مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 72 (پاییز 1402)

One of the main factors in increasing income and employment, as the most important pillar of livable cities, is attracting the creative class and investors. Implementing innovative plans and making basic investments in line with sustainable development requires many conditions and fields, one of the most important of which is the availability of cultural and social fields. But so far, this field and categories have been less in the focus of attention. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt was made to take into account the role and position of culture and social contexts in attracting investors to the city of Mashhad by using the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, emphasis was mainly placed on the main drivers of this field. To reach this goal, the required information was collected from library and field sources. In the field part, the research sample included 30 qualified people in this field, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Micmac software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the factors that influence the attraction of the creative class and investors and the increase of targeted investments in the city of Mashhad are: Investment in research and development, laws and regulations, number of resident foreigners, information and communication technology, appropriate financing, flight destinations and active airlines, rate of invention and innovation, level of literacy and education, performance evaluation and reward system, financial policies, flexible financial systems, scientific and technical exchanges and interaction between university and industry.

Spatial Planning Desirable pattern of Ecolodges is a mental and objective image of stakeholder role at space context at the regional and local level at a given period of time; when a favorable and accessible landscape of the ideals and needs of the stakeholders Shows. This research has been done in a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with 189 ecotourism Ecolodges in the 9th Territorial Region (North, Razavi and South Khorasan). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally determined the number of 26 villages and 38 ecotourism Ecolodges. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. The findings of the study based on the test results of ANOVA showed that the spatial planning of the value chain governance is the desirable Pattern of ecotourism Ecolodges in the study area. Also, the results of the T test showed that the level of desirability of each of the average pattern components is up to high, and in addition, Pearson correlation test results showed that between all the desirable pattern of Ecolodges, a significant relationship directly with different intensity intensity. And the results of the multi -criteria analysis model showed that the villages studied are not equal in in terms of design, management and pattern monitoring in the region.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting rural development policy failures in Iran, which is practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection is descriptive-survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The desired factors were collected and interviews with experts and specialists were conducted with targeted sampling and then the complex relationships between the system components were investigated using the interpretive structural model. Finally, by using MICMAC analysis, the type of components was determined according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The results showed that the effective components of not benefiting from a good governance model to achieve sustainable development, the dominance of the centralized rural planning system and the centralized and ineffective monitoring and evaluation system, and the direct intervention of the government and the failure to accept the role of supervisor and facilitator, with the power of influence 17, 16 and 16 are placed in the sixth level. Due to their high impact, these components act as the infrastructure and platform of the model, and in order to reform the policy structure of rural development in Iran, these factors should be emphasized. The inability of rural development policies to promote added value and the expected productivity in the agricultural sector, the lack of attention to the index of environmental capacities and ecological footprint in rural development policies, and the lack of capacity building and environmental empowerment (conserving water and soil resources, promoting sustainable agriculture).

Housing resilience is one of the important issues that is based on improving the quality of life of villagers in order to prevent possible damage and make villages livable. Building suitable housing and improving its indicators will increase stability and livability and increase the motivation of the village population to stay and the resistance of rural buildings against threats. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of housing resilience on livability in rural areas. In terms of practical purpose, this research is based on analytical and exploratory nature and its governing approach is qualitative-quantitative. The statistical community is the central part of Ardabil city. In order to examine the issue, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists related to the present issue were used in a targeted manner. The results based on the experts' point of view to identify the driving components of housing resilience after four rotations showed that among the 30 components, 12 are key resilience components. Also, the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of resilience and livability. The results of multivariate regression also showed that the resilience components had an effect on livability and explained 0.610 of the total variance of rural livability. Therefore, paying attention to the livability of these areas in the form of improving and modernizing the village and increasing welfare can provide the grounds for the sustainability of the population in rural areas, and for its development, physical problems and an unfavorable environment must be eliminated first.

Today, with the expansion of cities and the increase in the city's population, we always see the distribution of the population in different areas of the city. From services and as a result injustice in social welfare. Therefore, the present research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of analyzing social justice and population distribution in the distribution of urban public services, using GIS software in the city of Torbat Heydarieh. The statistical population of this research consists of 13 districts in the city of Torbat Heydarieh, which are zoned in the Arc GIS environment. Also, this research calculated population distribution and dispersion by using Gini model and Shannon entropy model, and finally by using ArcMap environment to draw maps of distribution pattern and spatial dispersion of the closest neighborhood distance of uses and public services and ranking of areas in 13 districts of this city. Paid. The results show that areas (2-7-8-4) are very favorable areas, areas (1-5-10) are favorable, areas (11-12-3) are relatively favorable, areas (5-6) are Deprived and district (13) are ranked as the most deprived district of urban public services in this city. Therefore, in different areas of Torbat Heydarieh city, the distribution of public services is not fair and proportional to the distribution and number of the population; So that some areas have desirable public services and some others, especially the outskirts of the city, lack services or are distributed in an unfavorable manner, which requires basic planning and budgeting.

