نشریه خانواده درمانی کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 17، تابستان 1402)

The family has the most critical, valuable, and effective roles among all institutions, organizations and social institutions. The family is the most natural and legitimate unit of reproduction and the most comprehensive social unit. The family has educational and social importance. People step into the realm of existence from the family and in the family, and society also comes from the formation of individuals. Therefore, it is one of all society’s main pillars and symbols. The normality or abnormality of society depends on the general conditions of the families, and none of the social harm occurs without the influence of the family. The main and obvious role of the family is reproduction and the transfer of cultural and religious values and heritage from one generation to another. Raising the generation and, providing basic human needs and creating psychological, emotional and social balance in the members are among the importance of the family.In Islam, the family is considered a solid foundation and a fundamental social institution. The family is established through marriage as a contract based on rights and laws based on death and mercy. Forming a family is a covenant and a commitment between a man and a woman, whose purpose is to provide human needs and peace and tranquility to each other. Parenting is mandatory and a social necessity. It is a skill that we must learn before having children so that parent-child relationships are formed properly. Parenting is a set of methods that parents use for the growth and development of their children. The methods play a role in satisfying the needs, learning, behavior, performance, way of thinking, communication, and raising their child. Therefore, it can be said that learning the skills of growth in child rearing is one of the primary and vital foundations of raising children.

The current research was conducted with the aim of modeling individual, educational and external factors affecting psychological well-being in children with the mediating role of life skills media education.

This research is descriptive in terms of its purpose and is considered a survey study in terms of data collection. To conduct the research, all the factors related to the issue of psychological well-being in children were identified in the literature by relying on the theoretical foundations and the literature, and then, in order to validate the items, the factor loadings of the items were presented. The statistical population of the research was the experts in the field of psychology, who especially had studies in the field of children. Purposeful sampling and snowball method were used to select the participants and finally 20 people were considered as a statistical sample. Data analysis was also done using interpretive structural model.

The findings of the research showed that the factors underlying well-being are divided into three personal, educational and external dimensions, which include factors such as emotional intelligence, personality traits, self-regulation, responsibility, self-efficacy, emotion regulation, perceived social support, mindfulness, communication patterns, stress and anxiety. social for the individual dimension, parent management training, academic performance, positive intelligence training, life skills training and family performance for the educational dimension and finally, parent-child relationship, family cohesion and flexibility, socio-economic status, social networks, parental employment, Internet addiction and computer games have been proposed as external factors affecting children's psychological well-being in the model.

Therefore, it is recommended that families strengthen the spirit of expressing feelings and experiences in their children by increasing their presence in social environments and trusting their children, because this issue strengthens the psychological well-being of children.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of filial therapy and package of parent-child interaction consultations on psychological well-being of preschool children. 

The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test-follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with preschool children in Isfahan in 2019. 45 mothers were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly and equally assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The research tool included psychological well-being questionnaire for preschool children (Dehghani, 2013). The first experimental group received 8 90-minute sessions of effective parent-child interaction intervention (Bahrami et al., 2021) and the second experimental group received 8 90-minute sessions of filial therapy intervention (Bratton et al., 2006). Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the effect of the filial therapy intervention and parent-child interaction counseling package on the psychological well-being of preschool children (F=10.203) was significant (P<0.05). Also, a comparative comparison between the two interventions showed that in the cognitive and educational aspects of psychological well-being, a significant difference was observed in favor of the effective parent-child interaction intervention. Also, the effect of filial therapy and effective parent-child interaction on the dependent variable continued in the 60-day follow-up phase.

According to the findings of this study, it can be stated filial therapy and effective parent-child interaction can play an important role in increasing the psychological well-being of preschool children.

The purpose of this research is to predict the socio-emotional competence of adolescents based on the reflective capacity of the mother, taking into account the role of the mediator of the family's emotional atmosphere.

The current research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research is the students of the second secondary level of the 3rd education district of Qom, who were studying in the academic year 2021-22. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size equal to 363 people was selected based on the multi-stage cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, Zhou et al.'s socio-emotional competence questionnaire (2012), Hillburn's emotional atmosphere questionnaire (1964) and Fonagy et al.'s reflective capacity questionnaire (2016) were used. Data analysis and evaluation of the proposed model was done through structural equation modeling and using SPSS and Lisrel software.

