فصلنامه جامعه، فرهنگ، رسانه
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1402)

The aim of this article is to critically analyze the condolence message of Ayatollah Bayat Zanjani on the occasion of the Shah Cheragh terrorist incident. The targeted selection of this message for this study is due to its issuance under specific political, social, and security conditions of the country, and, as some researchers claim, its distinct composition. This study is qualitative in nature and employs a critical approach based on Fairclough's methodology. The results indicate that in this condolence message, descriptive combinations of events are quantitatively abundant (both positive and negative) and qualitatively carry a heavier ideological and emphatic load. However, the author of the message, through the extensive use of descriptive phrases and an over-reliance on referential language in the form of negative verbs, vague pronouns, ambiguous references, etc., seems more intent on describing an undesirable social and political situation in the country rather than explicitly protesting the current state. However, based on the interpretation and explanation of this condolence message, it can be inferred that although the author sought to condemn the killing of various individuals (without referring to the perpetrators) in all similar incidents (including in Sistan, etc.), the adopted stance essentially lacks a protest nature. The author, by avoiding direct confrontation with power, seems to position himself in a neutral stance

The communication concepts represented in Puppet Behind the Guidance by Sadegh Hedayat; a critical discourse analysisAbstract As one of Hedayat's most important stories, Puppet Behind the Curtain is vitally important for communication purposes. By reading the text and using all the elements in it, we found that the story's text contained a wealth of hidden and overt meanings. We also used the text to illustrate its unique story structure, artistic characterization, and various communication concepts. According to the Fairclough method of critical discourse analysis, we can study the functions of the critical levels of analysis of existing discourse to determine that sexual desire and gender are two dominant discourses in the story and in the core of the discourse. Specifically, the method of analysis used in this study is analytic, and the objects of analysis are the monologues and dialogues in the article, which are analyzed in a systematic manner, and the results are presented in diagrams, figures, and tables. Keywords: Hedayat, Puppet Behind the Curtain, communication, critical discourse analysis, Fairclough.               Introduction and statement of the problem:                    Sadegh Hedayat is one of the prominent and well-known writers of Iran's fictional literature (Kamshad, 2005, p. 201) in such a way that he is considered one of the fathers of modern Iranian fiction along with Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh, Bozur Alavi and Sadegh Chubak. (Spanalo, 2008, p. 103) The result of Hedayat's years of fiction writing has been able to place him in the spotlight of Iranian fiction literature, and despite the passage of many years since the production of his works, there are still a large number of scientific-literary articles and writings. They are analyzing his works from different perspectivesOne of Hedayat's stories is the story "The Doll Behind the Curtain" which he published in the collection "Shade and Light" in 1933. In this collection, there are other stories such as "The Woman Who Lost Her Man" and "Varamin Nights" is also seen. The story of the doll behind the curtain is one of the few Hedayat stories in which the subject of the story is told outside the country and the main character of the story enters Iran. This is the basis for showing a series of fundamental cultural, religious and social differences It helps to explain the main and central issue of the story, which is the romantic relationship of the main character, "Mehrdad" with the "mannequin doll".Therefore, this type of communication, which is unique both at the time of guidance and at the present time, can be analyzed and through the linguistic examination of the text, it is possible to reach the underlying and hidden layers of the text to determine what Are there discourses in the text? And these ruling discourses inform about the existence of a society with what characteristics? And with what ideological point of view did the author look at his contemporary society? And the discourses ruling the society originate from what elements? And finally, what is the role of communication in this regard? And what is the relationship between the author and his text?         Research Methodology               This article is a descriptive-analytical study of the content of the short story "The Doll Behind the Hedayat Curtain" based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory, and the method of data collection is in a purposeful and library-based manner with a survey tool and like any study. A case has a unit of analysis, and its unit of analysis is the monologues and dialogues used in the story, signs and phrases, and it is clear that the results will not be generalizable.  Theoretical Framework                 In order to properly analyze any story, it is first necessary to examine the elements of the story and the characters mentioned in the story, and then to study the structure of the story so that it can be used in the theoretical development of the analysis with the results obtained, which is considered the analysis of the text of the story. It provided suitable food for critical discourse analysis, therefore, in the first step, the mentioned concepts are planned.  