فصلنامه پژوهش های رشد و توسعه اقتصادی
پیاپی 51 (تابستان 1402)

Small and medium-sized enterprises are limited economic entities that provide the basis for economic development through the accumulation of micro-financial resources, entrepreneurship and connection with industries. These companies also play a vital role in economic growth, employment, wealth generation and poverty reduction of countries.The most important development strategies is with emphasis on SME and the geographical focus of production units and these businesses organization. The purpose of this article is surveying the effects of SME credits on employment(a dynamic computable general equilibrium model). Data collection has done in library and field and using the data of Iranian Statistics Center. Information analysis has done in the form of a New Keynesian model of dynamically computable general equilibrium using GAMZ software. To complete the research, this discussion has been considered for large enterprises comparatively and as an aspect Research innovation. By the results of employment creation analysis in small, medium and large enterprises, employment creation rate during the period 1384-1391,according to the credit ceiling of 20,30,40, and 50 percent which is done by the government is ascendant.Therefore, it can be said that the amount of allocated credits has a direct effect on theproductions of small, medium and large enterprises and, consequently, on employment creation. Due to the centralization of the management system integrated and the kind of government supports that provides to these types of enterprises, the rate of employment creation in large enterprises was more than small and medium enterprise

The focus of the development policies of the capitalist economy on axial growth has seriously influenced the various approaches of spiritualism; Apart from the initial motivations for controlling the dangers of violent desires in promoting capitalist thought, the spread of emerging spiritualities, as well as the ever-increasing changes in the conceptual structure of spirituality, provided a good platform for turning spirituality an important tool for capitalist goals. Is; Among these, the nature and manner of the interrelationships between spirituality and economic growth, as well as how they affect each other, are essential elements for understanding and analyzing the capitalist economy. In this article, by examining and analyzing the documents related to spiritualist approaches in the capitalist literature, the relations between them as well as the effect of spirituality and economic growth were explained. Accordingly, it became clear that growth-oriented policies in the capitalist literature, on the one hand, by abusing the personalized concepts of spirituality, provide the necessary basis for the commodification of spiritual elements and pursue human spiritual excellence through profit-oriented path. The pursuit of ostentatious consumption and the use of wealth to demonstrate power and superiority over the lower classes has turned capital not as a means of promoting social spirituality but as a means of domination. contexts and evidence in the geography of the capitalist system. The results show that each of the elements of spirituality and growth independently exert significant effects on each other.

The impacts of shocks generated by macroeconomic growth scenarios (2 percent, 5 percent, and 10%) on the overall welfare index in Iran were explored in this study. The essential data were gathered from the social accounting matrix of 1390, the central bank, and the data-output table of 1395, and the new recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model was employed for data analysis.The findings revealed that real GDP shocks of up to 2.66 percent result in an increase in Iran's social welfare index. Because growing real GDP through boosting economic capacity raises individual income in society and creates the circumstances for household well-being to improve. Furthermore, productivity shocks of total inputs of production of up to 1.55 percent raise the social welfare index. Because improving total factor productivity has resulted in a rise in output, which has a direct influence on household consumption owing to greater income and promotes economic well-being. Furthermore, the short-term reaction of the social welfare index to oil income shocks is a maximum of 0.81 percent. Because, on the one hand, more oil revenues contribute to increased economic growth, but on the other hand, they lead to the establishment of the Dutch illness. Finally, the data revealed that among the factors analysed, shock due to real GDP growth, shock due to total productivity growth, and shock due to oil revenue increase had the greatest influence on overall well-being.

