نشریه پژوهش های به زراعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Due to study the effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and brassinosteroids (BNs) on root and shoot vegetative traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under salinity stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was done at shahr-e-rey region 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. In which salinity stress from the source of Nacl at three levels (0, 40 and 80 mM), Sodium nitroprusside at three levels (0, 75 and 150 μM) and Brassinosteroids at two levels (0 and 1.5 μm) were considered. The analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of salinity stress, application of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were significant on all investigated subjects, and among these traits, root length, number of leaves and root dry weight were influenced by the triple interaction of salinity stress, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The results of mean comparison showed that in 95 mM sodium chloride consumption the lowest plant height (41.93 cm), root length (9.79 cm), leaves number (4.62), leaf area of plant (140.73), shoot fresh weight (12.93 g/plant), shoot dry weight (2.46 g/plant) and root dry weight (1.42 g/plant) were observed. The results of mean comparison double interaction effects confirmed that maximum amount of shoot dry weight (11.8867 g/plant), root dry weight (3.7811 g/plant) and leaf area (675.63 cm2) were obtained at 150 μM of sodium nitroprusside and 1.5 μM of brassinosteroid. Therefore, it can be concluded that consumption of sodium nitroprusside and brassinosteroid improved all morphological traits tested in rosemary medicinal plant through the occurrence of anti-stress effects.

The aim of present study was to investigate life cycle assessment of Iranian rice cultivars production affected by NPK chemical fertilizers using management. The experiment was conducted in farms located in Mazandaran province, Sari, during 2017 and 2018. The experiment was performed as split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The different doses of fertilizer treatments at five levels including F1: 250 kg N ha-1 + 150 kg P ha-1 + 150 kg K ha-1 (N250P150K150), F2: 200 kg N ha-1 + 100 kg P ha-1 + 100 kg K ha-1 (N200P100K100), F3: 150 kg N ha-1 + 75 kg P ha-1 + 75 kg K ha-1 (N150P75K75), F4: 100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P ha-1 + 50 kg K ha-1 (N100P50K50), and F5: Control or no application of fertilizer treatments (N0P0K0) as main plot and local rice cultivars at two levels of Sang Tarom and Tarom Hashemi were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that an average amount of cumulative energy demand and cumulative exergy demand was 11549.78 and 13443.08 MJ, respectively that with increase of nitrogen consumption, both indices showed a decreasing trend. The average ecological footprint was 1190.80 m2a which CO2 emissions had shown the highest effect on the ecological footprint. The average of the impact categories of abiotic depletion was equals 12.44 kg Sb eq, acidification (3.15 kg SO2 eq), eutrophiction (2.33 kg PO4 eq), malodorous air (7295733 m3 air), freshwater sediment ecotoxicity (75.79 kg 1,4 DB eq), marine sediment ecotoxicity (116.11 kg 1,4 DB eq) that all of which decreased with increasing nitrogen consumption. The average global warming potential (GWP) 20a and GWP 500a were 399.20 and 382.97 kg CO2 eq, respectively. Two indicators of human toxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity in the three periods of 20, 100 and 500 years shows increasing amounts equal 0.42% and 140.70% during 20a to 500a, respectively. All pollutants released into the air and the water demonstrated a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen amounts. The emission of nitrate into soil, metals into the soil, and chemical oxygen demand showed a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen levels. By group comparing between different levels of nitrogen at splitting levels, it can be stated that the main cause of variations in the amount of pollutants was the higher output (yield) compared to inputs. Indeed, nitrogen uptake in four developmental stages has resulted in maximum plant use, resulting in increased yield and emission reduction per unit area. Therefore, reducing the emission of pollutants by increasing nitrogen consumption can be due to increase of yield. According to the findings of this study, the application of N150P75K75 treatment is a better option to improving the yield of rice cultivars along with a decrease in chemical fertilizers and subsequent reduced fertilizers costs and environmental damages.