Story elements   The story has a long history among the nations of the world, and in its long and ups and downs path, it has seen a lot of transformations, changes, advances, and various forms. The story has a special geometric texture and composition and has special elements. a kind that distinguishes it from other literary forms and techniques, and in this contemporary art story, in addition to having general and common elements in the story, has special elements and components. "An art story has elements such as plot and foundation Color, character and characterization, dialogue, conflict, scene and staging (time and place) are the angle of view and element of thought and message, and all these elements serve the message and thought of the story in a complete and systematic harmony. (Pervini, 2002: 497)        Story structure                          In relation to the structure of the story, we can refer to Freitag's pyramidal structure. Gustav Freitag, a German thinker of the 19th century, in his book entitled "The Art of Drama", assumes the structure of plays and stories to be a pyramid, which consists of three main parts, the climax action, the point The climax and the falling act are formed and each of these three parts is made of smaller parts in turn. (Dadsima, 1999, p. 537) (Figure 3)   Freitag's five-step pyramid                 Fairclough's critical discourse analysis   "Discourse" is the birth of modern linguistic studies and looks at language as a social phenomenon. Discourse actually considers the structure or texture of language at a level beyond the sentence and analyzes it, and since every phenomenon is understood and found meaning in the form of discourse, it can be claimed that discourse emerges as a completely social phenomenon when language is used. .  In relation to "discourse analysis", it should be mentioned that discourse analysis has its roots in linguistics and today it is an interdisciplinary trend in the collection of humanities and social sciences, and in discourse analysis only the constituent elements of the sentence are not addressed as the main basis for explaining the meaning, i.e. the context of the text. But beyond that, attention is also paid to factors outside the text, i.e. situational, cultural, social context, etc.In relation to the critical word that is added to discourse analysis, it should be said that Norman Fer Clough considers the term critical to be specific to those studies whose purpose is to show the connections that have been hidden from the eyes of society, such as the relationship between the language of power and ideology, in fact Fair Clough "Critical discourse analysis" considers the discovery of the relationship between discourse and social phenomena outside of it.   In other words, the approach of critical discourse analysis is a formative series of discourse analysis in linguistic studies that has advanced discourse analysis from the level of description of texts to the level of explanation in terms of theory and cognitive method, and in terms of the scope of the research, it has also expanded it from the level of the context of the situation. The person has expanded to the macro level, meaning society, history and ideology.Fairclough's critical discourse analysis model is derived from the interaction between power and language. He considers discourse to include text and social knowledge of text production and interpretation, and believes that this social knowledge is related to three different levels of social organization; the social conditions in which discourse occurs It has happened, the level of the social institution that includes the discourse in a wide range and the level of the society as a whole.According to Farclough's opinion, discourse analysis with a critical method also has three levels of analysis: the level of description, in which the text is based on the characteristics of cognitive language, including phonetics, phonology, syntax, word formation, and semantics, and to some extent, usage. then it is the turn of the level of interpretation, which deals with the interpretation of the text based on what is stated in the level of description, taking into account the context of the situation and the concepts and strategies of the application of language and intertextual factors, and the third level which is the level It is explained, it explains why the production of such a text is among the permitted possibilities available in that language for the production of text in relation to the factors of the cognitive society, history, discourse, ideology and power and contracts and social cultural knowledge. (Fairclough, 2001: 91- 117)Therefore, it can be said that if we consider discourse analysis to be the level of description, the critical analysis of discourse brings it to the level of interpretation and explanation, and while describing and interpreting the text, it answers the question why among the possible linguistic options, this text should be and during a specific event, why do people use certain expressions? In this regard, critical discourse analysts also believe that literary texts are also in the service of communication like other texts. The ability to analyze with a critical attitude and method.                "History, social structures and ideology are considered as the main sources of knowledge in linguistic criticism, and the analysts of the critical discourse analysis approach believe that the production, understanding, reading and analysis of texts are related to factors such as micro and macro contexts, including philosophical, historical, Political, cognitive, ideological society and discourse are related, because the relationship between people and society is not random and arbitrarily, but is determined by social institutions and other factors involved in the discourse, and the literature and literary texts of each period are also produced in a specific context. It is analyzed and interpreted." (Agha Golzadeh, 2012, p. 22)                                 From the results of the above sections, it is clear that in the story of the doll behind the curtain, gender is the main discourse and this discourse is at the center of other discourses such as modernity and patriarchy. The aforementioned discourses along with the points mentioned in the analysis in the story of the doll behind the curtain of confrontation; The ruling tradition in the eastern life and the modernity of the western life inform that the victim of the conflict between the two is the female gender, especially the traditional eastern woman. In fact, it should be said that Hedayat lives in a historical period of disorder and is a witness to a world-wide war, and from He suffers from the chaos of his society, he tries to awaken the reader's mind with his writing art and under the influence of his stories, he shows the dire and unpleasant situation of the society. He reaches a dead end in his stories and in This story and his other stories we are witnessing a tragedy, he tries to explain the causes of this impasse so that