The results showed that the mother's reflective capacity predicts the social-emotional competence of adolescents (β=0.68, P<0.001). Also, based on the findings of this research, the reflective capacity of the mother through the mediating variable of the emotional atmosphere of the family also has a predictive role on the socio-emotional competence of adolescents (β=0.89, P<0.001).

According to the results of the research, higher levels of reflective capacity of mothers expect higher competence of teenagers in the studied age range and vice versa. Examining the reflective capacity of mothers in the form of existing tools and measures and having a picture of it can be useful in holding courses based on their mentalization.

Exam anxiety is a type of anxiety related to the situation and is experienced as an unpleasant experience and hinders the growth and academic progress of the student. Therefore, it is very important to identify the factors that can prevent exam anxiety. The aim of the present study was to determine the mediating role of cognitive and metacognitive strategies in the relationship between parent-child relationship perception and test anxiety.

The research method was descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of this research included all the female students of the second secondary school in Tehran in the academic year 2018-19, of which 330 were selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The research tools include parent-child relationship questionnaire; Sarason et al.'s test anxiety scale (1956) and Dawson and McInnery's (2004) cognitive and metacognitive strategies questionnaire. The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data.

The findings of the research showed that the perception of the father-child relationship (P=0.001, β=-0.120) and the perception of the mother-child relationship (P=0.001, β=-0.161) are indirectly related to exam anxiety.

It can be concluded that cognitive and metacognitive strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between the perception of parent-child relationship and test anxiety in girls.

the purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on emotion regulation and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In terms of the objective, the current research was of an applied type, and in terms of the research design and method, it was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design with an experimental group and a control group and a three-month follow-up period. Therefore, the statistical population of the study included all children aged 6 to 11 years who were referred to psychotherapy and counseling centers in Tehran's 3rd district in 2022 for having obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Then, 40 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (20 people) and a control group (20 people). Finally, Alexander et al.'s (2012) mindfulness-based stress reduction program was administered to the experimental group. In order to collect data, the research tools of Gross and John (2003) emotion theory questionnaires and Goodman's algebraic obsession scale (1989) were used. In order to statistically analyze the data, frequency distribution tables were used in the descriptive part, and in the inferential part of the data analysis, mixed variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS software version 26 were used.

The F value and the significance level of the obtained value were obtained in the variable of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (F = 12.22 and P = 0.001) and emotion regulation (F = 11.78 and P = 0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the independent variable (the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program) significantly changed the dependent variables (obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms and emotion regulation). This means that the changes made in the dependent variables were caused by the implementation of the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the members of the experimental group. Moreover, the results of the post-hoc test indicated the stability of the effectiveness of the therapy on the research variables.

Based on the available findings, it can be concluded that the stress reduction program based on mindfulness has been effective on emotion regulation and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Therefore, this program can be used in the treatment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and parents' social adjustment in children with learning disabilities.

In terms of purpose, this research is an applied research and in terms of execution, it is a descriptive type of correlational research. The statistical population of the research is all parents who have children with learning disabilities. 150 people were selected as a statistical sample. According to the nature of the research, data collection was done using Gholami and Delavar's learning disorder questionnaires (2021), Diana Baumrind's parenting methods (1973), Weizmann and Pekel's social adjustment scale (1978). In the analysis of the research findings, correlation coefficients were used. And multiple regression was used with SPSS 20 software.

The results of the research showed that Spearman's correlation coefficients in the parenting styles component are 0.352, permissive style 0.175, autocratic style 0.187, assertiveness and confidence 322.00 and significance level (p≤0.005). Therefore, parenting styles have a direct relationship with parents' social adaptation in children with learning disabilities. Also, the multiple regression coefficient between parenting styles and parents' social adjustment in children with learning disabilities is equal to (R2=0.377). This value indicates the fact that parenting styles have been able to predict about 0.377% of the variance of social adjustment changes.

It can be concluded that there is a relationship between parenting learning styles and social adaptation, and learning centers and other organizations related to learning disorders can pay more attention to parenting styles in the education of these types of children in order to provide them with a better education

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the live experience of birth order in the communicational dimension based on the perspective of the first children.

The present research method is applied and qualitative type of phenomenology. The participants of this research included the first children of Isfahan city in 2022. The selection of the participants was continued in a targeted manner until the saturation point and finally the selection of the first 16 children and the participants were subjected to semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi theme analysis method was used.