Regional planning is a collaborative effort for policymaking, organizing, exploitation and optimal use of regional resources and potentials, in accordance with needs and priorities, to raise the living standards of regional people with the help of regional institutions and structures. This study aimed to identify driving factors in regional development of Ardabil province. The study was done in three stages. The first stage was obtaining information from high-level documents and obtaining the opinions of 30 experts by using Delphi survey technique. The main driving factors of development were investigated in 9 areas and 50 factors were identified. In the second stage, using the cross-impact matrix, the identified factors were scored and completed by 30 experts, senior experts and specialists who were well-informed about the province's development issues. In the third stage, by using MICMAC software, the most key effective factors in the regional development of this province were identified. The results showed that among the 50 main variables, 14 variables, which had the highest score, were the key variables driving regional development in Ardabil province. Drawing the attention of planners and executive agents of the province to main roads, changes in the management style of the province, the transit network, and reforming the planning of the province can enhance the prosperity of people in Ardabil province.

The increasing trend of population has caused cities to face significant physical development in recent years. In many cities, unplanned physical development has been associated with environmental degradation and environmental hazards. One of the areas that has faced with a lot of physical development in recent years is the city of Hendijan in Khuzestan province. In this research, Landsat satellite images, 30 meters high digital model and different information layers are used as the most important research data. The tools used in the research include ArcGIS (to prepare the desired maps), ENVI (to process satellite images and prepare land use maps) and IDRISI (to implement the LCM model). Also, the most important model used in the research was the LCM model, which was used to evaluate the spatial trend of land use changes. The results of this research have shown that the size of the residential areas of Hendijan city has increased by about 1.6 square kilometers during a period of 30 years. The results of the evaluation of land use changes in the region have shown that during the period of 30 years, 1.15 square kilometers of barren lands, 0.4 square kilometers of agricultural lands and 0.05 square kilometers of gardens have been converted into settlements. Also, the results of the evaluation of the spatial trend of changes have shown that the highest development rate of the residential areas was related to the northern areas of the ​​Hendijan.

During the past years, Iran is facing a severe water shortage crisis due to long droughts and mismanagement of its water resources. Changing the cultivation pattern in order to increase irrigation efficiency, not only saves valuable water, but also increases the income of agricultural activities. Based on this, considering the excessive lack of water resources in some parts of Iran, it seems absolutely necessary to investigate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern at the level of villages active in this field. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the consequences of changing the pattern of saffron and pistachio cultivation and its impact on the development of rural areas in the villages of Rashtkhwara. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, the change of cultivation pattern in 377 households living in these villages of the city was investigated. For this purpose, a wide range of indicators were determined along with documentary studies and initial field visits. Then, data collection has been done based on selected indicators and using village and household questionnaires. Statistical and spatial analysis and Expert choice, SPSS, Fazy-Topsis software were also used for data analysis. The findings of the research show that the annual income from pistachio production in 43.9% of the studied households is more than the income of other products. The results of this study show that the indicators of increasing the variety of job opportunities with a coefficient of 0.086 and creating employment opportunities with a coefficient of 0.078 have the highest degree of importance and the method of using poisons with a coefficient of 0.015 and the time and amount of irrigation with a coefficient of 0.010. 0, have the lowest degree of importance. Also, from the analysis of the studied data, it can be concluded that the change of the cultivation pattern has had a significant effect on the improvement of the socio-economic status of the residents of the studied villages.

The comprehensive and forward-looking nature of land use plans on the one hand and the continuous changes in the developmental environment due to the impact of trends, events and key factors that are referred to as drivers made the importance of identifying, controlling and planning on them in order to organize the rare space for development and the realization of the goals and missions of land planning essential. In the meantime, without the effective role of rural areas, the realization of the strategic document of the provinces' land use planning as the highest development document faces many challenges. Based on this, the current research, with emphasis on the first and important phase of prospective studies with the aim of identifying the most important driving forces affecting the empowerment of rural areas in order to play an effective role in realizing the goals, mission and vision of the strategic document of land use planning of Kurdistan province has been completed. In the current applied research with a descriptive-analytical method and with an exploratory approach using the Delphi technique, the main factors were identified and then by using the MicMac software, the relationships and the way of their influence and effectiveness, the effective drivers were determined. Finally, 60 variables with a management, economic, social, physical, natural and spatial nature in local, regional, national and transnational spatial scales were identified in the field of communication with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and according to the way of influence 29 variables that had the greatest role in the performance of other variables were determined as the main propellants. The distribution of the identified variables and drivers ended with a compilation of all the main influencing dimensions, among which, drivers and variables of economic and managerial nature with the most influence in determining the change process and performance of other variables and drivers were determined. The distribution of more than 69 percent of main variables in the 1st or effective area, the 2nd or bimodal area and in the 4th or regulatory area, shows the complex and intertwined relationships and the sensitivity of control and planning on the drivers in order to achieve the goals and missions of the documents of the province is based on the role of its rural areas.

Urban development plans are one of the planning tools in the urban planning system of Iran. However, in a few studies, the use of the proposed land use of the master plan in the cities of Iran has been investigated, regardless of the type of land use and based on the spatial location of the proposals. In this article, the implementation of the land use plan proposed by the first and second comprehensive plans of Mashhad has been studied. In order to achieve this goal, the present study has used the descriptive-analytical research method and the spatial compliance-based evaluation method. Data collection tools in this article are documentary and library data and data analysis tools based on quantitative and qualitative methods of spatial analysis in ArcGIS software. The research findings show that in general, the rate of land use realization of the proposed comprehensive plans of Mashhad in the periphery of the city and new developments is significantly less than the central areas of the city. Also in terms of area, the proposed land use of about half of the city area has been achieved in both master plans. In the first master plan 47% in the total of fully realized and relatively realized areas and in the second master plan 48% Percentage achieved. It is suggested that similar research be conducted in other cities of the country.