نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 64، بهار 1402)

Currently, Iran has not been very successful in exploiting this advantage due to various reasons due to the great potential of tourism development. The type of attitude towards tourism, inappropriate tourism policies, negative advertisements of Iran's enemies, and lack of attention to tourism welfare services are among the main obstacles to the lack of tourism development, and in this research, one of these factors is the role of tourism policies in Iran. Iran's place in the geopolitical territory of Shamat has been analyzed in promoting the position of diplomacy.
Material and This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical and applied (practical) method of exploratory research. The statistical population of the research consists of all experts in the fields of tourism and geopolitics, whose sample size was estimated to be 35 people based on Cochran's model.
The present research using mean test, binomial test and Pearson's correlation coefficient in spss software to evaluate the variables of the success rate of tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran, evaluate the tourism policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the relationship between tourism policy and the success rate of tourism diplomacy. The Islamic Republic of Iran is in the geopolitical territory of Shamat.
Discussion and The results showed that tourism policies in Iran have a very weak relationship with structural and agency factors, tourism policies have no relationship with process factors, and these policies have an average relationship with contextual factors.

Jus Cogens norms of international law are among the key concepts cotibuting the development of international law. These norms stand out among other international norms because they uphold the fundamental values of the international community; contrary to mutual international obligations, these norms are owed by and in the interest of all states. Although there is no uncertainty regarding the concept of Jus Cogens norms in the international law literature, the identification parameters and contents of such norms have always been subject to debate.
 Therefore, it is both controversial and difficult to explain the nature of Jus Cogens norms and develop an effective solution to identify them. This descriptive-analytical desk research seeks to answer this question: What criteria could be helpful in identifying such norms against the backdrop of international law? And consequently which Jus Cogens norms belong to the realm of international environmental law. To shed light on how to correctly identify Jus Cogens norms, this study proposes and examines two criteria: the 'rule of general international law" and the "acceptance and recognition".
The results show that some principles of international environmental law, despite the fact that have the potential to become Jus Cogens norms, they have not been able to achieve that status, yet.

The role of managers at the level of representative companies in the capital market is of special importance and has an effect on the symmetry of information and full disclosure of information, especially environmental information, to meet the expectations of stakeholders in social contexts. The purpose of this research is Evaluation of manager’s hysterical personality axes in the persuasive display of environmental discourse.
Material and In this research, which is considered developmental and hybrid in terms of methodology, an attempt was made to identify the axis of the hysterical personality of managers in the persuasive display of environmental discourse by relying on meta-composite analysis and Delphi processes in the qualitative part of the research.
The results of the research in the qualitative part, after the content screening of 12 verified studies, indicated the existence of six axes of hysterical (showy) personality of managers in the persuasive display of environmental discourse.
Discussion and The obtained result shows that the managers, by stimulating the minds of their stakeholders, try to implement the company's green performance strategies in their minds, so as to create a positive image of the company in the framework of green performance.

Large woody debris is found at the most of the forest ecosystems. This woody debris provides commercial uses and living opportunities for organisms. Therefore, its existence reduces species extinction in the forest ecosystem. This debris is considered as a source of wood in Iran because of shortage wood. The aim of this research was to study the effects of three slope classes including low slope (0 to 20%), moderate (20 to 40%) and high slope (>40%) and management regimes on the amount and density of woody debris at the western part of Guilan forests.
Material and Data were collected from three managed parcels and three unmanaged parcels using linear sampling method on lines with a length of 100 meters and a network of 200×200 meters. The measured variables including diameter and length of woody debris at the different slope classes were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine which of the treatments were statistically significant.
The results showed that with increasing slope, the amount and density of large woody debris increased. The average large woody debris in low, moderate and high slopes was 2.65, 3.13, and 5.54 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. We observed a significant difference among slope classes in terms of amount of woody debris. Also, the average density of large woody debris on low, medium and high slopes was 869, 852 and 2176 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Higher slope, higher amount and density of woody debris. At the low slope class, the amount of woody debris was similar at two management regimes. The amount and density of large woody debris in the managed forests was more than these in the unmanaged forests.
Discussion and The quality of large woody debris at the grade one of quality at the managed forest was more than unmanaged forest. This study will provide information about the amount and density of woody debris at the different slope classes and management regimes. Awareness of the amount of woody debris will help planners and decision makers to optimize their management.

Reconstruction of worn-out urban structures has always been considered as one of the goals and policies of the government in the country's development programs. Sustainable urban regeneration as a new approach is able to reduce or eliminate many problems and challenges of cities, especially in the field of environment. The aim of this study was to present a new model of sustainable urban regeneration in Tehran.Material and

The present study is descriptive-exploratory. First, the components of sustainable urban regeneration were identified using semi-structured interview tools. The statistical population was experts in the field of urban management - environment and random sampling method. The number of samples was selected using the snowball technique and the principle of theoretical saturation of 22 people. Content analysis method was used to extract the model and finalize it. Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to ensure the relationship between variables.

101 initial codes were extracted from the analysis and analysis of interview data based on the principles of repetition, emphasis and importance. Finally, the concepts of sustainable urban regeneration were classified based on 5 components, 17 categories and 101 behavioral descriptions. Also, based on the results of descriptive statistical test, the mean of the components was above average and all of them had a standard deviation of less than one. According to the degree of correlation coefficient between the variables, the research has a direct and strong relationship.Discussion and

Among the 17 selected categories in the present study, 7 categories (identification and cooperation with involved institutions and trustees, attention to the main needs of communities, empowerment of stakeholders and institutions involved, urban development capacity, status of urban infrastructure, information and interactive infrastructure, Investment infrastructure) are new. Paying attention to the above components in formulating programs and adopting more favorable policies in the field of urban regeneration in Tehran will be able to reduce the challenges in the path of urban sustainability.