Data analysis led to the identification of, 53 primary concepts 10 central themes and 3 main themes. The results showed that intra-family communication was classified into 6 themes of (continuity of relations with parents, separation of relations with parents, improvement of relations with other children, separation of relations with other children, satisfaction with marital relationship and repressed psychological needs). The second main theme of personal communication included (increasing and decreasing the quality of communication with oneself). Finally, the theme of social communication was classified into the sub-themes of (lack of social interest and limitation in friendships).

Overall, the results showed that being the first child can affect various aspects of communication and create challenges in marriage, friendships, social and family relationships. Modifying interactive patterns and informing parents and children can be effective in preventing challenges. Because the order of birth plays an important role in the formation of intra-family and extra-family relationships

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting nomophobia based on attachment styles with the mediating role of loneliness in adolescents.

This research design was correlational and structural equation modeling. The research sample consisted of 500 working students studying in the second secondary course in the academic year 2020-2021, who were selected by online sampling method. Yıldırım and Correa's Nomophobia Questionnaire (2015), Collins and Reid's Adult Attachment Scale (1990) and DiTomaso et al.'s (2004) Loneliness Scale were used to measure the research variables. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation model.

The findings showed that the direct paths of this research of avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles were significant except for the perceived secure attachment style on nomophobia. Also, the results of the modified confirmatory factor analysis show (P = 0.001, F = 0.626) and the results indicate a good fit of the measurement model with the data; and all observed variables had a factor load higher than 0.3. In the other part of the results related to the direct paths, attachment styles were significant on the feeling of loneliness. Also, all the indirect paths of attachment styles through the mediating role of loneliness on nomophobia were significant. Also, the findings show that attachment styles and feelings of loneliness can predict 54% of the changes in nomophobia. The coefficient of determination of the variable feeling of loneliness is equal to 38% in the moderate to strong range.

Therefore, variables of perceived attachment styles are predictors of nomophobia in adolescents

The main goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology education on psychological distress of adolescents in shiraz city.

The research method of this study was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of this research was consisted of all male students of Arts and cultural Foundations of Shiraz city, in the year 2022. The statistical sample of this research included 30 boys' students of Cultural and Art Foundation of Vasta in Shiraz City, who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent twelve sessions of 90-minute positive psychology training sessions introduced by Seligman and Rashid (2006), but the control group did not receive any training. The research instruments were the Scale the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale questionnaire (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995). SPSS-26 was used for statistical analysis of data.

The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that the training of positive psychological abilities has been able to be significantly effective on the psychological helplessness of adolescents in Shiraz. Also, the results of this research showed that the training of positive psychological abilities had a significant effect on the components of psychological helplessness.

Therefore, teaching positive psychological abilities can be an effective approach to reduce adolescents' psychological vulnerability and helplessness

This research aims to compare the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention based on the healthy human theory with positive psychotherapy on self-compassion and cognitive fusion of mothers with children on the autism spectrum.

The research method was quasi-experimental (three groups-three stages) and the statistical population included all mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders who referred to autism centers in Isfahan city in July 2022, and 20 people were placed in each group in a targeted manner. The data in all three stages were collected by Neff's self-compassion questionnaire (2003) and Gillanders et al.'s (2014) cognitive fusion scale. Also, the positive psychotherapy package of Rashid and Seligman (2013) was implemented during 8 sessions of 90 minutes on the first experimental group and the therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory was implemented as 9 sessions of 90 minutes on the second experimental group.

The results of variance analysis with repeated measurement showed that both therapeutic intervention packages based on healthy human theory and positive psychotherapy reduced cognitive fusion and increased self-compassion of mothers with children on the autism spectrum (p≥0.05) and this effectiveness in follow-up phase has also been stable. Also, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two therapeutic intervention packages in any of the research variables.

Based on the results of this research, psychologists can use both interventions to increase the awareness of mothers with children on the autism spectrum regarding the meaning and positive emotions in order to reduce cognitive fusion and increase self-compassion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) on reducing bereavement symptoms in bereaved children.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all children aged 9 to 11 years old in Sari city who lost one of their parents due to covid-19 disease. In order to select a statistical sample, 30 people who met the criteria of the study and were willing to receive treatment were selected and assigned to an experimental group and a control group (each group contains 15 people) by a simple random method. The experimental group received Cohen, Mannarino and Knudsen's (2004) trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group method during 16 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention until the follow-up test. The instrument used in this study included the Children's Bereavement Scale (IPG-C) (Spwich et al., 2011). The data obtained in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up were analyzed using SPSS-22 software by variance analysis with repeated measurements.

