مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 74 (بهار 1403)

Environmental reverse engineering is a new approach that can be used to obtain a visual representation of the ancient environment. This method can convey the message to researchers about the conditions under which it is possible to revive past environments. Dynamic systems that rely on current environmental data can be classified based on variable classification and Chaos Theory in Vensim software. This allows for the dynamic algorithm of the relationships between variables and their dependencies to be modeled using "Dynamic Systems" modeling, without facing the limitations of static systems. In this study, using Dem10m data, analysis of written documents, and field data, an initiative was taken to reconstruct the past environment of Jazmourian Lake. The results of the study show that: i) the water level of Jazmourian Lake has a significant role in controlling environmental factors. ii) If the lake restoration scenario is implemented according to the 390-meter terrace as the most effective policy for controlling dust, it can reduce the annual average DSI (Dust Storm Index) by 1. iii) By restoring the lake, the negative effects of dust will be neutralized to a significant extent through increased relative humidity, increased vegetation cover percentage, and surface soil moisture.

The sudden decrease in water levels in Urmia Lake has elevated the environmental risk to both nearby and distant communities. For the people living in this region, particularly the villagers, the crisis has brought about a number of negative effects, including economic, social, environmental, and production-related. The current study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the economic and productive effects of this problem from the viewpoint of the rural residents in the eastern part of the lake. The eastern of the lake's including 87,049 rural households that made up the statistical population of this study from which 230 households were chosen and analyzed using a stratified sampling method. The formula proposed by Cochran was used to determine the sample size. A questionnaire and face-to-face interviews were the data collection tool and method. By employing the opinions of experts and determining Cronbach's alpha coefficient the validity and reliability of the research instrument were assessed. The data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software. According to the findings, among the most significant effects that the villagers agreed upon were the decrease in the area used to cultivate agricultural products, the reduction of water resources and the rise in costs associated with the supply of agricultural water, and the decline in the quality of surface and ground water. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, the various economic-production effects of the water reduction of this lake can be summarized under four groups including "quantitative and qualitative reduction of agricultural production and income", "decrease in the quantity and quality of water resources", "increase in costs and threat to job security and income", and "reduction of non-agricultural activities". Around 69% of the variance in the results' overall variance was explained by these four variables. Among the recommendations made by this study to lessen the effects of water depletion in this lake are encouraging the production and introduction of agricultural and horticultural crops suitable for the eastern area of Urmia Lake, developing new irrigation systems, and altering the pattern of irrigated agricultural crops.

The nature of livability, quality of life and on a larger scale; Rural sustainability is intertwined with resilience; In the field of rural planning today, instead of focusing on vulnerability (crisis formation and management), emphasis is placed on the resilience of local communities (risk management and active action). Among these, the realization of resilience due to the complex, multidimensional, systemic nature and multiplicity of actors and actors in today''s variable internal and external environment; It requires the provision of conditions, needs and requirements in the rural environment, the lack of which means the creation of numerous obstacles and challenges and the continuation of environmental vulnerabilities, and in order to change the situation and move in the direction of resilience, identify these challenges and Obstacles and removing them can be considered a fundamental and important step. The present user research has been conducted for this purpose in high-risk and deprived border rural areas of Marivan county with a descriptive-analytical method and quantitative-qualitative (mixed) nature. In the qualitative part; Identifying the barriers and challenges facing the provision of resilient environment in the rural areas studied and in the quantitative part, tried to confirm and generalize the findings of the qualitative sector and provide analysis of the performance of these barriers. In the qualitative part, the in-depth and open interview method was used, and in the quantitative part, the questionnaire was distributed. The statistical population of the study includes development managers, village heads and councils, local rural knowledge, scientific and academic experts in the region and economic activists in the region, which purposefully and by snowball method, select and identify barriers to providing a swing environment Rural (quality section) and their approval (quantitative section) was done by them. The analysis of the collected data in the qualitative part based on the open coding method and in the quantitative part based on the factor analysis test showed that 64 obstacles or variables in the form of four main factors of weakness in planning, policy making, implementation, supervision and monitoring on the development process in the development management field of Marivan county (the most important and effective factor); Lack of attention and explanation of the concept of resilience and the lack of an efficient risk/crisis management structure (natural and human); The inadequacies of the social environment and the inappropriate business environment for the economic development of the villages and the weak support for providing environmental resilience in the rural areas of Marivan are effective obstacles.

Nir-Sarab communication Route; Due to special geological, climatic, geomorphological features and human activities, it has been affected by landslides for a long time. Therefore, according to the importance of the subject, the current research aims to evaluate the risk of landslides in this communication route by producing risk zoning maps and comparing two multi-criteria decision-making models, MARCOS and CODAS. For this purpose, first by examining research sources related to the subject, some of the most important factors affecting the occurrence of this phenomenon include; Height, slope, direction, lithology, land use, distance from the fault, distance from the road, distance from the river and precipitation were prepared as independent variables. Valuation and standardization of the layers were done by using the fuzzy membership function and weighting of the criteria, using the CRITIC method. Finally, modeling was done using MARCOS and CODAS multi-criteria decision-making methods. The results of the study showed, respectively; The factors of the slope, land use, and lithology have the greatest influence on the occurrence of landslides in the region with weight coefficients of 0.176, 0.152, and 0.124, respectively. According to the output of the CODAS method, respectively; 121.25 and 187.96 square kilometers of the range area, and according to the results of applying the MARCOS method, 85.32 and 201.76 square kilometers of the range area are in high-risk and very high-risk categories. Validation of the used multi-criteria decision-making methods, using the ROC curve method, very good accuracy of the CODAS method, with an area under the curve of 0.76, and excellent accuracy of the MARCOS method, with an area under the curve of 0.87, is an expression.

