Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:13 Issue: 2, Spring 2023

perovskite nanostructures are ideal model systems for fundamental studies and as convenient building blocks for proof-of-principle studies of optoelectronic device design and improvemen.Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and some other perovskites have drawn significant attention to the science community because of their high power conversion efficiency in solar cells. In addition, this group of semiconductors has the potential to be used in a wide range of optoelectronic devices like light-emitting diodes, lasers, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, photoluminescent, electroluminescent devices as well as light-emitting electrochemical cells. Commercialization of perovskite materials may revolutionize the global energy sector as these materials are abundant in nature and inexpensive, as a result it would be cheaper and more efficient than silicon-based technology. However, the insufficient long-term stability and toxicity of lead (Pb) are two major barriers for Pb-based hybrid perovskites to be adopted in large-scale industrial applications. Therefore, it is almost important to find non-toxic Pb-free stable perovskites for the further development of perovskites based optoelectronic technology. A detailed atomistic insight of the fundamental properties of perovskite materials can help to understand the basic characteristics of the materials and it can guide research to find non-toxic stable materials for photovoltaics and optoelectronics.Among these candidates, Sn-based perovskites have attracted the most attention due to their very similar properties, and the most promising performance achieved by their devices. This article presents investigations of the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties based organic-inorganic metal halid perovskites (MABI3) ( B = Pb, Sn)

There are numerous applications of nanomaterials in catalysis, biosensing, biotechnology, electronics, magnetic fluids, energy storage and also in the biomedical field, especially in gene or drug delivery and diagnostics. Nanomaterials have amazing capabilities to stimulate neu ronal cells toward neuronal cell proliferation, neuronal cell adhesion, axonal growth, and neuroprotection. Researchers have demonstrated that nanomaterials can also differentiate stem cells into neuronal cells. Recently, the impact of nanomaterials on the proliferation and differentiation of normal, cancer, and stem cells have been investigated greatly. In this study, the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on the differentiation of neural stem cells are examined. Our findings indicate that TiO2 nanoparticles lead to differentiation tendencies biased towards neurons from neural stem cells, suggesting TiO2 nanoparticles might be a beneficial inducer for neuronal differentiation. We found that pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) exposed to TiO2, Au/TiO2, Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles significantly increased the differentiation of neural stem cells and promoted neurite outgrowth. Our data may have resulted from the stimulation of cell adhesion molecules that are associated with cell-matrix interactions through nanoparticle. The findings of this work proposes the use of the Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles which also have antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, as a suitable method to improve Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) activity and efficacy, thus, opening the novel window for substantial neuronal repair therapeutics.

In the present work we introduce p-type Si Nano wires (Si NWS) as a hole transport material. As is well known, CH3NH3PbI3 are extremely sensitive to moisture in air but p-type Si Nano wires could protect it from moisture and water. Highly stable CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber with the grain size up to 2 µm was prepared by dip coating method. The cell based on this stable perovskite absorber film achieves a high power conversion efficiency of 21.1%. CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber shows very high stability, it even was stable after washing with water without any encapsulation. We believe that this great stability comes from our new hole CH3NH3PbI3 materials. In this work p-type Si NWs are used as HTM which lead to stabilized CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber even under direct flow of water. Degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber on mesoporous TiO2 (it was deposited on TiO2 by same method and condition) was studied to approve this hypothesis that stability comes from new HTM. CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber on mesoporous TiO2 was completely degraded after 7 dayss while CH3NH3PbI3 on Si NWs as HTM was quite stable for 50 days. This stability achieved whilst it was washed with water after 41 days (see video in supporting information). XRD and Pl were used to monitoring degradation of perovskite absorber layer over the time. The results provide an important facile approach to fabricate high-efficiency, stable and large area perovskite solar cell/module which accelerate the time to market.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used material in various products, including cosmetics, food additives, and medical devices. However, its small size (nanoscale) has raised concerns about its potential impacts on human health and the environment. One area of concern is the effect of nanosized TiO2 on the female reproductive system, particularly the ovaries. The purpose of this study is to look at how isoniazid-treated NMRI mice’s ovarian tissue alters in response to nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) treatment. The 50 adult female mice used in this research were split into five groups of 10 at random. The experimental groups included the control group (no medication), sham group (0.5 mg/kg of normal saline), first experimental group (45 mg/kg isoniazid), second experimental group (45 mg/kg isoniazid and 0.5 mg/kg nano-TiO2), and the third experimental group (45 mg/kg isoniazid and 0.45 mg/kg nano-TiO2). All injections were given for 20 days. After that, the ovarian tissue from each animal was isolated and put in an 10% formalin solution before tissue analyses were carried out using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. In comparison to the control group, there was a reduction in the quantity of corpus luteum and secondary follicles in all experimental groups. In comparison to the first experimental group, there is a significant increase in the number of unilaminar primary follicles in the rest of the experimental groups. The damaging effects of isoniazid on ovarian tissue can be lessened by using nanoparticles in small amounts.