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on trauma led to the reduction of grief symptoms (F=4.69; P<0.05) of bereaved children. The results also showed that the effect of the treatment was permanent during follow-up.

The research results provide evidence that trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy is a suitable method for reducing the symptoms of bereavement in children and can lead to improving the mental health of bereaved children

The main objective of this research was the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on parent-child interaction and parenting stress in a randomized controlled trial study on children with symptoms of tic disorders and their mothers.

The method of the current research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The research sample consisted of 30 mothers and their children with symptoms of tic disorders who had referred to counseling centers and clinics in Mako city in the second half of 2022. They were selected as available and randomly divided into two groups. Experiment and control (15 people in each group) were assigned. The experimental group participated in 15 sessions of the mentalization-based therapy group intervention program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The subjects of both groups answered the questions of the parent-child relationship scale and the short form of the parental stress scale in the pre-test and post-test phases. Data analysis was done using mixed multivariate analysis of variance test.

The results of mixed multivariate analysis of variance indicated the effectiveness of mentalizing group therapy on improving the dimensions of parent-child relationship and parenting stress of children (P<0.001). Also, the results showed that mentalization intervention reduces the parenting stress scores of children with tic disorder symptoms (P<0.001).

It can be concluded that the therapeutic mentalization group intervention is effective in improving the dimensions of the parent-child relationship and parenting stress of children with symptoms of tic disorder, and this treatment can be used to reduce the psychological problems of children with tic disorder. Symptoms of tic disorder

Determining the effectiveness of the joint attention program on expressive, receptive and spoken language components of children with autism spectrum disorder 3 to 5 years has been implemented.

The statistical population includes all children with autism spectrum disorder aged 3 to 5 years who had visited special preschools for children with autism spectrum disorders and clinics in Tehran. The research sample was accessible, which included 5 children who were randomly selected. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Nyusha's growth assessment tools program, Gilliam's Autism Spectrum Disorder scoring scale (GARS 3) and the set of false belief tasks were used. Descriptive statistics, observational analysis, effect size and recovery percentage methods were used to analyze the data.

After the analysis, the results of the research also showed the average scores in the expressive and receptive language components after the implementation of the joint attention training program compared to the baseline, the trend of relative growth and overall improvement.

The results of this research indicate the effectiveness of the joint attention training program on improving the expressive, receptive and spoken language components of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, it is suggested to use this educational program to improve the language skills of these children.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of joint behavioral counseling model and treatment based on parent-child relationship on externalizing symptoms in students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. If the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder was given, Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and Children’s Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) were administered to diagnose externalizing problems. Among those who had externalizing symptoms in the Achenbach questionnaire, 45 people were selected to participate in the research and were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people. The experimental groups were trained for one hour per week for 10 weeks, while the control group did not receive any training. The mixed analysis of variance statistical test was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that there is no significant difference between the mean externalization score of CPRT and CBC experimental groups (p < 0.05), but this difference is significant between the CPRT and CBC experimental group and the control group (p < 0.05).

It can be concluded that both methods of joint behavioral counseling model and treatment based on parent-child relationship have been effective on externalizing symptoms in students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This research was conducted with the main purpose of determining the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on reducing stress and depression symptoms of mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder.

The statistical population of the current research includes all mothers of children suffering from separation anxiety disorder in 2021 who referred to private medical clinics in Babol city. For sampling, a non-probability sampling method based on the purpose was used and according to the type of research, 20 mothers who had anxious children were selected (10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group). And they participated in 8 2-hour sessions for two months starting from the 24th of April and ending on the 11th of June. The tools used are: Beck's 21-question depression questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78; Perceived stress scale by Cohen (1983) with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86 was used. In order to analyze the data, after collecting the data, it was recorded in the computer under the SPSS24 program and descriptive statistics, which included the frequency distribution and percentage, were used, and in the inferential statistics section, in order to find the effectiveness of the research components from Analysis of covariance test was used.

The results indicate that group therapy training based on acceptance and commitment to mothers of children suffering from separation anxiety disorder reduces depression and the effect size is (0.887); Perceived stress becomes the effect size (0.723).

Group therapy based on acceptance and commitment can reduce depression and stress of mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of creativity development program on problem solving skills and creativity in preschool children.

