فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 68 (تابستان 1402)

This research aimed to present a strategic analysis model of fighting against narcotics based on the thought of the Supreme Leader.

The present research was applied of qualitative type. The study method was discourse analysis and content analysis, and the data collection method was documentary. In this research, the collection of statements and speeches of the Supreme Leader was used, focusing on thematic and special speeches on occasions, and the Delphi method was used to design a strategic analysis model according to the opinions of experts and experts.

The strategic analysis model based on the Supreme Leader’s thought was provided in five components of reality analysis, strategic goals, principles and values, and general and public policies and strategies, and also two sub-components of key competencies and challenges were presented under the reality analysis component. In addition, the strategies in the field of fighting against narcotics derived from the strategies extracted from the statements of the Supreme Leader can be classified into seven areas, including socio-cultural; scientific, technological, and educational; economic; political and foreign policy; legal, administrative, and judicial; and defense-security and infrastructure affairs.

The presented strategic analysis model can be used by all organizations to design strategies derived from the statements of the Supreme Leader.

 This research aimed to systematically investigate and assess the lived experiences of students with substance-dependent fathers.

This research was qualitative of phenomenological type. The statistical population included students with substance-dependent fathers in the city of Tabriz, 21 of whom were selected by snowball sampling. The data collection tool was an in-depth semi-structured interview. Simultaneously with data collection, coding and analysis were performed using the Colaizzi's method.

The findings showed that the lived experiences of this group of students included 6 general dimensions of psychological experiences, social experiences, family experiences, economic experiences, educational experiences, behavioral experiences, religious experiences, and 24 subcategories.

Comprehensive interventions, including family, social, economic, and psychological support are suggested to this group of students.

This research aimed to identify the factors influencing the relapse of women recovered from substance addiction in the city of Khorram Abad.

The current research was qualitative of content analysis type. The statistical population included women with a history of quitting and relapsing to substance in 2019. 18 people were selected as participants using the purposeful method and the strategy of choosing participants with the maximum variety, taking into account the inclusion criteria. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and the data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis.

Based on the data analysis, finally, 4 final categories of factors influencing the relapse of women to substance were identified, including psychological factors, social factors, dysfunctional family, and unsuccessful quitting.

According to the findings of this research, only one or more limited factors are not involved in the phenomenon of women’s relapsing to substance, but this phenomenon is the result of several factors, and it seems that by being aware of the risk factors of relapse in women, it is possible to take appropriate preventive measures by focusing on them.

The current research aimed to investigate and discover the semantic system of the substrates of tendency to substance use among high school students in Khuzestan province.

This research was qualitative of grounded theory type. The statistical population of the research consisted of high school students in Khuzestan referring to students’ addiction treatment centers in Khuzestan in 2022, among which 15 students were selected as the research sample using a purposeful sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In order to analyze the interviews, the theme analysis method was used in three levels, including basic themes (codes and key points in the text), organizer themes (categories obtained by combining and summarizing the basic themes), and comprehensive themes (higher themes, including the principles governing the text as a whole).

The results showed that the substrates determining and effective on the tendency to substance use included being influenced by and learning from family members, family tension and disintegration, unhappiness and isolation, inadequacy and shortcomings of the school, interaction disorder among students, poverty and economic hardship, learning from and being negatively influenced by peer friendship network, temporary happiness, and psychological distress. Based on the research findings, it can be said that the students' tendency to substance use is rooted in the poverty-based social life, poverty-based economic life, and poverty-based psychological life, all three of which lead to negative synergism acts in order to push these individuals toward substance use in a dialectical and cyclical process.

Based on the results of the current research, it is necessary to pay attention to preventive and intervention-oriented social, welfare, and educational policies. Welfare, social, and educational planning and policies can provide a substrate of capability and empowerment for vulnerable families. On the other hand, with the help of an interactive, educational, and community-oriented skill-based educational system, the school center can be used as an effective and efficient institution in order to improve the health of vulnerable students and reduce the tendency to substance use.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 40 heads of Wistar male rats (age 8-10 weeks, weight 130±30 grams) were randomly divided into 4 healthy resistant, morphine resistant, healthy control, and morphine control groups. The protocol of creating addiction was implemented through receiving increasing doses of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/ml of morphine for 21 days, and finally, on the 22nd day, the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome were examined as quantitative indicators. One day after the morphine withdrawal syndrome protocol, the sports groups underwent increasing resistance training for eight weeks (climbing a special ladder with a height of one meter and 26 steps with a distance of 4 cm, three sessions per week). Blood sampling was taken 48 hours after the last training session, and gonadotropin hormone and sirtuin 1 were evaluated using ELISA method, and finally the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test.