Increasing environmental pollution is one of the major problems in recent decades. Finding new ways to remove contaminants is critical mission for scientists.  In this research, Fe3O4/TiO2/Ag magnetic nanocomposite synthesized for investigation of degradation of methylene blue (MB). Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was first synthesized with simple co-precipitation method. Then the magnetic nanocomposite structure of Fe3O4/TiO2 by hydrothermal methodwas shaped. After that, to improve the ability of the nanocomposite to reduction of MB, Ag nanoparticles was doped on the surface of the Fe3O4/TiO2. In fact, in this structure, we used local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) future of Ag and photocatalyst property of TiO2 to modify the ability of MB reduction. Various techniques were employed to characterize the morphology of magnetic nanocomposite such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an alternating gradient force magnetometer (AGFM). We also used ultraviolet-visible (UV) analyses to determine the band gap. The results show that the nanocomposite formed successfully in desired structure and morphology. Catalytic measurements on the samples show an excellent efficiency for the MBdegradation. After the reduction of MB, one can use a magnet bar to separate the catalyst from solution easily. Artificial neural network (ANN) models can eliminate the huge part of experimental investigations in various filed of science and technology. After gathering some information about the methyl blue degradation, the ANN modeling was carried out to calculate the optimum values of initial variables to achieve the maximum removal efficiency. In this project, we used an initial ion concentration, the amount of nanocomposite that were used in photocatalyst activity and removal time as initial variables, finally the removal efficiency of pollution (MB) was considered as the output. In this project, we used a genetic algorithm (GA) to trained models and predation.

The sulfur content in crude oil and its derivatives negatively affects all aspects of life, especially economic, environmental and industrial.  It is vital to create methods and materials that are both affordable and environmentally friendly in order to remove sulfur from crude oil. for this purpose  titanium oxide (TiO2) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method at different temperatures and characterized by several techniques including using scanning electron microscopy (SEM),  x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to find out some physical and chemical properties of the prepared nano compounds, The results showed that (MoO3) was more efficient than (TiO2) in reducing the sulfur content of crude oil. This work presents a successful example of the preparation of TiO2 and MoO3 NPs based hydrothermal method and the successful application of these NPs as active components, for the potential sulfur compound adsorbents, supporting environmental treatment.

Metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as TiO2 NPs, have been extensively researched for their potential use in aquaculture. One of the main uses of TiO2 NPs in aquaculture is as a natural water purifier. TiO2 has photocatalytic properties that make it highly effective in breaking down organic pollutants and toxic substances in water. Additionally, TiO2 NPs have been used to improve the efficiency of aquaculture feed. However, it is important to note that while the use of TiO2 NPs in aquaculture holds promise, there are also some concerns about their safety and environmental impact. Therefore, in this study, we sought to ascertain whether penicillamine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), two compounds used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning and whose efficacy has been demonstrated in both warm-blooded animals and humans, may lessen the toxicity of TiO2 NPs in Nile tilapia. In this study, 280 Nile tilapia fries (3.20±0.12 g) were split into four treatments over the course of three replications. Following that, the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals was used to evaluate and compare the acute toxicity of TiO2 NPs. In all stages of toxicity determination, the data demonstrated that the toxicity of TiO2 NPs in the control treatment was significantly higher than that of the treatments given penicillamine and EDTA. Finally, the efficiency of penicillamine is more than that of EDTA, and both of these drugs can be used orally to prevent and treat seafood poisoning caused by TiO2 NPs.