This research was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all children aged 4 to 6 in Isfahan city in 2021. In order to carry out the research, 30 children were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and were equally replaced in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The members of the experimental group participated in the creativity development program during 12 sessions of 60 minutes, while the subjects of the control group did not receive any intervention. Subjects were evaluated using Torrance test of creative thinking (1974) and the London Shalis Tower Test (1982). The data were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The findings indicated that the creativity development program had a positive and significant effect on problem solving skills and creativity in preschool children (P<0.05).

Therefore, from the findings of this research, it can be concluded that creativity development program can play an important role in improving problem solving skills and creativity in preschool children.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on body image and eating disorder beliefs in girls between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five.

The current research method was applied and quasi-experimental designs of pre-test-post-test type with control group. The statistical population of this research included all overweight girls aged 18 to 35 living in Sari, 30 of whom were randomly selected using the available sampling method in two treatment groups based on acceptance and commitment. n=15) and the control group (n=15) were assigned. Data were obtained using Eating Disorder Beliefs (EDBQ), Body Image Concern Questionnaire (BICI). The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance, and the above statistical analyzes were performed using the SPSS.22 software.

The results showed that the acceptance and commitment treatment group improved body image (F=18.26, P<0.001) and eating disorder beliefs (F=35.10, P<0.001) of girls aged eighteen to Thirty-five years had a significant impact.

Therefore, it can be concluded that due to the positive effect of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on improving the body image and eating disorder beliefs of eighteen to thirty-five year old girls, the use of these methods in planning mental health measures, especially It is recommended for overweight girls aged eighteen to thirty-five.

The present study is conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of mindfulness-based parenthood intervention for mothers and self-compassion intervention for girls on resilience of teenage girls that have parent-child conflict.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design. It also had control group and follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of 14 and 15 years old teenage girls who were studying in public schools in district 14 of Tehran, in the school year 2021-22 and their mothers. The sample of the study was 34 students who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. The first group were 10 of the student's mothers who received mindfulness-based parenthood intervention (Bogels & Restifo, 2014) and the second group consisted of 12 students who received self-compassion intervention (Gilbert, 2010). Besides, the control group consisted of 12 students who didn’t receive any intervention. Data:were collected with resilience scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003).

The outcomes of the analysis of mixvariance demonstrated that mindfulness-based parenthood intervention for mothers and self-compassion intervention for girls were significantly effective on resilience, compared to the control group (F=19/63, P=0/001). and there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of the two methods and the effects of intervention over time remained constant (P≤0.001).

Therefore, these interventions can be used in school counseling environments so as to increase resilience, improve relationships, for adolescents who have conflict with their parents

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of Friends program training on behavioral disorders of children with separation anxiety disorder.

The current research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research includes all children referred to behavioral disorders treatment clinics in the west of Tehran. The sampling method was available and was done on 7 to 12-year-old children with separation anxiety disorder, and they were randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and 15 second (control) groups. Then the experimental group underwent intervention for 10 sessions, 2 sessions of 30 to 45 minutes per week. The research tools included Achenbach's Child Behavior Inventory and Asghari Nikah et al.'s Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy Intervention Protocol (2012) as well as the Friends training program designed by Barat (1990) and finally data were analyzed using the covariance analysis method and SPSS version 21 software.

The results showed that the training of Friends program for behavioral disorders of anxiety/depression (F=11.04, P<0.001), isolation/depression (F=10.21, P<0.001), physical complaints (F=10.08, P<0.001), social problems (F=11.41, P<0.001), thinking problems (F= 9.17, P<0.001), attention problems (F= 11.75, P<0.001), Law-breaking behavior (F=9.81, P<0.001) and behavior (F=10.16, P<0.001) of children with separation anxiety disorder were effective.

Therefore, it can be concluded that Friends program training can be used to improve the behavioral disorders of children suffering from separation anxiety disorder

This study was conducted with the aim of comparing mothers and fathers of children with cancer in terms of marital intimacy, parental self-efficacy and emotion regulation strategies.

This study was of comparative causal type. Among the parents who referred to Mahak Hospital in Tehran in 2022, 146 people (73 couples) were selected as the current sample and questionnaire of intimacy-marriage (Walker and Thompson, 1983), parental self-efficacy (Dumka et al., 1996) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) were completed. Dependent t-test and SPSS-27 software were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the average of marital intimacy and parenting self-efficacy was slightly higher in fathers than in mothers, but this difference was not statistically significant (p<0.05). However, in the cognitive emotion regulation strategies, mothers' scores in the less important subscale of a number of adaptive strategies were higher than fathers' and the mean rumination of maladaptive strategies was higher in fathers than in mothers. Therefore, in the comparison of fathers and mothers of children with cancer, no significant difference was found in terms of marital intimacy and parental self-efficacy, there was only a difference in cognitive emotion regulation strategies, compromised strategies and non-compromised strategies between fathers and mothers, which could mean that the performance of both parents depend on each other and act very similar to each other.

