فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

The main purpose of this research was to design a paradigmatic model of globalization of the National Brand of Iran through sporting events. This research was conducted using the Grounded Theory qualitative method. The statistical population of the study included experts and thinkers familiar with the subject of globalization, global marketing in sports, sporting events and related topics, as well as those involved in sports in the country, which were selected using theoretical sampling method and snowballs and their number reached 18 people. Data collection tools and methods were semi-structured individual interviews. To analyze the data, was used a systematic approach including three main steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. During the open and axial coding process, a total of 179 concepts, 83 subcategories and 26 main categories were identified under the headings of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. The obtained categories were divided into 5 dimensions: political-economic, managerial, cultural-social, legal and technical-structural factors. In the selected coding stage, the final model of the research was drawn with the focus on the central category of “globalization of the national brand of Iran through sporting events". Understanding the effective consequences of national brand globalization on various dimensions of the country, and the extensive capacity of hosting sporting events in this regard, necessitates the attitudinal-behavioral alignment of the country's managers and those involved in sports and non-sports to move towards globalization.

Muscle strength and increased concentration are very important and effective components in the success of archers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks strength training with EMS on salivary BDNF and back muscle strength in elite archers. In this semi-experimental study, 16 elite male archer volunteers (age range 16 to 18 years and body mass index 20-25 kg.m-2) purposeful and accessible were selected and randomly were divided into two groups; strength training with EMS and strength training with arch groups. The EMS group performed strength training (50% to 75% 1RM) with muscle electrical stimulation (Maximum output current 180 mA, output frequency 1 to 120 Hz) 3 days a week for 6 weeks, and the control group only were performed strength training similar to the EMS group. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test at the P<0.05. The results showed that after 6 weeks, the mean of the back-muscle strength in the strength training with EMS group was significantly higher than the strength training with arch group (p<0.001). Also, the back-muscle strength increased significantly in the strength training with EMS and strength training with arch groups compared to the pre-test (p<0.001), Salivary BDNF levels in elite archers in the strength training group with EMS were not significantly different than the strength training with arch group (p= 0.985). According to the results, it seems that strength training with EMS can increase the back-muscle strength elite archers.

The present study aims to provide a Presenting a model of the role of citizenship health-oriented sport on sustainable development in Iran. The research method was grounded pluralism theory in data. According to the research, initially using library studies, the elements of participation were identified. After in-depth interviews with 17 professional and scientific experts, the theme analysis method was used to extract the elements and group them. The output of this step was to identify 92 indicators in the form of 5 main dimensions and 12 sub-dimensions. Convergent and divergent validity was used to determine the validity, which all results were satisfactory. The results showed that for the sustainable development of Iran with regard to GDP through sports, preparation and formulation of a strategic plan for public and championship sports, officials' attention to the capacity of the private sector in sports activities and expansion of sports venues in urban space and balanced distribution of facilities and Recreational and sports equipment is essential for all citizens to have access to this space. Solve the problems, pay attention to organizational strategies, including the development of a strategic plan for public participation in the sports organization and the use of control and evaluation tools to ensure the effectiveness of teamwork and participation in sports along with creating a work environment with trust and honesty among participants. It can provide a platform for sustainability to improve personal and interpersonal communication among participants.

Studies have shown that Nitrate (NO3-) rich beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent exercise, its ergogenic effect on taekwondo is yet to be determined. This study aimed to investigate an acute 120 ml BJ (800 mg NO3-) dietary NO3- on simulated taekwondo test compared with placebo (PL). twelve trained male taekwondo athletes (age: 21 ± 3 years, height: 180 ± 2.07 cm, body mass: 64.8 ± 4.0 kg, BMI 19.75 ± 1.17(kg/m2)) completed two experimental trials using a randomized, double‐blind design. 150 min after supplementation and placebo consummation, the number of taekwondo kicks, the number of successful kicks, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded in each round of the simulated taekwondo competition. The data were analyzed by the dependent t-test. No significant difference between conditions was observed in the number of taekwondo kicks during each round (p > 0.05). on the contrary, results of the number of successful kicks each round showed that the average of the BJ supplement group is significantly higher than the placebo group (p < 0.05). there were no significant differences in RPE between the two conditions (p > 0.05). It seems that ingestion of BJ has some positive effects on force generation during the taekwondo match although more researches are needed.

The purpose of this study was to present a model for implementing the policies of the National Olympic Committee of Iran with an interpretive structural approach. The research method was descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in the field and in a mixed manner (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative sample consisted of 18 experts who were selected non-randomly and purposefully. The statistical population in a small part, including the officials and experts of the National Olympic Committee of Iran and the presidents of the Olympic sports federations, was equal to 120 people, who were considered as a sample as a whole due to the limited number of members. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 37 indicators affecting the implementation of the policies of the National Olympic Committee, the content validity of which was confirmed by 10 professors of sports management and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.89). Interpretive structural modeling technique was used to design the research model. The research model showed that 37 indicators in the form of 9 components and six levels affect the successful implementation of the policies of the National Olympic Committee. Based on the findings, human resource components and organizational factors were at the lowest level and inter-organizational integration and cohesion were at the first level. It can be said that clarity of missions, lack of conflicting goals, training and empowerment of policy makers and clear career path of staff in implementing policies will strengthen inter-organizational cohesion and integration in the National Olympic Committee and Olympic federations and ultimately improve the committee's performance. The National Olympic Committee will follow the guidelines in the successful implementation.