A novel pH-responsive drug delivery platform based on silica-chitosan hybrid containing quercetin drug (67 % entrapment efficiency) modified by folic acid-bovine serum albumin (BSA-FA) was developed in current study. The chemical properties, structure, specific surface area, and morphology of developed nanocarrier were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM analyses. This nanocarrier was investigated in terms of pH-responsive release behavior in phosphate buffer solutions with pH of 5.6, and 7.4, near to acidic condition of cancer tissue and the normal condition of the body. The in-vitro release indicated an almost rapid release at the first 12 h, which then followed by a slower and gradual release for both media, so that 15 % and 26 of entrapped quercetin were released from nanocarrier at firs 12 h, respectively. In addition, a further cumulative drug release (54 % after 96 h) was observed in acidic medium compared to natural medium (36 % after 96 h), indicating the pH-sensitive behavior of hybrid nanocarrier, which is mainly related to greater swelling of the BSA-FA modification layer in response to changes in the pH of solution. These findings support the pH-responsive and smart function of designed hybrid nanocarrier against acidic medium of cancerous cells.

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by infection with Leishmania parasites. The lesions that develop as a result of leishmaniasis can vary depending on the species of the parasite and the type of leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease and it results in skin sores or ulcers. Materials with manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles and tellurium oxide (TeO2) nanorods have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how Mn2O3 and TeO2 nanoparticles affected Leishmania major-caused wound healing in rats. The albino rats were separated into four groups of five once a lesion appeared on their tails. In the two treatment groups, Mn2O3 and TeO2 nanoparticles were injected every day, once a day, intra-wound in three places, and in the meglumine antimoniate group, the drug was injected intramuscularly for five weeks. The albino rats in the negative control group did not receive any medication. The size of the wounds in the group treated with Mn2O3 nanoparticles did not differ significantly from the control group that did not receive treatment, however the diameter of the wounds in the group treated with TeO2 nanorods did change significantly from the control group that did not receive treatment. It was, however, larger than the group that received meglumine antimoniate treatment. TeO2 nanorods, as opposed to Mn2O3 nanoparticles, had an in vivo anti-Leishmanial potential.

In this study, cytotoxic effects of silver-chitosan nanocomposites with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (SCNC-ASHS) and aqueous acetic acid solution (SCNC-AAAS) were evaluated in vitro. The morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Their cytotoxicities were then evaluated using MTT in concentrations of 1.56 to 400 µg/ml, and Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining test after 24 h and 48 h. Results showed that the highest cytotoxicity was at 400 µg/ml concentration at which SCNC-ASHS respectively showed 80.57% and 84.37% toxicity on Vero and HT-29 cells after 24 h, and 82.20% and 84.84% after 48 h. While, the cytotoxicities for SCNC-AAAS on Vero and HT-29 cell lines were respectively 80.63% and 87.64% after 24 h, and 83.60% and 87.44% after 48 h. The most toxicity on HT-29 cells belonged to SCNC-AAAS with IC50 of 40.4 µg/ml. In the staining test, SCNC-AAAS revealed 41.84% HT-29 cell viability at 25 µg/ml concentration and 37.51% Vero cell viability at 6.25 µg/ml concentration. Generally, by increasing both SCNCs concentrations, the cell viabilities were decreased, and early and late apoptosis and necrosis were increased in AO/AE test. In conclusion, types of nanoparticles, synthesis methods, and different cell lines play considerable roles in inducing cytotoxicity. According to the higher significant cytotoxicity effects of both SCNCs on colon cancerous cells (HT-29) than normal cells (Vero) (p<0.05), it seems that they have anticancer effects; of those SCNC-AAAS displayed the higher effect with the IC50 of 4.4 µg/ml on HT-29 cells.

In this research project, an electrochemical sensor was developed to sensitively detect chlorocresol at a new level of glassy carbon using carbon nanotubes. The surface morphology of the modified electrode was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Under optimal conditions, a significant improvement in the electrochemical behavior of chlorocresol was observed at the surface of the modified electrode compared to the unmodified electrode. Electrode modified by carbon nanotubes due to its high conductivity, good stability, ability to increase the electron transfer rate, and finally, the effective interaction of the analyte with the electrode surface increases the sensitivity in measuring chlorocresol and its electrocatalytic properties. As an electrochemical sensor improved analyte drug measurement. The transfer coefficient (α), the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step, was calculated for the modified electrode using cyclic voltammetry data. Under the optimal condition, the liner range of the calibration graph was between 0.39 to 2.37 and 2.37 to 7.2 µm, and the detection limit was reported as 0.27 µm. The results showed that the mentioned sensor had remarkable repeatability and stability during the tests, and satisfactory results were obtained in the determination of chlorocresol with the modified electrode in blood serum samples.