Parents need psychological care because parents are with the child during the illness and their anxiety and behavior affect the sick child and the treatment process, and paying attention to the gender difference and the wishes of the couple can be a strategy to provide better services to the parents. And help the whole family

The present study was conducted with the purpose of determining the fit of the structural model of borderline personality syndrome based on the experience of childhood trauma and emotional dysregulation with the mediating role of mentalization.

The current research method was descriptive-correlation of structural equations type. The statistical population of the present study was all the people referred to the psychiatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Karaj. Sampling was done through convenience method and the sample size was estimated to be 330 people according to Kline (2016), and after removing the distorted information questionnaires, 319 people were analyzed. Data collection tools were Lichsenring's borderline personality scale (1999), Gratz and Romer's emotion dysregulation questionnaire (2004), Bernstein et al.'s childhood trauma questionnaire (2003), and Dimitrijoys et al.'s mentalization questionnaire (2018). Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling.

The results of this study showed that the presented structural model has a good fit. The results showed that childhood trauma experience has a direct effect on borderline personality syndrome (β=0.79; P<0.001). Also, emotion dysregulation has a direct effect on borderline personality syndrome (β=0.76; P<0.001). Childhood trauma experience (β=0.81; P<0.001) and emotional dysregulation (β=0.73; P<0.001) have an indirect effect on borderline personality syndromes through the mediation of mentalization.

It can be concluded that the structural model of borderline personality syndrome based on the experience of childhood trauma and emotional dysregulation with the mediating role of mentalization has a suitable fit

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of self-compassion-based training and integrated mindfulness-cognitive behavioral therapy on parenting stress and experiential avoidance in mothers with slow-paced children.

The current research was an experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all mothers with slow-walking children who lived in Tehran in the winter of 2018 and their children were covered by exceptional educational centers, from which 45 mothers were selected using a targeted sampling method. And randomly, 15 people were placed in two experimental groups and control group. In order to collect data, Abidin's parental stress index questionnaire (1995) and Bund et al.'s acceptance and action questionnaire (2011) were used. Educational sessions based on self-compassion based on the protocol of Gilbert et al. (2014) and integrated mindfulness-cognitive behavioral therapy based on the protocol of Frances, Shavier, Cain, Anticott and Mitos (2020), during eight 90-minute sessions weekly and it was implemented for two months. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements and spss software were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that training based on self-compassion and integrated mindfulness-cognitive behavioral therapy on parenting stress (F=90.04, P<0.001) and experiential avoidance (F=48.56, P<0.001) was effective in mothers with slow-paced children, but there was no significant difference between the two interventions.

Therefore, it is possible to use self-compassion training and integrated mindfulness-cognitive behavioral therapy to help mothers with slow-paced children.

The present research was conducted with the aim of modeling children's behavioral problems based on parenting methods with the mediation of parent-child relationship.

In a cross-sectional study in the form of a correlational design, all mothers of primary school students with behavioral problems in Karaj city were selected using a simple random sampling method from the list of names of students diagnosed with behavioral problems. After obtaining informed consent, the research data were used with the help of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - Achenbach and Rescorla (2001), parenting style questionnaire (1973) and Pianta parent-child relationship questionnaire (2015). In order to check the assumptions of the statistical tests and test the hypotheses of the research, using the SmartPLS software, the identified paths of the research have been investigated according to the conceptual model. Version 3.3 of SmartPLS software was used to compile the confirmatory factor analysis model and structural equations, and SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics. Path analysis has also been used to determine direct and indirect coefficients.

The results obtained from the bootstrap method and the Sobel test both show that the indirect effect of parenting methods on children's behavioral problems due to the parent-child relationship is -0.298, and the value of the Sobel statistic is significant at the 95% confidence level. (Sobel = 5.28, P<0.001).

It can be concluded that parenting methods have a significant effect on children's behavioral problems due to the mediating role of parent-child relationship. The findings of this study are consistent with the background. Research shows the effect of parenting methods by mediating the parent-child relationship in creating children's behavioral problems, which can be used in the prevention program while removing clinical implications

Visual impairment is one of the problems that make the interaction of a child with visual impairment with family members, especially the mother. The purpose of the present study was the phenomenology of the lived experience of students with visual impairment from living with sighted mothers.