the reader can avoid falling into the trap of darkness and despair so that we will not witness this kind of tragedies again. The characters of the mentioned story and his other stories in their speech and even their behavior are reminiscent of the representative of the upper class and show well how each of them suffers in a society with a chaotic situation and why this storyteller in the work Like his other works, he has turned to drawing gloom, darkness and dead ends, it is related to his society, because he is guided by a realistic writer and a realistic writer sees and depicts the society as it is; A society in transition where ideological institutions such as school and family and centers of power such as tradition and religion have constantly influenced the people of the society and for anyone who wants to disobey these centers of power, it will lead to isolation. They claim to be the only available option.But Hedayat as an author is a person who is actually not separated from the main character of his story. He is essentially Mehrdadi who takes refuge in voluntary and self-made isolation with his emotional and sexual virginity, which according to critics runs throughout his life. Zand, that the society brings time for the intellectuals in front of him. An intellectual who, like the main character of his story, is introverted, isolated and lacks the ability to communicate with others, and this lack of communication with the society ultimately leads him to become a real tragedy. Gives.Hedayat, in the role of the narrator, and as it has been said, manifesting himself in the role of Mehrdad, instead of in the story, speaks frankly and unassumingly about rejecting the ideologies of the mentioned society and challenging them, and he considers his ideology to be without ideology, because as It was said that Hedayat believes in the confrontation of indigestible western modernity in the eastern society with its innate traditions, and his constant effort is on the aimlessness and absurdity of knowing meaning, which is done on behalf of the characters in his story.Therefore, it can be said that the story of the doll behind the curtain is a story that well depicts the alienation of modern man in the world and modern society and shows how man has reached a dead end in today's one-dimensional world, which is dependent on objects and Loneliness takes refuge.Years ago, Hedayat well raised the problem of the multiplicity of the citizens of today's Iranian society and especially their conflict between tradition, religion, family, modern society, the place of women and men, and showed the whole by proposing the specific issues of each category separately. Show how the woman as a second class subject is stuck in the patriarchal power of the traditional and transitioning Iranian society and becomes a victim in order to prove her position and take it back.

Studying the role of the media in the voter turnout: Systematic Review of relevant articles between 2011-2019Zahra Ojagh[1]  AbstractThis study is a systematic review of researches in the field of voter turnout and wants to identify the influencing factors on Iranian voter turnout. Four scientific databases were searched using keywords and 125 appropriate articles were recognized. Systematic review was done by specific protocol. The findings from systematic review suggest that research in this area has dealt with three categories that are media consumption, political marketing and advertising. The results show that there is a positive relationship between mass media consumption and political participation in general, but the form or type of media consumption affects it. Most studies focused on social media show that the relationship between social media use and political participation is positive, but the relationship between social media consumption and voter turnout is negative. The positive relationship between the use of newspapers, radio and television with political participation has been reported, but the effect of watching satellite programs on political participation has been assessed as more negative. According to these studies, the use of traditional political marketing tools and critical view to the current situation will increase voter turnout. The results also show the candidates' disregard for socially disadvantaged groups and development programs. Keywords: Political participation, Voter turnout, Media, Systematic review   IntroductionElections are the most obvious and measurable type of people's participation in the political arena. Since the 1990s, on the one hand, the number of countries that use direct parliamentary elections has increased, and on the other hand, the participation in elections has decreased in all countries (Solijonov, 2016). This issue has raised concerns about the role of the people and their will in the legislation and control of the rulers. However, it should be noted that the decrease in voter turnout does not necessarily mean that people become neutral and passive towards politics, and in many cases it happens quite consciously and as a protest or resistance movement. Iran is one of the countries that had more than 50% participation in most of the elections before 2018, and increasing the voter turnout has always been important for the officials of this country. In the parliamentary elections of 2018, which was said to be the lowest electoral participation of Iranians, the participation rate was 42.57 percent. It seems that the pattern of voter turnout is the same in most countries. However, various factors affect the voter turnout, which are contextual and appear in different ways in different societies. Identifying these factors in Iran can improve our understanding of the factors affecting voter turnout and planning for it. One of these factors is the media. PurposeNarrative review as a valuable method for research that can provide an image of the state of research trend in a specific field and summarize its findings for decision-making and policy-making, has attracted the attention of researchers in various fields. It is specially placed for medical and social sciences. However, so far, the studies on elections and political participation have not been summarized and integrated with a review method either in a narrative or systematic way. Considering the multitude of Iranian studies about participation in elections and the factors influencing the voter turnout, and considering its importance, identifying the influencing factors on participation in different regions and collecting them can identify both the characteristics of these findings and the lack of studies in this field. The results of this study can be used in policy making and election management. Therefore, the purpose of this study, focusing on media and communication, is to do narrative review the published papers about voter turnout in Iran. This paper is looking for an answer to the question of how much and how the media shape the voting behavior of Iranians.  