Nanoparticle synthesis is an advanced approach in the field of modern nanotechnology. Recent studies aim to characterize gold oxide nanoparticles produced by bacteria. These studies are of great interest and signify a significant technological advancement, particularly in the context of microorganisms. In this context, Nocardia bacteria were isolated from soil and subjected to a detailed. Nocardia is isolated from the soil. Bacterial isolation was confirmed using advanced molecular techniques. Fragments of RNA 16S were amplified and sent for the following sequence following the isolation of cell-free Nocardia asteroides, they were employed in the biosynthesis of gold oxide nanoparticles (Au2O3) by reducing a gold salt solution (HAuCl4) to form nanocrystals. The formation of Au2O3 was monitored by observing color change and the UV-VIS spectrum confirmed the decrease in gold ions. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy – (AFM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Gold oxide nanoparticles (Au2O3 NPs) were synthesized using Nocardia asteroides, and SEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical particles with an average size of 19 nm. TEM results indicated that the biologically prepared of gold oxide nanoparticles in this study exhibited sizes ranging from 12 to 23 nanometres in various shapes. XRD indicates that the produced material consists of gold oxide nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the gold oxide nanoparticles was assessed against pathogenic bacteria, but they exhibited no inhibitory effect on the tested bacterial isolates.

Geopolymer is a promising material for dental implant abutments and is commonly used in orthopedic and spinal procedures due to its exceptional mechanical and biological properties, including bioactivity, biocompatibility, and suitability for replacing hard tissue. Advances in engineering and nanotechnology in healthcare and dentistry have further improved the application of polymers in dentistry, making them an excellent option for dental implants. This paper also provides an update on the antibacterial properties of polymers used in dentistry, utilizing advanced nanomaterials. The study used a liquid activator consisting of a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), and silicon oxide (SiO2) at different weight ratios, along with distilled water and standard Meta kaolinite weight, with a mixing time of 5 minutes. The geopolymer exhibited significant improvements in its properties with an increase in Si concentration until it reached the ideal geopolymer formula of 1Al-1Na-4Si. The geopolymer’s compressive strength increased notably when the SiO2 ratio was increased from 3.2 to 4.0. The highest compressive strength was observed with curing conditions of 25ºC for 28 days, and the samples also had high density. The concentration of silica (from 3.2 to 4.0 molecular weight) in the general formula of geopolymer made of alkaline-based natural pure kaolinite, sodium silicate, and sodium hydroxide significantly affected mechanical and physical properties such as compressive strength and surface hardness. Therefore, these values should be considered standard for geopolymer production.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a real-time imaging modality for detecting lesions based on the electrical impedance of the tissues. Its use could be limited by the low current intensity and/or low-temperature differences between the tissues. The purpose of this study is to measure the electrical properties of tissues with and without gold nanoparticles (GNPs) at different temperatures. In this study, GNPs (20-25 nm) were successfully synthesized by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium citrate (C6H7NaO7). The 4-electrode method was established using two sets of phantoms made of chicken muscle and fat tissues.  An increase in the tissue temperature or applied current frequency decreases the impedance amplitude (|Z|), phase angle (θ), resistive impedance (ZR=R), capacitive impedance (ZC=X), and specific resistance (ρ), while increasing the specific conductance (δ). The loading of tissues with GNPs amplified these changes, especially at low temperatures and at low frequencies. Loading tissues with GNPs has the potential to increase the signal intensity and/or improve temperature resolution in temporal mapping in EIT.