The approach of this research was qualitative and based on the phenomenological method. The research population included all students with visual impairment and sighted mothers in Isfahan province in the academic year of 2021-2022, of which 14 were selected using a purposive sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the seven-steps Claisen method.

In this study, 7 main categories including acceptance of the child by the parents, acceptance of the parents by the child, independent life, leisure time, affections and emotions, education and learning, and orientation and mobility, and also 19 subcategories were extracted. The main categories included acceptance of the child by the parents, acceptance of the parents by the child, independent living, leisure time, emotions and emotions, education and learning, and orientation and movement.

Based on the findings of this study, factors such as acceptance, independence, leisure, emotion, education and movement skills of students with visual impairment are very importance and have a positive impact on their quality of life. As a result, implementing appropriate educational programs based on the extracted categories for this group of students and their parents can help improve their interaction.

The present research was conducted with the aim of designing and compiling a combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method and its effectiveness on social-communication skills and stereotyped behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder.

The present research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) of sequential exploratory type. In the qualitative part with the approach of inductive content analysis, socio-statistics included all the valid scientific sources and articles indexed and related in the databases, and theoretical sampling and the saturation rule were used. In the quantitative part, the population of this research was all children aged 2 to 5 years with autism spectrum disorder who referred to Autism Center of Rafsanjan, who were willing to cooperate and participate in the meetings on behalf of themselves and their families. The sample included 5 children aged 2 to 5 years with autism spectrum disorder. These people were selected by purposeful sampling and investigated in a single-group study with a single-subject design. The research tool was Gilliam Gazer's (1994) questionnaire.

The results of the qualitative part of the research led to the development of a 12-session combined therapy package based on the theory of mind method and flortime method. The results of the quantitative part showed that the combined training method based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method had an effect on the social-communication skill components with an improvement percentage between 25 and 55%. The theory of mind method and the Flortime method have had an effect on the scores of stereotyped behaviors with a recovery percentage between 14 and 46%.

The conceptual model of the combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method was developed based on the dimension of communication skills, the dimension of motor speech skills, the dimension of interpersonal skills and social interaction, and the dimension of emotion recognition. The results showed that the teaching method of the combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method had an effect on social-communication skills and stereotyped behaviors.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the mindful parenting training program along with parent management training (combined training) with mindful parenting training and parent management training alone on coping strategies and marital satisfaction in mothers of preschool children.

The current research was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all the mothers of preschool children in Kashmir city in 2019-2020, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups include 30 subjects that first group received Mindful Parenting Training and second group received Parent Management Training in 8 sessions 120 to 150 minuties weekley, and last group received Combined Training in 16 sessions 150 minutes, two sessions per week. Control group didn’t recived any program and was wait list. In all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up, all people completed Enrich's (1989) marital satisfaction questionnaires and Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) coping strategies. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSSV19 software.

The results showed that none of the educational methods were effective in marital satisfaction (F=0/08, P=0.98). This was despite the fact that in two problem-oriented (F= 6/97, P= 0/0001) and emotion-oriented strategies (F= 8/14, P= 0/001), this amount was significant. This means that in the post-test and follow-up phases, the combined training of parent management and mindful parenting was more effective.

The findings of the research show that the combined training of mindful parenting and parenting management training can reduce emotion-oriented strategies and increase problem-oriented strategies, but it has no effect on marital satisfaction, so the awareness of parents, teachers, counselors, psychologists and other professionals about these trainings can be helpful

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of communication skills training through painting therapy on parent-child relationships and social skills.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and follow-up design which using experimental and control groups. Among all second-grade elementary female students in Takestan City, 24 participants were selected using available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The students in the experimental group participated in 11 sessions of communication skills training based on paint therapy which taken from group art therapy intervention (Martin, 2009) and previous intervention protocols (Ehsanpour, 2016; Shelani, 2015) and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were gathered using parent-child relationship scale (Pianta, 1994) and social skills rating scale (teacher form) (Gresham & Elliott, 1990) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance.

