نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 5 (پیاپی 132، امرداد 1402)

The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of refined sewage on the performance and performance elements of cotton in the city of Kerman.  

The experiment treatments were considered as three percent water requirement of plant as main factors: I1 =100, I2=85, and I3 =70 and two water quality as secondary factors: Q1 = well water and Q2 = domestic refined sewage.  

The results showed that the 15 percent deficit-irrigation in comparison with the full water requirement when the domestic refined sewage is used in providing the full water requirement of the plant caused 14.8 percent increase in the water use efficiency and economizing 2405m3 water in conditions and the crop performance and morphologic characteristics remain constant relatively.

Accordingly, the refined sewage can face the water deficit problem of the country and increase the efficiency of irrigation. Also, the 15 percent deficit irrigation in comparison with the full providing of water requirement is recommended in the cotton planting in the Kerman province in order to economize the water use.

Due to undesirable thermo-physical properties of the air, the solar air collectors do not benefit from the high thermal efficiency and need to be improved with the help of different methods. In this study, the effects of using various obstacles on the thermohydraulic performance of a collectors were examined experimentally and compared to the performance of a simple collector.   

A solar air collector was designed, built and tested under the environmental conditions of Abadan city in Khuzestan province. Three different perforated obstacles with three hole sizes (3, 4 and 5 cm) were placed on the absorber plate. Measured parameters include the temperature of inlet and outlet air, absorber plate, pressure drop and solar radiation. Measurements were made for two different air flux (0.0218 and 0.0364 kg/s).  

It has become clear that using various perforated obstacles increases the temperature difference between inlet and outlet air and subsequently their efficiencies compared to a simple conventional collector. It was also noted that in all cases, the increase in mass flowrate causes increasing the effective and thermal efficiency of system and decreasing the temperature difference between inlet and outlet air. Temperature difference in the best case (perforated obstacles with 3 cm holes) for each of the two flowrates increases twice compared to the simple collector. Also, the highest amount of average efficiency for two flowrates is 68% and 83% and the average effective efficiency is 28.4% and 34.1%. 

With the reduction of sizes of the holes in the perforated obstacles, the rate of heat transfer and subsequently the thermal efficiency of the collector will increase due to increasing the turbulence of the flow. This causes the pressure drop to rise up as well but also has a positive effect of increasing the temperature difference which dominates the negative effect of the pressure drop and eventually it becomes clear that there is a direct relation between increasing the effective efficiency with reducing the size of the holes.

Obtaining information about the impact of climatic variables on the growth of trees in the long run can be obtained through retrospective analysis of annual tree rings and using the tree chronology method. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of climatic variables on the diameter growth of alder species along an altitude gradient in undisturbed Hyrcanian forests (Neka-Zalmorud forests of Mazandaran province).   

For this purpose, three altitude regions (low land, middle land and high land) in sample parcels were selected. In each area, 10 trees and totally 30 trees were selected using seleted sampling method. Necessary samples were prepared from using increment borer. 50-year (1965-2014) climatic data of temperature, precipitation and relative humidity were prepared from related sources and the SPI index was calculated.  

The results showed that there is a correlation between acceptable the time series and a strong relationship between growth and climatic variables. There was a significant difference between all three regions and the highest diameter growth was obtained in the middle land. The study of the relationship between climatic variables and the growth also showed that in the low land region, temperature and relative humidity factors have a significant negative correlation (-0.571) and positive (0.734), respectively. The same variables were significant in the middle land area. In high land region, none of the climatic variables showed a significant relationship with growth. 

 Growth at low and middle lands has shown more dependence on climate and growth of this species has decreased during the study period.

The enforcement of international environmental law in various legal systems is one of the most up-to-date issues of
The enforcement of international environmental law in various legal systems is one of the most up-to-date contemporary international law issues. In this regard, Article 9 of the Iranian Civil Code has provided a solution for implementing international treaties. However, in addition to its interpretation, it could not be applied to other international law sources such as international customary law or decisions of international courts. This article aims to examine the different approaches to implementing international environmental law in the domestic law of countries with a view of the Iranian legal system. Based on an analytical approach and an inductive approach, this study also considers possible legislative solutions for effective international environmental law enforcement in Iran. Investigations and studies of this research have shown that there are credible legal capacities in the Iranian legal system for effective enforcement of international law despite legal uncertainties and enforcement constraints. At the same time, it is necessary to enact laws and regulations to clearly explain the relationship between Iranian domestic law and international customary and contractual obligations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vegetation and soil factors on the shores of Bandar Deylam located in the Persian Gulf. This area is part of the Gulf-Omani vegetation area and has received less attention.

Plant types were distinguished by physiognomic methods and vegetation sampling was done in 120 plots (2m2) by calculating of vegetation cover. Two ordination techniques including de-trended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were applied to examine the relationships between vegetation and edaphic factors.

