نشریه دین و دنیای معاصر
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 17، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

in this paper, by using the method of IBE, a theory as follows is proposed which can explain rationally and justifiably the method that Imam al-Huseyn (AS) chose for his movement: Imam Huseyn (AS) from the beginning of his movement chose to participate in war and seek martyrdom consciously and voluntarily as the major mean to reach his aim and used other means such as trying for government formation, negotiation with his enemies, and peacekeeping as the minor means to facilitate the major one. The paper is organized as follows: in the first part, after explaining IBE briefly, and making a necessary distinction between two notions of method and purpose, the most common and important rival theories explaining Imam al-Huseyn’s (AS) uprising will be introduced. Then, by introducing some theological and Hadith evidence, it will be shown that the suggested theory, compared to its rivals, is the best explanatory one. Moreover, the theory can produce a theological and rational explanation for a disagreement between two infallible Imams. Hence, belief in the truth of the suggested theory is rational and justified. In the final section, from a theological point of view, we will discuss four related subjects: why Imam al-Huseyn’s (AS) chosen method was the most effective and efficient; the legality of Imam’s method; the morality of Imam’s method; and whether people are religiously permitted to follow Imams’ method.

The topic of this article is to examine the place and role of dialogue in the call of the prophets from the perspective of the Quran. One of the results of emphasizing the freedom of opinion and expression on the one hand and the expansion of communication technology and the centralization of the categories of mind, language and knowledge in contemporary philosophy is the importance of finding topics related to these categories, including the topic of conversation. Today, the topic of conversation is one of the important topics of philosophical, sociological, and psychological schools. The necessity of religious life in the new world is a suitable answer to the problems that the new civilization has thrown. Religious people consider their beliefs based on revelation and the source of absolute knowledge. Therefore, they are sure of the truth of their beliefs. Nevertheless, can they enter a conversation with others from an equal position and with the intention of getting closer or participating in discovering the truth? Did the conversation basically have a place in the calling of divine prophets who were directly related to the source of revelation? In this article, after examining the concept of dialogue and its related concepts, we have tried to investigate the Qur'an's view on dialogue and the role of this issue in calling prophets.

From the threshold of the 1960s, researchers in the western academies gradually explored the connection between Shiʿa mourning practices and their political movements. In addition to the anthropological analysis of Shiite mourning rituals in Ashura, this researchers theorized for the first time the connection between Ashura rituals and power relations in Shiite society. Although the contemporary Shias did not yet have political sovereignty in any land, these theorists realized that sooner or later a great political power would arise from among the Ashura mourning circles. This course of studies covers a period of about twenty years, it begins with the study of Ashura rituals along with similar religious rituals in other religions and leads to the understanding of the necessity of focusing more on the detailed study of the small parts of the ritual as well as the symbolic meaning of each of those parts. This one also leads to a change in approaches to further studies and marks the end of the aforementioned study period. The current study is an attempt to recognize the theories proposed in this twenty-year period, to measure their relationship with each other and to recognize the theoretical origin of each. This study aims to show how the first Western Ashura studies led to Shia phobia.

Wonders about numerical, verbal and spiritual harmonies or order of the Qur'an, musical tone and rhythm, melodic patterns corresponding to the poetic rhythms, astonishing geometric symmetry of the words and meanings of some parts of the Qur'an in its recitation and writing, have always been as the aspects of Qur’an’s expressive inimitability(I’jaz) and wonders. But the study and reflection in this field has been neglected due to some laborious exaggerations on the one hand; and the fear of the Qur'an believers of not being able to prove its inimitability (I’jaz) and the “challenge of the Qur’an” (tahaddi), on the second hand; and not paying attention to the wonderful role of understanding these manifestations to achieve Qur'an’s goals and limiting this topic to answer the opponents of the Qur'an on the third hand. Showing a perspective of the wonderful geometric, musical, and rhythmic and poetic order manifestations and writing symmetries of the Qur’an, this article proposes a hypothesis that extends the mathematical extraordinariness of the Qur’an into the field of proportions and harmonies, including geometry and symmetries. Also looking at modern studies, this writing develops the idea that Qur’an’s verses –by a the divine spirit - have the continuous ability to be a platform for the manifestations that are suitable for the talents and knowledge of the audience of the Qur'an.