In this study, the thermally flame-sprayed of nickel coatings and incorporating ceramic particles (SiC and Al2O3) with different concentration and studied the  comparing the effects of their particles on microstructure, morphology, and Vickers of incorporating ceramic particles (SiC and Al2O3) and their concentration were deposited on low carbon steel substrate. The microstructure investigation of the deposited alloy was studied using the optical microscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM). And other characterizations of the coatings are examined through x-ray diffraction and roughness test. Vickers microhardness test is run for the coatings’ hardness measurement. The results showed the homogenous distribution of particles by fully dispersing in the nickel matrix. The surface was dense and high adhesive and continuous with the best heterogonous codeposition mixture of ceramic particles (Ni-SiC with Al2O3). The surface roughness increased with the addition of composite powders (SiC and Al2O3). The surface hardness of the coatings has been enhanced as a result of the thermal flame-sprayed alloy coating.

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) thin films were deposited on Nickel Titanium Alloy (NiTi) substrates using DC magnetron reactive sputtering at a low temperature of about 100ºC, with a power input of 50 Watts. Advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the Ta2O5 coatings. The results revealed that these coatings displayed remarkable uniformity, with extremely low surface roughness (only 2.75 nanometers) and particles in the 15-30 nanometer range. Microhardness was also measured via nanoindentation. Beyond structural and morphological attributes, the study explored the suitability of Ta2O5-coated NiTi alloys for biomedical applications, particularly orthodontic archwires. Assessments covered corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and nickel ion release in artificial saliva (AS) and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions. The findings demonstrated enhanced electrochemical behavior, significantly improved corrosion resistance, enhanced biocompatibility, and lower nickel ion release for Ta2O5-coated NiTi alloys than uncoated ones. These benefits are attributed to the improved cohesiveness of the Ta2O5 coatings. In summary, sputtering Ta2O5 films onto NiTi alloys offers a promising avenue for biomedical surface modification. The exceptional uniformity and improved properties of Ta2O5-coated NiTi alloys position them as valuable candidates for orthodontic archwires and other biomedical devices, showcasing the potential of this method in advancing medical and dental technology materials.

Zirconia nano plant shape with silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse micro emulsion-mediated Sol-gel method with effective antibacterial property suitable for ceramic industry. ZrCl4 and silver nitrate have been used as the major raw materials. TEM studies show that leaves and arms of the antibacterial dendritic would be trapped by the amorphous phase of the glaze, therefore, it would be established into the ceramic appliance. The particle size distribution of leaves of the dendritic were in the full range of 20–150 nanometer. Antibacterial activities of deposited films against S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli on the ceramic tile heat treated at 700 °C and 900 °C have been compared. It can be seen by preparation and antibacterial studies before and after 200 hours in a weathering chamber, that the Silver/Zirconia nano-dendritic composite after heat treated at 700°C exhibits a much reliable antibacterial activity pigment without UV light irradiation, for ceramic application.

Due to its crucial function in environmental cleanup, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles continue to be the topic of intensive research in the present day. The elimination of textile effluent dye is the subject of the current investigation. Inverse spinel (Fe2O3. FeO) was produced as magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles using an unique precipitation approach that relied on the preparation of the particles without any calcination under oxygen gas. The iron sulfate solution was combined with an aqueous mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate to create the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, both without and with the use of surfactant like cetramide as templates. FT-IR spectra showed that Fe-O octahedral and tetrahedral bindings at 744 cm-1 and 598 cm-1, respectively, indicated to form an inverse spinel particle. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) research explained that the mean crystal size of Fe3O4 nanoparticle increased from 8.5 nm for Fe3O4 nanoparticle to 22.53 nm for prepared Fe3O4 in presence of cetramide as a template. SEM found the produced shapes as spherical like brooklei. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that prepared Fe3O4 in the presence of cetramide underwent endothermic adsorption with chemisorption, while the magnetite prepared without using cetramide is exothermic with physisorption. The magnetite with cetramide a better fit for Freundlich model, and proved it chemisorption. The findings showed that Fe3O4 produced with cetramide is a better adsorbent for removing anionic dye and it is utilized to remove water contaminants.