Eight weeks of resistance training caused a significant increase in the serum levels of gonadotropin hormone in the healthy resistance group compared to the healthy control group, but this difference was not significant in the resistance morphine group compared to the morphine control group. A significant increase was observed in sirtuin 1 levels in the morphine resistant group compared to the morphine control group.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training can simultaneously reduce the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome and improve sirtuin 1 levels in male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

The present research aimed to investigate the changes in empathy and emotion recognition of stimulant-dependent and substance-dependent individuals after two months, six months, and one year of treatment and comparing it with healthy individuals.

The current research was causal-comparative of longitudinal type. The statistical population included all substance-dependent individuals under treatment in addiction treatment clinics and healthy individuals of their families in the city of Tehran in 2021. A sample of 102 people (including 34 substance-dependent individuals, 34 stimulant-dependent individuals, and 34 healthy individuals from their families) were selected through the convenience sampling method. The research tools were the empathy test and the facial emotion recognition task.

The results showed that during the treatment, the empathy of substance-dependent individuals increased, and after one year, there was no difference between the substance-dependent group and the healthy group, while the empathy of the stimulant-dependent group still did not reach the level of healthy individuals. Also, it was found that during the treatment, emotion recognition increased in both substance-dependent groups, but even after one year, there was a significant difference between the two substance-dependent groups and healthy individuals regarding emotion perception scores.

This research showed that among the long-term cognitive damages of substance use are the effects related to social cognition abilities such as empathy and emotion recognition, indicating the importance of paying attention to the long-term effects of substance use and long-term cognitive rehabilitation and therapeutic measures.

The present study aimed to compare addiction readiness components among adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal peers.

This research was a descriptive, causal-comparative study. The statistical population consisted of all male high school students aged 13 to 18 years in the city of Tabriz in the academic year of 2022-2023. A sample of 97 people (49 students with ADHD and 50 normal students) were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected through the questionnaire for identifying people at risk of addiction. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance test.

The results showed that adolescents with ADHD scored higher on the total addiction readiness and its components, including depression and helplessness, positive attitude toward substance, anxiety and fear of others, and high sensation seeking, than normal adolescents.

It can be concluded that the presence of ADHD symptoms increases the addiction readiness context and level in adolescents and makes them vulnerable to addiction.

This research aimed to examine the mediating role of panic symptoms in the relationship between childhood trauma and substance use problems in methamphetamine users.

The current research was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling type. Among methamphetamine users referring to addiction treatment centers in Mazandaran province, 250 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The tools used in this research included the substance use questionnaire, the childhood trauma questionnaire, and the panic symptom scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that there was significant and positive relationship between childhood trauma and substance use problems, and panic symptoms mediated this relationship. Overall, the results indicated that the model had good fit.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that both variables of childhood trauma and panic symptoms play an important role in substance use problems. Considering the sensitive period of childhood and the lasting effects of traumatic experiences and their subsequent consequences such as depression, anxiety, etc. in adulthood, the results of this research can be a guide to inform parents of their sensitive role through educational programs in schools or the media. Therefore, paying attention to these variables is of special importance in reducing substance use problems.

The present research aimed to investigate the protective effects of endurance training and crocin on tissue changes of the cerebral cortex in an animal model of methamphetamine addiction.

In this experimental study, 40 female Wistar rats from Shahrood University of Medical Sciences weighing 140-160 grams were divided into five healthy control, methamphetamine, aerobic exercise methamphetamine, methamphetamine and crocin, methamphetamine, crocin, and aerobic exercise groups. 15 mg of methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 4 days to create an animal model of addiction. Also, the crocin dose for the samples was 40 or 80 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally, which was mixed with distilled water and was performed over 5 days. Aerobic exercise program including running on a treadmill 12-15 meters per minute for five days a week was implemented for eight weeks. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed and samples of cerebral cortex tissue were taken. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data and compare the rank values.

The results showed that in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction, tissue and cellular disorganization, changes in the shape and size of pyramidal neurons, and a decrease in the number of microglia cells were observed compared to the control group. Endurance training, consumption of crocin supplementation, and aerobic exercise, along with consumption of crocin supplementation, were associated with improved tissue and cellular changes in the cerebral cortex tissue in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction compared to the methamphetamine group.

It seems that aerobic exercise and crocin supplementation can help reduce tissue damage and improve the neural factors of the cerebral cortex in the animal model of methamphetamine addiction.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of matrix structured therapy on morbid narcissism, craving, self-efficacy to quit, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in stimulant users.

The current study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up design with a control group. Statistical population included all stimulant-dependent patients referring to addiction treatment centers in the city of Ahvaz in 2021, of which 40 people were enrolled using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 20) and control groups (n = 20). The participants of both groups completed the pathological narcissism inventory, the desire for drug questionnaire, the quit addiction self-efficacy questionnaire, the distress tolerance scale, and the mindful attention awareness scale in three stages of pretest, posttest, and two-month follow-up. The experimental group underwent matrix structured therapy in fourteen 90-minute sessions with the frequency of two sessions per week. The data were analyzed with covariance analysis with repeated measurement.