According to verse 103 of Surah At-Tawbah, zakat is mandatory for all Muslims and the Quran in verse 60 of Surah At-Tawbah specifies how zakat is to be distributed precisely. However, the Qur'an has not mentioned zakatable items, and according to Islamic traditions, the Prophet has specified zakatable items. This article is to answer the question whether the purpose of the Prophet to determine categories for zakat disbursement as a form of taxation or was it a Sharia tax? Tax is a fixed source of income for the government in order to meet the expenses of fulfilling its obligations. The bases of these forms of taxation are flexible and have the potential to change over time, and based on public interest, decisions are made regarding its principle, quality, and rate. And what is meant by Sharia tax is a tax that has been determined by God and is fixed and valid for any time and place.The research method is analytical-descriptive and content analysis. The results state that zakat is not a matter of worship and its causes and philosophy of the decrees can be discovered. Based on this and relying on nine reasons, it has been concluded that zakat is a kind of taxation.

The central issue of this research is how the place of consensus and reputation in the derivation of women's jurisprudence is reviewed. This research explores the answer to this question by analytical-critical method and by referring to library sources. There is a claim of consensus or reputation regarding most of the jurisprudential issues of women. Some jurists have sided with the incompatibility of the implication of proof on the one hand and consensus and reputation on the other hand and have refused to issue a fatwa in accordance with proof. This process is not acceptable; Because the strongest type of consensus is invalid, as a result, other types of consensus and reputation cannot be used. In addition, disagreeing with the proof and agreeing with the consensus and reputation is not only a performance in accordance with caution, but it is a kind of imprudence due to disregarding the valid proof. Some jurisprudential fatwas in the field of women's issues are rooted in the anthropological foundations of jurists, which are incorrect; as a result, their consensus is on a case where there is an independent reason, and such a consensus is not valid. The correct path in jurisprudential issues of women is methodical research in reliable sources, even if the result of this research is contrary to consensus or reputation.

The change in the approach of Christianity in the form of Protestantism to the life of this world has resulted in the field of economic activities such as work and non-religious and secular education such as universities. Hence, the question is answered of how religious teachings can play a significant role in the quality of life in this world and in Changes in society's general culture and whether political, economic, and educational forms are effective. Since personal and institutionalized authorities such as the church were eliminated in the religious reform movement, Luther opened another way of understanding religion by presenting a new interpretation of the Bible, which promoted this world's view of religion. Other influential factors in this change of approach have been discussed in the teachings of Luther and Calvin and the religious reform movement in the form of the Puritans, which can be mentioned as follows 1- Changing the way of looking at the world and using it to show the greatness of God in the form of wealth accumulation and Creating jobs 2- Changing attitudes in the concept of work and creating work spirit for collective goals 3- Changing the equation of salvation in the Otherworld and its need for worldly salvation, at least in the sense of receiving the good news of salvation.Religion,

The discussion in Nietzsche's value theory begins with the question "Who wants whatIn fact, Nietzsche's problem is the beginning of individualityand everything that is directly related to the individual's desire is considered an exceptionFrom his point of view, every look is full of interpretations and there is no truth outsideof interpretations. According to this approach,Nietzsche enters the field of values ​​and with the method of genealogyhe removes moral values ​​from their metaphysical origins and evaluates the value of those values ​​in a historical contextFrom the school of existentialism,he pays attention to the individual and exclusive aspects of man and with a critical and anttraditional approach, he attacks the view of moral absolutism and other fundamental issues such as the purpose of morality, moral sense,moral conscience and the issue of virtues in the body of Western ethics. Finally,it comes to the criticism of Christian ethicsThe general purpose of this research is to investigate the place of "exception" in the critique of values ​​in Nietzsche's moral opinion and to criticize his thought methodically in this regard.the method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and genealogical in some cases, and as a result, it has been determined that Nietzsche's negative movement leads to moral nihilism,following the example of Hume, from his empirical predecessors, and these conflicts with the course of human societytowards perfection

