superpower in the new global order and, with the support of its allies, was able to establish a dominant international system. In recent years, internal issues and the rise of new political and economic powers have turned the decline of America into an empirical theoretical issue in the scientific and political arena. Therefore, studying the ideas of the esteemed Supreme Leader as one of the theorists of America's decline can be influential in determining the political and economic orientations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research aims to extract the framework and dimensions of America's decline from the intellectual framework of the esteemed Supreme Leader using thematic analysis techniques and the MAXQDA20 software. The research population includes all of his speeches from 1968 to 2021. In total, 229 codes were extracted, which were categorized into six organizing themes.