The results showed that the matrix structured therapy reduced morbid narcissism and craving and increased self-efficacy to quit, distress tolerance, and mindfulness in the experimental group. The obtained results also remained in the two-month follow-up phase.

Based on the results of the current research, matrix structured therapy is effective in reducing morbid narcissism and craving and increasing self-efficacy to quit, distress tolerance, and mindfulness.

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of attribution retraining intervention on dysfunctional attitudes and coping skills in individuals undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all substance-dependent patients undergoing methadone treatment referring to addiction treatment centers in the city of Semnan in 2018. Among them, 34 people were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Participants of both groups completed the dysfunctional attitude scale and the coping skills questionnaire in the pretest and posttest. Attribution retraining intervention was implemented in seven 120-minute sessions with the frequency of one session per week on the experimental group. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, and attribution retraining intervention improved dysfunctional attitudes and emotion-oriented coping in the experimental group.

According to the obtained results, experts in the field of addiction can emphasize the improvement of dysfunctional attitudes and emotion-oriented coping using attribution retraining intervention.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of work hope-based intervention on increasing the work hope in recovering substance-dependent individuals.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all recovering substance-dependent individuals of the Narcotics Anonymous Association of Khomeini Shahr in 2021. Among them, 14 people were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. The participants of both groups completed the work hope scale in the pretest and posttest. The work hope-based intervention was implemented in eight 90-minute sessions with the frequency of two sessions per week on the experimental group. The data were analyzed with the analysis of covariance with repeated measurement.

The findings showed that the mean score of work hope and its components significantly increased in the experimental group than in the control group, and this increase was also maintained in the follow-up phase.

It is possible to increase work hope in recovering substance-dependent individuals by using effective communication skills training in the career path, creating a positive attitude toward oneself and strengthening positive self-concept, strengthening religious and moral teachings, financial and emotional support, and using the experiences of successfully recovered individuals.

The present research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Pennsylvania resilience training program on psychological distress and life satisfaction of women with imprisoned substance-dependent spouses.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with imprisoned substance-dependent spouses under coverage of the Prisoners Support Association in the city of Meybod in 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected by the convenience sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Participants of both groups completed the psychological distress inventory and the life satisfaction scale. The Pennsylvania resilience training program was implemented on the experimental group in ten 90-minute sessions with the frequency of one session per week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance .

The results showed that the Pennsylvania resilience training program was effective in reducing psychological distress scores and increasing life satisfaction scores in women with imprisoned substance-dependent spouses.

The Pennsylvania resilience training program can be used as an efficient intervention to reduce the problems of women with imprisoned substance-dependent spouses along with other educational and therapeutic methods.

The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on uncertainty tolerance and psychological distress of women with substance-dependent spouses.

The present study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with substance-dependent spouses referring to public counseling centers in the city of Dezful in 2021. Among them, 30 women were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (n= 15) and control (n=15) groups. Participants of both groups completed the uncertainty tolerance questionnaire and the psychological distress inventory in the pre-test and post-test stages. Emotional regulation training was implemented on the experimental group in eight 90-minute sessions with the frequency of two sessions per week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that after controlling the pre-test effect, emotion regulation training significantly increased uncertainty tolerance and reduced psychological distress in the experimental group.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that women with substance-dependent spouses can achieve more uncertainty tolerance and experience less psychological distress by learning emotion regulation-based techniques. The result of this research can be used in educational and therapeutic areas related to substance dependence and its consequences.

The present study aimed to discover and extract the correlates of substance use among students in experimental evidence from 2016 to 2023.

The current study was applied and qualitative, which was conducted using meta-synthesis method. The scope of this study was research articles between 2016 and 2023 for international research and 2016 to 2022 for Iranian research. By using a purposeful approach and until reaching saturation and using the integration approach and Sandelowski and Barroso's meta-synthesis method (2007), 156 articles were selected and after the evaluation criteria, 61 articles were finally selected. Qualitative data in the form of categories, concepts, and codes were analyzed and implemented and analyzed in Maxqda 18 software.

The results showed that psychological (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and personality dimensions), family (communicative patterns, parental dimensions, family emotional atmosphere), academic (academic excitement, school dimensions, interpersonal relationships at school), social (community dimensions, interpersonal dimensions, socioeconomic status), and modulating (individual, family, social, and academic) correlates were related to students' substance use in empirical evidence. The value of Kappa index in this research was 0.89.

According to the extracted dimensions, it is necessary to design interventions, and plan and implement educational, therapeutic, and social policies in a systematic way to reduce substance use among students.