The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the apoptotic factors Bcl2 and Bax and the Bcl2/Bax ratio in response to Exhaustive Exercise in young men.

In this semi-experimental study, twenty-four young non-athlete men (age: 19.13 76 1.76 years and BMI: 23.67 59 4.59 kg / m2) were voluntarily selected and randomly arranged in three groups of HIIT(n=8) MICT (n=8) and control (n=7). Subjects in the HIIT group performed an exercise program with an intensity of 80% of maximum heart rate in five three-minute training cycles and rested actively for three minutes between each period with an intensity of 40% of maximum oxygen consumption. The MICT program consisted of 30 to 50 minutes of running with an intensity of 60 to 65% of maximum heart rate. Serum levels of Bcl2 and Bax were measured using ELISA Data analysis was done using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measurements at a significance level of p˂0.05.

Serum Bax levels were significantly decreased in HIIT (P = 0.005) and MICT (P = 0.002) groups, while there was no significant difference in the control group (P = 0.873). Serum Bcl-2 levels did not show significant changes in the groups. Serum Bcl2 / Bax ratio was significantly changed in MICT group (P = 0.017) but not in other groups (P = 0.622) (P = 0.463).

it seems that performing both HIIT and MICT exercises can reduce the serum level of Bax protein, to prevent apoptosis in the cells.

The present study was designed and conducted to develop a model of challenges to the development of sports media in the country. In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, which was mixed based on the research approach. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section includes professors who have done research in the field of sports media (books, translations, research projects, conference and research articles, and at least two cases) as well as sports media managers in Sports network, and sports radio, sports magazines and newspapers. Purposeful sampling method was used to select the interviewees. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 19 people were identified as the sample. Also, the statistical population in the quantitative part of the research includes all journalists, photographers, writers, editors and producers of sports media (newspapers, magazines, television, radio, news networks) in Tehran province (289 people). The tools of the present study included semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire (30 items and 5 components in Likert type). Open, axial and selective coding was used to examine the data of the qualitative section and structural equation modeling was used in the quantitative section. The results of the present study showed that therefore it can be said that the challenges of human resources, education, equipment, media consumption and content are among the challenges of the country's sports media (t value greater than 1.96). Given the prominent role of various sports media on the development of sports (public, educational, championship and professional), solving its challenges should be one of the main goals of sports media development programs, which is recommended by the media. Different

There is a relationship between myostatin gene expression and muscle strength as well as factors related to athletes' fitness. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training on serum levels of myostatin and the results of wrestlers' motor performance tests. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test design. Thirty wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: control, traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training. Serum levels of myostatin, muscle strength, speed, power and agility were respectively assessed by Fasting blood sampling, Chest press maximal repetition test, 15 yards speed test, Sargent jump and T Agility tests. At the end of the pre-test stage, each training group performed their respective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session for 30-45 minutes. At the end of 8 weeks of training, all the tests performed in the pre-test stage were repeated in the post-test stage. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of research findings.The results of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that in the post-test stage, there was no significant difference between the means of all the studied variables in the traditional resistance group with the suspension-resistance group (P> 0.05); However, there is a significant difference between the average of the studied variables in the control group and the two training groups in the post-test stage (P≤0.05). According to the results of the present study, both traditional resistance training and suspension-resistance training reduce serum levels of myostatin and by increasing muscle strength can be used as an approach to improve the motor performance of freestyle wrestlers.

The purpose of this study was designing a sports fans Model with a social network approach in the Premier Football League. The research method is qualitative with a systematic analysis approach.The statistical population included all managers, board members and experts of sports clubs and presidents of clubs' Premier League football clubs and library resources.A statistical sample of a sufficient number based on theoretical saturation was purposefully sampled and available (21 people). Research tools included systematic library study and semi-structured interviews. The validity of the instrument was assessed using qualitative validation methods (content validity, kappa coefficient).Coding and conceptual framing methods were used to analyze the findings.The proposed analytical framework includes four sections: emotion management, fan attitude, fan ownership, and consequences. Emotion management includes four dimensions of pleasure, affection, positive surprise and dissatisfaction.The attitude and ownership of the fans also included the views of the fans and the stakeholders. The third part included cognitive and social changes.The financial dimensions, identity building, fan system development, fan satisfaction, and fan loyalty were as consequences of managing sports fans with a social networking approach.According to the research results, the analysis of the dimensions of emotion to consequence management in the fan management system with a social network approach has a process nature.Accordingly, analysis, planning and strategic measures for the development of the advocacy system with the approach of social networks should pay special attention to the process nature of this sector, the determining factors in each sector and the relationships between them.