The aim was to develop a paradigm model of sustainable development of sports tourism in Iran based on upstream documents. The study is fundamental and exploratory, which was performed by documentary method and qualitative content analysis using grounded theory method. The content analysis started with the constitution and 9 upstream documents were analyzed until the subject saturation was reached. Axial coding formed 319 open codes, 83 sub-categories and 26 main categories, and the formation of a communication network between them determined the central phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. The sustainable development of sports tourism was chosen as the central phenomenon and the model was compiled by communicating with other main categories. Causal conditions including the independence of the government budget from public wealth and anthropological foundations, background conditions including social considerations, stakeholder participation, policy and planning and resistance economy, intervening conditions including desirable governance, Iranian-Islamic culture and identity, national and international solidarity, financing, The structure of society, sense of place and attention to historical requirements were in development. Strategies include marketing, infrastructure development of welfare and accommodation services, transportation management, management of sports tourism facilities and businesses, environmental management, management and training of tourism human resources, protection of sports tourism resources, and management of science, technology and innovation. And the outcomes included "sustainability of environment, natural resources and energy", development of peace, balanced development, and well-being of the host community. The developed model can be implemented using legal protection.

Energy plays a vital role in production and consumption of variouse activities. In Iran energy affecte economic growth as an important input along with other production inputs and increase value added of industrial activities and services in nationalwide. In this study, we will test the asymmetric analysis of the effect of energy consumption on economic growth with emphasis on financial development is investigated using the ARDL method. Based on a nonlinear and asymmetric relationship between energy consumption and financial development and economic growth, we found the nonlinear relationship of variables examine the period 1399-1360. So two different indicators were used for the examinition of financial development variable (domestic credit to private sector to GDP and private sector liquidity to GDP).The results show an asymmetries relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and financial development.In the long run and short run, the positive shock of energy consumption and financial development has slowed down economic growth. Positive energy consumption shock these results show that producers' efforts to reduce energy consumption reduce economic growth in the short run. Also, any positive shock to financial development reduces economic growth in Iran. This reduces consumption and access to finance, and ultimately reduces investment activities.

In this studyو the effect of bank credit allocation between different economic sectors on the economic growth of Iranian provinces was investigated. For this purpose, the provincial data for the period 2015-2020 based on the maximum available data and the method of estimating quantile regression in panel data were used. In this regard, the results showed that in the initial quantile (0.05) the amount of credits to the agriculture, business, industry and services sector had a positive effect on growth and also credits to the housing sector had a negative effect on the economic growth of the provinces. In the middle quantile (quantile 0.5), lending to the agricultural and business sectors has had a positive effect, and lending to the housing and services sector has had a negative effect, as well as the effect of the industry sector on economic growth. Finally, in the upper quantile (0.95 Credits to the agricultural and business sectors have a positive and significant effect, and credits to the industrial sector have a negative effect, as well as the effect of credits in the housing and services sector no significant effect on provincial economic growth. This indicates the need to redefine credit policies and prevent the diversion of these resources. Regarding the effect of capital, the results showed that the effect of human capital and physical capital on the economic growth of the provinces is positive and significant, and regarding the effect of physical capital in high quantile, this effect is more. Finally,

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in Hormozgan province was investigated in the form of economic development programs. For this purpose, to investigate inequality and poverty at the level of the country and Hormozgan province, the detailed data of the income-expenditure plan of Iran Statistics Center, the non-parametric Gini coefficient index and the poverty gap rate were used. Also, in order to compare inequality and poverty between urban and rural areas of Hormozgan province and urban and rural areas of the whole country with Hormozgan province, 6 variance analysis models were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference between inequality and poverty in urban areas and rural areas of Hormozgan province, and inequality and poverty in urban areas of Hormozgan province are 0.014 and 0.037 units lower than rural areas, respectively. Also, there is a significant difference between inequality and poverty in the urban areas of Hormozgan province and urban areas of the country, and inequality and poverty in the urban areas of Hormozgan province are 0.049 units less and 0.045 units more than the urban areas of the country, respectively. In addition, there is a significant difference between inequality and poverty in rural areas of Hormozgan province and urban areas of the country, and inequality and poverty in rural areas of Hormozgan province are 0.031 less and 0.068 units higher than rural areas of the country, respectively.