The problem of this research is to investigate the application of Popper's falsifiability to justify religious propositions and the possible success of this application. Popper's philosophy of science has attracted the attention of Christian theologians and theologians due to the fact that he considers metaphysics to be a rational matter, and they have used his opinions in the philosophy of science and epistemology to justify religious propositions or refute scientific opinions that were against religious teachings. . In this research, which was written with analytical-critical method, while examining the application of falsifiability theory in justifying theological propositions by various Christian theologians, objections to this application were presented in two basic and constructive areas. The findings of the research show that despite the capabilities of falsifiability for the rational justification of religious propositions, basic defects such as totalism, the lack of a specific criterion for knowledge, and structural defects such as the logic of skepticism that governs falsifiability and the impossibility of suspending religious knowledge until new knowledge is obtained, prevent falsifiability from being able to, defend the truth of religion and religious matters and will ultimately lead it to the abyss of relativism.

According to the verses of the Holy Quran,one of the accepted principles in Holy Quran is its divine facilitation for reminder and understanding,which the understanding of vocabularies and combinations of Quran is the fundamental part of a correct understanding of the translation of Quran’s verses and the precise interpretation of them,and without a precise clarification of vocabularies and combinations of Holy Quran’s verses and their traits, the work of translation and interpretation will not be complete.The miracle of expression of Quran has been compiled and designed in a way that it rules out the possibility of any proper and justifiable synonyms that can be used as substitutes for words and syntactical and rhetorical combinations. In this regard, by relying on the points in the principles and rules of understanding Quran in the books of Fiqh-al-logheh,Quranic sciences, principles of jurisprudence and authentic interpretations, some examples of translation and interpretation of vocabularies and combinations and semantic system of words have been investigated based on a semantic approach to reach the depth of its meaning, and the method of non-synonymy in Holy Quran,i.e.non-compliance in the main core of semantic in the breadth of meaning of mutual words and non-inclusion of meaning in substitution and difference in co-occurrences, to be shown as a matter of reality in the holy Quran of God the wise.

Today's contemporary world is a world of struggles and conflicts. These conflicts show themselves in many matters, but they reach their peak in the lifestyle of today's people, which is represented in the field of culture. Justice is the same concept and virtue that sets foot on the field for these conflicts, and this time, because the arena is the arena of culture, cultural justice will be considered. However, the main problem in the development of social justice and, consequently, cultural justice in a society, is the lack of criteria and the measure. The field of cultural justice as one of the areas of collective life has not been refined to the extent of political justice and economic justice of work and its criteria. Therefore, we are facing a big problem in the discussion of cultural justice criteria. It seems that first, according to the debates about the criteria in social justice, the types of criteria in cultural justice should be examined. This article aims to explain the considered criteria in cultural justice. Cultural right, cultural good, cultural work, cultural need, equality of cultural opportunities, and a combined criterion are among the criteria of cultural justice, which can be the criteria for the expand of justice in the field of culture.

Le Coran des historiens (The Historian’s Quran) has been published in three large volumes in 2019 in French with the contribution of thirty researchers. The first volume consists of twenty chapters that examine the historical context of the Quran as well as its text and its manuscripts. Chapter fourteenth (The Quran and its Legal Environment) is the only chapter that is related to Islamic law and tries to reconstruct the legal environment of the Quran. A catalogue of legal texts from late antiquity that possibly had intertextuality relationships with the Quranic text has been made. Byzantine, Sasanian, Roman Provincial, Jewish, and Christian law are parts of the legal environment that has been studied in this chapter. The author of this chapter also proposed a new reading of verse 12 of Surah An-Nisa, which has different legal results comparing with those are known in traditional Islamic law. After reviewing the chapter, examples of the application of this historical approach in the framework of traditional Islamic law and Islamic jurisprudence has been presented. Persian translation of the chapter has also been provided