The potential hepatotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become a concern due to their widespread use. Olive oil, with its rich antioxidant properties, may offer protective benefits against such toxicity. This study assesses the protective role of olive oil against AuNP-induced hepatotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats. The experiment was conducted with 20 adult male Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four groups: control, olive oil only, AuNPs only, and a combined treatment of AuNPs and olive oil. Parameters such as liver weight and volume, hepatocyte count, central venous volume, and liver enzymes (LDH, ALP, GGT) were measured after a 42-day treatment period. Rats treated with AuNPs exhibited a significant decrease in relative liver weight (6.85 ± 0.45g compared to 7.81 ± 0.46g in controls) and elevated liver enzymes (LDH, ALP, and GGT levels increased to 6.99 ± 0.49 U/L, 120.96 ± 34.28 U/L, and 175.59 ± 20.77 U/L, respectively). The combined treatment group showed a notable improvement in these parameters, with liver weight and enzyme levels approaching those of the control group. Additionally, hepatocyte cell volume significantly increased in the AuNPs group (7547.80 ± 923.19 µm³) compared to the combined treatment group (6007.35 ± 579.85 µm³). Olive oil significantly mitigates AuNP-induced hepatotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats. This study underscores the potential of natural antioxidants in reducing liver damage caused by nanoparticles and suggests further research into dietary interventions for toxin exposure.

The study aimed to evaluate the hematological effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on adult male Albino-NMRI mice, highlighting the lack of understanding about their impact on biological systems due to their multifunctional properties in nanotechnology. Over a 28-day period, mice were administered oral doses of ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight. Hematological parameters such as white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and platelet (PLT) count were measured, alongside coagulation tests. The study utilized a Sysmex XN-1000 hematology analyzer for blood cell counts and observed coagulation time and clot strength using standard laboratory techniques. Results indicated that most hematological parameters remained unchanged across the groups. Nevertheless, a significant increase in neutrophil count was observed in the 4th group (9.35 K/µL in Group 4 vs. 8.93 K/µL in the control group), suggesting a dose-dependent response. Additionally, a notable prolongation in blood coagulation time was observed in the same group (9.18 min in the 4th Group vs. 6.70 min in the control group), indicating potential alterations in the hemostatic function. These findings suggest that while ZnO nanoparticles do not significantly alter most blood parameters, they may affect neutrophil count and coagulation time at higher doses. This study underscores the importance of understanding the biological interactions of nanoparticles to ensure their safe application in various industries. The study establishes safety guidelines for handling and disposing ZnO nanoparticles, demonstrating a commitment to public health and environmental stewardship in nanotechnology advancement.

In this work, we report the novel green synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) using extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia leaves plant as a mild and non-toxic stabilizing agent. The synthesized Co3O4NPs was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy. In order to obtain its applicability, the carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with the Co3O4NPs and graphene oxide (GO) (Co3O4NPs/GO/CPE) was fabricated as anew sensor for trace determinations of dopamine (DA) and mefenamic acid (MFA). The electrochemical investigations on DA and MFA were carried out by application of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamprometry (CA) methods. The results showed that Co3O4NPs as the modifier in the proposed sensor can accelerates the electron transfer reactions of DA and MFA. Under the optimum conditions, the electrode provides a linear response versus DA and MFA concentrations in the range of 0.5-250 µM and 1-500 µM, with a detection limit of 0.15 µM and 0.3 µM, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited some advantages such as convenient preparation, good stability, high sensitivity and selectivity toward DA and MFA determination.

The study investigated the effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on ovarian tissue and the protective role of green tea extract in adult female Sprague Dawley rats. The study involved 32 subjects divided into four experimental groups: a control group, an AuNPs group, a green tea extract group, and a combined treatment group. Post a 28-day treatment period, the AuNPs group demonstrated a stark reduction in ovarian volume metrics compared to control, with the total ovarian volume dropping to 1.32 ± 0.14 µm3, cortical volume to 0.99 ± 0.10 µm3, and corpus luteum volume to 0.08 ± 0.04 µm3. In contrast, the combined treatment group displayed a pronounced compensatory effect with increased total ovarian volume (2.83 ± 0.44 µm3), cortical volume (2.26 ± 0.41 µm3), and corpus luteum volume (0.67 ± 0.09 µm3). The combined therapy also led to a significant increase in mean oocyte volume across various follicular stages, mirroring the control group’s metrics. The green tea extract group alone showed elevated oocyte volume, suggesting its stimulatory impact on follicular development. The findings underscore green tea extract’s mitigating response to the deleterious effects of AuNPs on ovarian morphology, highlighted by statistical significance (p<0.01) across numerous parameters including volumes of the ovary, cortex, medulla, and corpus luteum, as well as oocyte and nucleus volumes. The study presents strong evidence of green tea extract’s potential as an ovario-protective agent against nanoparticle-induced toxicity, suggesting its value for future clinical applications in reproductive health.