Barley is one of the most cultivated plants in Iran's dryland. Ardebil province is one of the areas where the production of barley has been successful. But one of the problems for farmers in these areas is the high cost and negative aspects of the use of chemical fertilizers. Today, the application of some microorganisms in farms is important as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years at experimental farm of Ardebil Islamic Azad University. The experimental factors included mycorrhiza fungi application (application of Rhizophagus irregularis and non-application) and four strains of Pseudomonas strains (strains of S153, S169, S4, S8 and control). The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of Pseudomonas × mycorrhiza on the most traits was significant. Detection of shoot nitrogen concentration at different stages of plant growth showed that the highest nitrogen concentration was observed at the flag leaf emergence stage and Pseudomonas strains showed higher nitrogen concentrations under mycorrhizal application. Co-inoculation mycorrhiza-pseudomonas, while increasing mycorrhizal colonization, nitrogen concentration, Phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese increased significantly. In addition, the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the root rhizosphere increased in plants under inoculum with Pseudomonas under mycorrhizal application condition. In this experiment, the maximum grain yield was 1572 kg ha-1 in the first year and 2239 kg ha-1 in the second year was obtained from co-inoculation treatment of mycorrhizal fungus + S4 strain. According to the results, although in most of the measured traits, inoculum treatments were superior to control, the application of mycorrhizal fungus also increased the bacterial inoculation efficiency and, in addition to increasing the elements concentration in grain, also the grain yield increased. Therefore, for barley farming in Ardabil rainfed conditions, inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain S4 is recommended under the use of mycorrhiza fungi.

In order to investigate the effect of seed amount consumption on the yield of dryland wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design in 3 replications in a private farm in Hesar Valiasr (AJ) village of Avaj city in the crop year of 1402-1401. The experimental factors included the amount of seed at the levels: 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha cultivars in 3 levels: Azar-2, Hashtroud and Sadra. To investigate the agricultural traits at harvesting time, eight plants were randomly selected from each plot. The results of the study showed that the amount of seed consumption had a significant effect on the traits, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds in the main spike, number of seeds in secondary spike, number of seeds per plant and 1000 grains weight. The mean comparison of simple effects show that the highest seed yield, harvest index was related to Azar 2 variety and the highest biological yield was related to Azar 2 and Hashtroud varieties. In the seed consumption rate treatments, the highest biological yield was gained in 150 kg/ha of seeds consumption, and the highest seed yield and harvest index was related to 120 kg/ha of seeds consumption. The mean comparison interaction effect of seed rate and variety demonstrated that application of 120 kg/ha in Azar-2 variety had the highest seed yield (1226 kg /ha) compared to 90 kg/ha seed application in Sadra variety (839.3 Kg/ha) as the lowest seed yield, (31.56% increase between 2 treatments). In all evaluated traits, Azar 2 showed superiority over other cultivars.

In order to investigate The effect of salicylic and jasmonic acid on antioxidant enzymesactivity, soluble carbohydrate and proline in artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) under salt stress conditions, a research was conducted in 2014 at Islamic Azad University, Yadgar-e-Imam (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch. The experiment was done as factorial based on completely random design with four replications, the first factor salinity stress in four levels 0, 25, 60, and 95 mM, the second factor in two levels no consumption and consumption of 0.7 mM salicylic acid and the third factor no consumption and consumption of 100 µm jasmonic acid were considered. The results showed that all three main effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid consumption on antioxidant enzymes activity, soluble carbohydrate and proline content were significant at the 1% probability level, so in salinity stress conditions, the enzyme activity showed a significant increase and the highest level of activity was gained in 95 mM sodium chloride and the lowest one was related to the non applying of salt stress. Also, under the conditions of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid foliar application, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and soluble carbohydrate and proline content increased and as the result the resistance of artichoke resistance to salt stress improved.

Traditional agricultural systems and conventional agriculture have major differences from each other. Among these differences, we can refer to the number and different sources of external inputs used to achieve the final production. One of these inputs is the labor issue in Iran's agricultural systems, especially wheat production. The workforce in these systems is provided from the source of human labor, livestock labor and mechanization. The present study was compiled in order to describe the resources used in the physical work that occurred in wheat production ecosystems in Iran and the changes in its cultivated area during a hundred years. For this purpose, the method of energy return on investment was used. The required data were collected from various sources such as the Iranian Statistics Center, the Information and Communication Technology Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, the FAO statistical database, and historical sources. The data were converted into Joules using conversion coefficients and finally, these time series were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Minitab® 17.1.0 software. The results of the research indicate an increase in the area under wheat cultivation from an average of 1.5 million hectares at the beginning of the study period to an average of 6.5 million hectares. During this one-hundred-year time period, the final yield of wheat production systems as the amount of work input that has entered the system as an external input (EFEROI) has decreased 37%. Therefore, it is necessary to review and revise the design of labor supply sources for wheat production systems.