The results showed that in the experimental group, compared to the control group, after communication skills through painting therapy, the scores of closeness dimension in parent-child relationships (F= 28.09, P=.001) and social skills (F= 44.68, P=.001) had increased significantly and the scores of dependency (F= 22.80, P=.001) and conflict (F= 133.58, P=.001) dimension in parent-child relationships had significantly decreased.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that to improve parent-child relationships and children's social skills, communication skills training through painting therapy can be used.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the evolution of attention and emotional recognition abilities in preschool and elementary school children with normal and abnormal development.

The current research was a descriptive and comparative study. The research population included all hyperactive children under treatment at Mashavah Rouhana and Tivat centers and preschool and primary school children in schools in District 1, 2 and 3 of Tehran in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among these children, 410 children were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. To collect data, the continuous performance test of Rossold et al. (1956) and Ekman's emotion recognition test (2007) were used. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used by SPSS-22.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the participants in two groups, normal and hyperactive, have different ability to pay attention and recognize emotions, and this difference is significant in all components at the 0.001 level.

According to the results of the present study, attention and emotional recognition in children play an important role in improving their social communication and academic performance. Therefore, examining and strengthening it in primary school ages around 4 to 8 years old and even up to 12 years old when the transformation of the frontal parts is complete, plays an important role in academic success.

 the purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of play therapy based on the cognitive-behavioral approach on self-esteem and working memory of children with hearing-speech disorders. 

 The current research is a quasi-experimental type of research. The statistical population of the research is all people (girls and boys) with hearing-speech impairment aged 8 to 12 years, who formed Tabasom rehabilitation center in Falavarjan city in 2021-22. Sampling included 30 boys and girls with hearing and speech disorders who were selected as convenience sampling and were placed in two groups of 15 people, experimental and control group. Also, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. 

 The findings showed that the average score of active memory (inverted digits) and self-esteem after game therapy in the experimental and control groups had a significant difference (P<0.05). The score of self-esteem and active memory (inverted numbers) in the experimental group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean of active memory score (forward digit span) after game therapy in the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). 

 It can be concluded that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective on self-esteem and working memory of children with hearing and speech disorders, and cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be implemented in rehabilitation centers, clinics, and schools.

 The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the child's attitude towards parents on critical thinking with the mediating role of moral foundations. 

 in the form of a predictive correlation design, 404 people (girls and boys) from young people about to get married were selected by available sampling method and using Klein's sample size formula (formula 1 to 20). The research tool included standard questionnaires of child's attitude towards father (CAF) and mother (CAM), critical thinking (CTDI), moral foundations (MFQ-30). SPSS19 and Smart-PLS software were used for data analysis. 

 The results showed that 30.4% of the changes in critical thinking are variables of the child's attitude towards the mother and the child's attitude towards the father (P<0.001). Also, the results related to the mediating role of moral foundations showed that the child's attitude towards parents through moral foundations does not have an indirect effect on critical thinking, respectively -0.005 (p=0.285) and -0.003 (p=0.214) (P > 0.05). 

 Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the child's attitude towards parents has an effect on the critical thinking of young people. Therefore, paying attention to these mechanisms can be useful in formulating effective preventive and therapeutic interventions for teenagers about to get married.

 The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Zekr therapy in Islam with mindfulness therapy on anxiety and life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. 

 The design of the present research was applied in terms of its purpose and the method of conducting it was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the research is all mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. Among the statistical population, 45 mothers with intellectually disabled children were selected in a targeted and available manner and randomly divided into three groups in the form of two groups of 15 experimental people (30 people) and control group (15 people). Beck's anxiety questionnaire was used to collect and measure mothers' anxiety, and mothers' life expectancy was measured with Snyder et al.'s questionnaire. Then exercise protocols (remembering therapy and mindfulness) were implemented. To answer the research hypotheses, the covariance tests were performed at the five percent error level using SPSS software version 26. 

 The results of covariance analysis for mindfulness treatment showed that 62.2% of life expectancy scores of mothers with intellectually disabled children are explained. Also, 55.6% of the anxiety scores of mothers with mentally retarded children are explained based on the mindfulness model. Also, 59.9% of Zekr therapy protocol scores are explained on the variable of life expectancy of mothers with mentally retarded children. Finally, according to the eta squared value (0.746), 74.6% of the scores of the Zekr therapy protocol are explained on the variable of anxiety of mothers with mentally retarded children. From the analysis of Shefe's follow-up test, it can be concluded that the mean of anxiety in the dhikr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). It can also be concluded that the average life expectancy in the Zekr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). 

 The obtained results indicated that both the mentioned treatment courses were equally effective in reducing anxiety and increasing the life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children.