This study reports the removal of Ampicillin (AMP) and Ibuprofen (IBU) using synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Thymus fedtschenkoi leaves. This adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. The maximum removal efficiency was found at pH=4 (AMP) and pH=6 (IBU), the contact time=30 min, the adsorbent dosage=0.5 g, and drug concentration=30 mg/L. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were investigated to show the adsorption behavior of AMP and IBU. The adsorption data followed the Langmuir model with a coefficient of determination (R2)> 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was obtained 31.84 and 27.17 mg g-1 for AMP and IBU, respectively. Also, kinetic studies revealed that adsorption of AMP and IBU were fitted to the pseudo-second-order model with R2 higher than 0.98. AgNPs from Thymus fedtschenkoi can be a promising, inexpensive, and green adsorbent.

To enhance 3D printed denture base resin performance; ZrO2 nanoparticles were added to improve the biological and mechanical behavior. (110) specimens (50 dumbbell- shaped and 60 discs) were 3D printed and divided into five groups per test (n=10). The control group for each test included unreinforced 3Dprinted denture base resin, while the test groups reinforced with (1, 2, 3, and 4 %) nanoZrO2; with positive control of nystatin 1.4% for candida adherence test. Tensile strength was evaluated using universal testing machine while candida test was evaluated by spectrophotometer device through optical density verification. The study showed significant increase in antifungal activity of the 3Dprinted denture base resin after adding nano ZrO2 .The tensile strength mean was significantly higher than the control group; although the mean was decreasing with increasing the ZrO2 NPs.  The addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles increasing the antifungal activity of the 3D denture base resin, the increasing was proportional to the nanoparticles concentration. The tensile strength of the 3D denture base resin was significantly improved with 1% of ZrO2 NPs concentration among 2, 3 and 4%.

This study aimed to assess and compare the surface roughness of nanofilled resin based composite (Filtek Z-350 XT) after using different finishing-polishing systems. sixty disk shaped samples were made from resin composite by using standardized cylindrical metal mold with measurements of 2 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter. The samples were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (number = 10): group 1 (transparent Mylar strip), group 2 (Sof-Lex discs), group 3 (Super-Snap discs), group 4 (OptiDisc discs), group 5 (Opti1Step polishers) and group 6 (OneGloss polishers). For each sample, the mean value of average surface roughness (Ra) was defined after three-times measurements using a profilometer. Depending on the results of ANOVA test, the surface roughness of the evaluated groups was in the following arrangement: transparent strip < Super Snap discs < OptiDisc discs < Opti1Step polishers < SofLex discs < OneGloss polishers. The difference was statistically significant for composite surface roughness in the six study groups (P < 5%). The surface finish of Filtek Z-350 XT nanofilled composite was found to be influenced by the following factors: composition of the finishing-polishing system used, number of polishing steps, in addition to the flexibility of the system during execution of finishing and polishing procedures.

In this study, γ-Al2O3: Eu nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method were manufactured at 800 °C using X-ray diffraction pattern analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction energy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), the formation and construction of these nanoparticles are investigated. The XRD and SEM images confirmed the correct formation of the material structure and the uniformity of the formed nanoparticles, respectively, images of TEM showed the the average crystallite size is obtained to be about 10 nm, EDX violated the impure presence of these nanoparticles, created an infrared absorption spectrum, and examined the binding of nanoparticle bonds. Antibacterial properties of γ-Al2O3: Eu nanoparticles led to resistance to activity of 11 types of microorganisms. Results demonstrated that prepared Al2O3:Eu NPs have maximum antibacterial activity against microorganisms (15.63 μg/ml) and Al2O3:Eu have inhibitory effect against tested microorganisms. For Al2O3;Eu NPs, the disk diffusion test proved that the highest growth inhibition zone was related to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

In this work, the structural and optical properties of Fe2O3 Nano-fragments suspension in ethanol were studied in detail. The optical study includes characterizing the nonlinear response of the particles by using the spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) technique at several wavelengths (405, 532, and 650 nm). The structure and the size distribution of the collides were studied by performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) measurements. As a possible application, the potential of configuring an optical switch was also verified. The experimental results indicate that, for the amorphous Fe2O3 Nano-fragments with sizes ranging between 5-50 nm, the value of the nonlinear refractive index of Fe2O3 particles is about (0.8×10-11-2.73×10-11 m2/W) at 405nm. In addition, a pump beam at this wavelength can control any other probe beam at different wavelengths, regarding less the intensity of the probe beam. At wavelengths 532 nm and 650 nm diffraction rings cannot be formed within the light intensity used in this work (exceeding 25 MW/m2). The results of this study reveal the possibility of using these particles in optoelectronics and photonics applications.