Water scarcity is rapidly increasing as one of the most important threats to sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This has led to many problems such as poverty and food insecurity among rural households. Therefore, building and improving resilience is important for rural households as a way to reduce the effects of water scarcity. Based on this, the current research has investigated the resilience of rural households against water poverty. The population studied was rural households in Hamadan, Kabudrahang and Malayer cities, and based on Cochran's formula, 334 people from rural households were randomly selected as a statistical sample. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire. Its formal validity has been obtained by confirmation professors and Cronbach's alpha, the combined and shared reliability of all factors is greater than 0.7, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the model. To analyze the collected data, structural equation modeling was used with the help of PLS Smart software. The results showed that physical-infrastructure and human capital had the greatest impact on the resilience of households. Therefore, with long-term investment appropriate to physical capital and infrastructure and strengthening human capital with the help of education and raising the level of awareness and participation of people, the resilience of households will increase.

Considering the complexities and uncertainties that the 21st century city is facing today, the structural analysis of urban tissues and in this article the inefficient peripheral tissues of Ahvaz city as manifestations of urban poverty can improve the overall system and its quality that will be beneficial for urban planners and managers as well as for future residents. Therefore, the purpose of this article is structural analysis and recognition of the key and strategic factors of the urban poverty system of the inefficient marginal tissues of Ahvaz metropolis. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-analytical exploratory with a prospective approach. In order to determine the key variables (strategic drivers) of the urban poverty system, the mutual effects of the variables were estimated by 35 experienced experts in the form of a 49*49 matrix and analyzed through MICMAC software. The findings of the research show that due to the lack of influencing variables, the state of the poverty system in the target areas is unsustainable. Also, 9 strategic drivers can be identified: 1- low rent rate, 2- unemployment rate, 3- real dependency, 4- household dimension, 5- ratio of commercial use to total uses in the neighborhood, 6- availability of public services and facilities. 7- the rate of access to health care facilities, 8- the education of the head of the household, and 9- the area of the residential house (smallness). Also, in order to facilitate and speed up the implementation of the largest volume of the most important future, general and public measures, reforming the structures of urban poverty, upgrading and improving the state of the general system of poverty in the three economic, social and physical-environmental areas mentioned, as well as greater coordination in the inter-institutional relations of urban management In the target areas, the strategy of creating a neighborhood development center/institution with a focus on networking for sustainable community-oriented urban regeneration for entrepreneurship and empowerment; Creating balanced densities at the neighborhood level, reducing social damage, restoring the social dignity of neighborhoods; and renovation and improvement of the texture is suggested.

Drought is one of the most complex natural disasters that causes economic, social and environmental damage and is often described as a creeping phenomenon. Drought monitoring using satellite images can represent the severity of drought in areas with a lack of meteorological precipitation data and compensate for its spatial and temporal deficiency. In this research, the drought of Golestan province has been investigated using SPI, TCI, VCI and VHI indices and with the help of MODIS sensor satellite images. Therefore, first, VHI, VCI and TCI drought index maps were extracted. The findings in the TCI index study showed that in 2000, more than 80% of the studied area experienced severe drought. Similarly, in 2010, 2017 and 2018, a significant part of the studied area was in a severe drought situation. By examining the VCI index, 2008, and 2011. The maps also show that a very severe meteorological drought occurred in 2008. In the study of the VHI index during a period of 21 years in the studied area, it showed that the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2021 have experienced a critical drought situation. Also, in the years 2000, 2008 and 2018, more than 60% of the area of the region was in a very severe drought situation. In general, most of the studied area is in the range of severe and severe drought classes, which requires attention to the optimal management of water resources in these areas.

Investigating the area under cultivation and yield estimation of agricultural products like rice; can greatly ensure food security, analyze the status of agricultural products and, finaly, sustainable development of developing countries. This study used Sentinel-2 satellite images, to estimate the area under cultivation and the yield of rice paddies in Kunduz province, Afghanistan in the 2020 crop year. Using the time series of NDVI index, the phenology stages of rice plants were obtained and the phenology parameters (SoS and EoS) were extracted using the maximum resolution method. Then, object-oriented classification method based on phenology was used to identify and determine the under-cultivated area of rice fields. In this method, three types of data of reflectivity of reflective bands, NDVI vegetation index and phenology parameters were used as auxiliary data. Yield estimation was done using the experimental method of regression analysis between remote sensing plant indices and the data obtained from ground harvesting. Also, the experimental method based on the regression analysis of ground data and distance measurement with the coefficient of determination of 0.86 and the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92 showed its high accuracy in estimating the yield of rice fields. The accuracy of the estimated performance in this research was evaluated by comparing the actual performance (field harvest data) in 27 control points. For this purpose, Pearson's correlation test was used. This test showed that there is a positive and very strong relationship between actual performance and estimated performance (P=0.000, N=27 and R2=0.929).