Adipokines play an essential role in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alternate day low-calorie diet and resistance training on inflammatory and metabolic indicators in obese women. In this semi-experimental study, 32 healthy obese women aged 30-45 years old and with a body mass index between 27 and 35 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and equally randomly divided into four groups: control, resistance training, alternate day low-calorie diet, resistance training and alternate day low-calorie diet (combined). The training groups performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 50 to 85% of 1RM, three sessions per week, for eight weeks. During this period, the diet groups were subjected to a diet plan including days with calorie restriction (odd days) and free days (even days). Before starting the research protocol and 72 hours after the last training session, body composition and serum levels of inflammatory and metabolic indices were measured. Factorial repeated-measured ANOVA was used for data analysis, at the level of P<0.05. The interaction effect of time × group was significant for body weight (P=0.006) and BMI (P=0.007). The results showed a significant increase in body weight (P=0.016) and BMI (P=0.005) in the control group. While in the alternate day low-calorie diet (P=0.035) and combined (P=0.032) groups, a significant decrease in body weight was observed. The interaction effect of time × group was also significant for the serum levels of TNF-α (P=0.027) and insulin (P=0.025). The serum concentration of TNF-α was associated with a significant increase in the alternate day low-calorie diet group (P=0.000) and the combined group (P=0.011). Serum levels of insulin in the alternate day low-calorie diet (P=0.026) and combined (P=0.022) groups had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Significant changes in serum adiponectin levels were observed in the alternate day low-calorie diet (P=0.021) and combined (P=0.003) groups compared to the control group. It seems that a longer period of time is needed to observe the effects of alternate day low-calorie diet alone or combined with resistance training in obese women on improving body composition and, as a result, inflammatory and metabolic indicators.

It is very necessary to safety management of pools by considering appropriate considerations and following strict hygienic guidelines, especially in critical situations. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to design a model of safety management of swimming pools in the condition of hygienic crises, with an emphasis on the Covid-19 crisis. The current research had an exploratory nature, and was implemented a qualitative method. The statistical population of the research consisted of 15 members of the academic staff, some members of the swimming federation and the lifeguard federation, pool managers and hygienic engineers; who were selected purposefully and using the snowball technique. The data from the in-depth interviews were analyzed with a constructivist (Charmas) grounded theory approach. Based on findings, 232 final codes, 37 subcategories and 12 main categories approached and were explained by theoretical coding and relationships between components. In this multi-layered model, pool safety is the main variable and the goal of this research. Categories of system factors, hygienic factors, improving knowledge, The policy of government organizations and institutions, organizational factors, and standardization are in the outer layer and the categories of smoothing the path of hygienic, attention to customers, crisis management, the support of government organizations and institutions, increasing efficiency, increasing effectiveness with the aim of maximum safety of the pools are located in the inner layers of the model. According to the model, each of these factors can affect each other and be influenced by each other. This model shows that to create safety management in swimming pools, the dimension of the internal and external aspects of hardware and software can be effective.

Some evidence suggests that vigorous physical activity with a mask may potentially increase cardiac workload.The aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of 2 weeks of moderate-intensity training group with a face mask on the physiological responses of the cardiac autonomic system.In this practical and semi-experimental research, eighteen female volunteers were randomly were divided to two groups of MIIT with N95 masks and surgery masks.A control group of MIIT without mask was assigned. The MIIT with N95 mask and the MIIT group with surgical mask performed the weight-based interval training protocol while wearing N95 or surgical masks for two weeks.The MIIT group without mask also performed the same exercises without wearing a mask. CAS indices were evaluated using an electrocardiogram device and kubios software at rest and following the submaximal protocol before and after the 2-week MIIT intervention, and statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software 25 version at the level Significance was done. Based on the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, parametric statistical methods including one-way ANOVA in repeated measurements were used to investigate the effect of submaximal running on a treadmill with two types of masks before and after two weeks of MIIT training. According to the two-way analysis of variance test, there was a non-significant decrease in R-R, RMSSD, SDNN, SD1 and SD2 values and a non-significant increase in the ratio of low frequency ,and the ratio of low frequency/high frequency in the subsequent N95, SURGICAL and NO-MASK groups. According to two-way analysis of variance test, insignificant decrease in R-R, RMSSD, SDNN, SD1 and SD2 values and insignificant increase in low frequency ratio ,and low frequency/high frequency ratio , in groups N95, SURGICAL and NO-MASK was observed following the submaximal protocol.Compared to the MIIT + Nomask group, two weeks of MIIT with mask improved the R-R, SD1 and SD2 values in response to the submaximal protocol, especially in the MIIT + SUR group There was no difference between N95 and SURGICAL groups.The findings of the present study showed that the tolerance of the cardiac autonomic system of healthy women to the sports stress protocol following two weeks of moderate intensity training with a mask, with more significant results in the group of moderate intensity training with a surgical mask.According to the results, healthy women can use a face mask during moderate-intensity exercise during the Covid-19 pandemic without worrying about possible harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.