This study aimed to investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of poly (O-Toluidine)-MWCNT films. The spin-coating method was used to deposit the solution on glass substrates, and different ratios of poly (O-Toluidine)- to MWCNT were used, specifically 99:1, 98:2, 97:3, 96:4 and 95:5. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible spectrophotometer were used to analyze the crystalline nature and optical properties of the deposited films. The XRD results revealed an amorphous structure for all the samples. The optical properties of poly (O-Toluidine)-MWCNT films varied with wavelength and doping ratio. It was observed that as the wavelength decreased in the high-energy region, absorbance increased and reflectivity decreased. Conversely, as the doping ratio increased, transmittance decreased. The absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient also varied with wavelength, both decreasing as the wavelength decreased. The refractive index exhibited a decrease as the wavelength increased. Furthermore, the optical conductivity increased with both the energy of the incident photon and the increase of MWCNT concentrations. Also, the optical energy gap values for poly (O-Toluidine) films decrease with the increasing ratio of doping concentrations.

In an in-depth study of Malachite Green (MG) dye adsorption on a chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid)/Kaolin (CS-g-P(AA)/Kaolin) nanocomposite, FTIR, FE-SEM, and adsorption isotherm analysis revealed significant findings. A pronounced decrease in absorption bands associated with amino and hydroxyl groups suggested their active involvement in dye sorption through hydrogen bonding. Post-adsorption FE-SEM images showed a roughened surface, indicating dye adsorption. The study carefully examined the effect of adsorbent weight on MG adsorption and found that surface saturation reduced adsorption efficiency beyond 0.05 gm. To maximise dye removal efficiency, adsorbent weight must be balanced. The Freundlich isotherm model favoured multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces, as demonstrated by a stronger correlation coefficient (R²= 0.9448) compared to Langmuir and Temkin models. Enhanced kinetic energy and entropy caused increased adsorption at higher temperatures, suggesting a largely physical adsorption process. Positive enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) changes in thermodynamic analysis support physical bonding, while positive Gibbs free energy (ΔG) indicates non-spontaneous adsorption. Conclusions show that CS-g-P(AA)/Kaolin can remove MG dye, and that adsorbent weight, surface contacts, and temperature are crucial. The findings help optimise adsorption techniques for environmental remediation, notably dye pollution management, demonstrating a scientific approach to dealing with environmental issues.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-graphene oxide (NGO), nano-graphene oxide-chitosan (NGO-CS), nano-graphene oxide-Methionine (NGO-M) and nano-graphene oxide-Cysteine (NGO-C) composites, by FT-IR to determine the formation of the new bonds, XRD to find out the particles size (7.4, 10.8, 16.83 and 19.52 nm) for NGO, NGO-CS, NGO-M and NGO-C composites respectively, through Debye-Scherrer equation. The fabrication of NGO, CS, NGO-CS, NGO-M and NGO-C membranes by vacuum filtration and determining of the average pore sizes by FESEM (52.31-613.20), (63.14-972.40), (49.53-347.50), (84.8-326.00) and (55.32-147.01) nm respectively. In the membranes used to separate an organic pollutant (BPB dye), the removal percentages are (85.65%, 95.35%, 98.52%, 86.91% and 92.61%) respectively, and the best membrane was NGO-CS. These membranes also used to separate trace heavy metals as inorganic pollutants, Ni+2, Cd+2, Co+2, Cu+2 and Pb+2 ions from aqueous solutions, the best membrane was (NGO-CS, CS, NGO-CS, NGO-M and NGO-CS) for each metal ions respectively, while the removal percentages were as follows (46.43%, 52.2%, 68%, 17%, 66%, 47% and 67.04 %) respectively.