Six plant types according to dominant species were Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halocnemum strobilaceum - Plantago cylindrica, Halocnemum strobilaceum - Aeluropus lagopoides near ebb and flow region of sea and Gymnocarpos decander - Platychaete mucronifolia, Halothamnus iranicus - Astragalus fasciculifolius, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum far from sea cost. In each plant type soil sampling was done by digging five profiles randomly. Finally, 66 species representing 22 families were collected. The largest families were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopoiaceae, and Papilionaceae, representing 16.7%, 13.6%, 10.6% and 10.6% of the total flora, respectively. Vegetation was classified using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), thereby producing four vegetation groups that were linked to habitat types.

According to results total variance in vegetation was 6.11 and the first two canonical axes accounted for 34.9% of the community-soil factor relationship among plant groups. As identified via CCA, the main gradients were Co3/HCo3 and EC, Gypsum and elevation that associated with soil texture remarkably.

The Purpose of this research is evaluating the effectiveness of green transformational leadership under the human resources sustainable competency of Golestan Oil Company by Intuitive fuzzy sets.

This research is a developmental research in terms of purpose, because of the lack of a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of green transformational leadership under a sustainable human resource competency system in previous research, based on meta-analysis in the first step, an attempt was made to identify components as analytical basis for research and themes as decision variables. Then, in order to explain the identified components and themes, in a small part, Intuitive Fuzzy Sets (IFSs) was used to determine the most effective dimension of green transformational leadership based on the most important theme of sustainable human resource competence. In this study, the target population consisted of two sections: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative section, with the help of 15 experts and experts in the field of human resource management at the university level, an attempt was made to identify research components, components and propositions in the form of scores. In the quantitative sector, 21 middle managers of the oil company in Golestan province participated to evaluate the quantitative sector analyzes.

The results showed that, despite the participatory competencies of human resources, the most important dimension of green transformational leadership is the effectiveness of opportunity.

In fact, the result of this study reflects the fact that the participatory competence of human resources strengthens the level of interoperability and communication within the organization in the field of decision-making on environmental issues and problems and it strengthens the dimension of effective opportunity in transformational green leadership to create more ideas and support for human resource innovations in the field of green operations in the oil company.

Today, the lack of water reserves on the ground, especially in dry climates including our country, has caused the purposeful reuse of wastewater to provide new water sources as a new solution. Currently, countries that are facing the problem of lack of water resources are investigating the feasibility of using wastewater under the title of unconventional waters. But unfortunately, very little research has been done in this regard.

In order to investigate the amount of changes in some elements and characteristics of the soil under irrigation with wastewater, for 3 years, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Sampling was done from two depths of soil 0-30 and 30-60 cm, and the parameters of sodium, total calcium and magnesium, acidity and electrical conductivity of the soil in three study locations (without irrigation, irrigation with treated wastewater, and irrigation with water of river) was measured and analyzed.

The effluent from Zahedan treatment plant has caused an acceptable increase in the amount of sodium, total calcium and magnesium, and soil acidity compared to the control area. But regarding the electrical conductivity, irrigation with sewage decreased this amount.

Effluent causes an effective and acceptable increase of some soil elements, which can be an effective help in soil regeneration and to be used as one of the water sources especially in dry areas that are facing a shortage of water resources.

Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.

After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.

The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.

In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries.

The current research is an applied research in terms of classification based on the purpose. The purpose of applied research is to develop applied knowledge in a specific field.

Also, the current research is a descriptive-correlation research in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of this research is the cars that traveled during eight busy days of September, from 1 am to 24 pm, in Karaj Chalus axis in 2018 during the study period, and no other specific sampling was done. All calculations and analyzes were done using Excel and 10Eviews software.

The results showed that the use of the intelligent transportation system leads to a reduction in travel time on the Karaj-Chalos corridor and consequently reduced gas emissions. carbon dioxide (CO2).

The findings showed that the use of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in the 8 days of the study has led to a reduction of 2521 tons of carbon dioxide emissions in the Karaj-Chalos axis.

Today, as societies grow and grow, environmental pollution is seen not as a global concern today, but as a future concern, and as a result the increasing level of green performance in various areas from accounting to production and supply chains. And ... one of the most important strategic approaches in this field can be considered.  The Purpose of this research is Evaluate the Effectiveness of Green Accounting Strategic Consequences of based on Sustainable Reporting Function.

In this study, theoretical screening based on similar studies was used to identify the components (Green Accounting Strategic Consequences) and research propositions (themes of Sustainable Reporting Function). Then, in order to determine the reliability of research components and propositions through the participation of 12 experts and experts in the field of accounting and financial management, Delphi analysis was used. In the quantitative part, the components and propositions identified in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by 17 managers of the top 50 companies in 2019.

The results showed that the proposition of sustainable responsibility as the effectiveness theme of the sustainable reporting function causes effectiveness of the value consequences in green accounting.

This result shows that by developing the dimensions of social responsibility in sustainable reporting, the level of inclusive values in green accounting value functions is strengthened and builds trust and confidence in the company's performance.