Today, women are present in society like men. But they do not have enough power to choose their desired territory and as vulnerable groups, their value and position in urban spaces are ignored and they do not have a favorable environmental territory to use and enjoy urban spaces. This research seeks to introduce the components that affect the creation of a desirable territory for women.
Material and The research method is phenomenological and has an explanatory-inferential approach. The type of study is qualitative and the studies have been done in both field and library methods and semi-in-depth interviews have been used. The sampling method is purposeful and we do not have a fixed sample size and sampling of people with different views after starting with the minimum number, continued until it reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, the total number of interviewees in the three parks of Ail Goli, Valiasr Park and Shams Women's Park in Tabriz was 18 people.
Based on women's statements, general phenomena were identified and extracted and their relationship was determined. Finally, the most important indicators that cover the most components in their subset were extracted, which include 9 indicators of quality, interaction, vitality, security, privacy, determinism, mind-psyche, sense of belonging, choice.
Discussion and As a result, according to the research findings, eliminating the deficiencies needed by women in urban parks in terms of extracted components, will be of great help in improving the desirability of the environmental territory of this particular group.

Today, women are present in society like men. But they do not have enough power to choose their desired territory and as vulnerable groups, their value and position in urban spaces are ignored and they do not have a favorable environmental territory to use and enjoy urban spaces. This research seeks to introduce the components that affect the creation of a desirable territory for women.
Material and The research method is phenomenological and has an explanatory-inferential approach. The type of study is qualitative and the studies have been done in both field and library methods and semi-in-depth interviews have been used. The sampling method is purposeful and we do not have a fixed sample size and sampling of people with different views after starting with the minimum number, continued until it reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, the total number of interviewees in the three parks of Ail Goli, Valiasr Park and Shams Women's Park in Tabriz was 18 people.
Based on women's statements, general phenomena were identified and extracted and their relationship was determined. Finally, the most important indicators that cover the most components in their subset were extracted, which include 9 indicators of quality, interaction, vitality, security, privacy, determinism, mind-psyche, sense of belonging, choice.
Discussion and As a result, according to the research findings, eliminating the deficiencies needed by women in urban parks in terms of extracted components, will be of great help in improving the desirability of the environmental territory of this particular group.

The growing environmental problem and then Added cost which create diverse environmental activities, led scientists to modify their efficiency and productivity models with well-liked products and undesirable products effects. Emissions of greenhouse gases from various sources, especially from agriculture sector, are one of the main causes of environmental pollution.Material and The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental effecuency and determination of the shadow price of pollutants for meat dairy in Khuzestan province. In this study, 60 samples and a random fronteier production function model have been used by frontier functions using the maximum likelihood method and the FRONTIER econometric software. Results indicate that the technical efficiency of the meat livestock units of the province is 0.99 which could indicate that meat livestock units have relatively high technical efficiency. Also, the results of environmental efficiency of Khuzestan province meat livestock units have shown that the average environmental efficiency is 0.29. In fact, this level of environmental efficiency shows that meat livestock units in Khuzestan province have relatively low environmental performance.Discussion and In order to prevent inaccurate decisions in the field of management and development of economic activities without concern for environmental issues, planner, policymaker and investors, in addition of technical effciency, should use enviromental efficency as developing criteria of their acivites.

Abstract Toxic amounts of lead in the environment of plants cause physiological changes and can decrease the growth potential of the plant and in a more severe manner cause the plant to die. Zinc is also an essential nutrient for plants, but excessive accumulation of zinc in plant tissues can alter plant growth stages. In such conditions, susceptible plants are damaged and killed while resistant plants continue to grow and reproduce in these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high concentrations of Pb and Zn on growth, amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid, accumulation and tolerance parameters of harmal.
Material and Harmal plants were treated with concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l for 14 days and concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/l Zn.
The results showed that increasing lead and zinc concentration decreased shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and root but increased lead and zinc accumulation in shoot and root. Chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid contents also decreased significantly under different concentrations of Pb and Zn compared to the control.
Discussion and Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that harmal has high ability to accumulate and tolerate lead and zinc and can be used for phytoremediation of lead and zinc.

 The inseparable connection of man and architecture over different periods, either in the form of drawing a relative resemblance or analogy between the structure of the human body and architecture has always been considerable due to either aesthetic reasons or symbolic reasons. The author's attempt is to investigate the type of human-architectural relationship in classical, modern and postmodern periods based on similarities and differences. The aim pursued in this research is a comparative study of this relationship in the aforementioned periods, in order to achieve the cognitive relation between human and architecture from the perspective of the aesthetics. The main question is how western architecture has dealt with human as an aesthetic subject during different periods?

 This research is descriptive-analytical qualitative type, and in order to understand the place of man in the architectural aesthetics of different periods, it takes an interpretive point of view by using thematic literature, in a comparative method.

 The findings show that the general principles of aesthetics taken from the human body in classical architecture gradually became a complex process in subsequent periods.

 It means, in the classical architecture, the implicit (metaphorical) and symbolic meaning of the aesthetics which was influenced by the human body. These concepts gradually faded to the onset of the modern period. The relationship between architecture and man from an aesthetic point of view in the classical period with an emphasis on its symbolic dimension, and in the modern period, emphasizing its pragmatic dimension, was a purely anatomical approach through mathematical logic. While this approach was transformed by the emergence of postmodernism into perceptional approach; hence, in postmodernism, emphasis is placed on human presence in architecture and cognizance through it, so this two-sided relationship of the body/architecture has come to the subject of "aesthetics experience" through physical perception in post-modernism architecture.