MethodologyIn this project, we employed a qualitative research method, and narrative review technique was used to collect data. The statistical population of this study, which was conducted in 2018, includes all papers related to the subject, which were conducted with different qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. To select samples, papers were obtained from four databases i.e., google scholar, SID, Noormags.ir, ensani.ir, using four keywords, i.e. voter turnout, voting behavior, elections, and electoral behavior. The focus is on Persian articles and the used keywords are also written in Persian. Considering that political participation is influenced by background conditions, the focus of this study is on recent studies that have been conducted in the eight-year period (2010-2018). overally 460 papers identified in these databases were matched with each other, so, 168 paper were identified without overlap. Their abstracts were studied and finally, 33 papers related to the research topic were identified, which were published between 2011 and 2017 .FindingsThe findings of the study show that the quantitative approach and the survey method are dominant methodologically,and students, professors and employees of Isfahan University have been studied more. The research studies carried out on voter turnout with a focus on identifying the role of the media on the voting behavior of Iranians can be classified into three general categories:Media consumption: many papers have addressed this issue and have emphasized more on virtual space, the Internet and internet-based media, and less on satellite and much less on traditional media such as television and newspapers.Advertisement: This group of studies have paid more attention to the content of advertising posters.Political marketing: In the last eight years, it has been the focus of Iranian researchers and academics and they are trying to study the concept, strategy and tools of traditional and modern political marketing. Most of these studies are looking for solutions and strategies to present to selected candidates. ConclusionThe results of this study show that one of the expectations in the days close to the elections is that the media should intervene and invite the people to participate as much as possible. This approach comes from the belief in the view of the maximum effect of the media, which assumes a one-way and single-factor relationship between the media and behavior change. The prevalence of this reductionist view in Iranian society is such that, other social and political behaviors of Iranians are also attributed to the media, especially virtual space and satellite. However, the multitude of variables involved in issues such as voter turnout, the amount of voting and its direction is such that, it makes it impossible to establish any definite cause and effect link between the media, including new media, and political action and behavior. The results of the narrative review show that that radio, television and newspapers definitely have a positive effect on political participation, but one cannot have such a definite opinion about other media. It can be said that the content of the media is a determinant variable. In the perspective of how to create and distort facts, traditional media have critical role, and new media are important in the perspective of producing, distributing and spreading rumors which can make problems and issues for elections. Also, they have an effect on the type of participation and development of the public sphere. Other variables such as the feeling of effectiveness, the age of the audience, their social class, the competitiveness of the elections and people's feelings play important role in this regard. In the perspective of marketing, the results indicate the effectiveness of traditional marketing tools, the candidate's communication ability, criticism of the status quo, and emphasis on pole makers, which increase voter turnout. Integrated Political Marketing Communications and branding of electoral candidate have an increasing effect on voter turnout. Studies focusing on advertising posters also show the indifference of election candidates to marginalized social groups. The content of these posters emphasize welfare and are not in line with development. This review shows that the studies conducted regarding the role of the media in increasing or decreasing voter turnout in the last 10 years are not very much. So, on average, 3 researches related to this field have been published yearly. Considering the studies that have been done in the field of political marketing and advertising, as well as the few cities that have been studied; It can be said that the field of political communication with an emphasis on elections requires research focus and conducting more studies.NoveltyNo previous research has been done regarding the narrative review of the relation between media consumption and voter turnout to present an overall image in this field. The advantage of this study is that by using the methodological approach of narrative review, it has tried to uncover the tree mainstream subjects of research in this field that are media consumption, political advertisement and, political marketing.

The purpose of the upcoming research is to study the representation of the concept of lifestyle and its related components in the advertising content published on the Instagram pages of prominent automobile companies, which has been carried out using the qualitative research method with an emphasis on semiotics.The results of the research showed that the Automative Industries’ brands have paid special attention to themes such as “Environmental concerns”, “Compatibility with Nature”, “Earth protection”, “happiness, delight and adolescence”, “altruism and Support for disabled people”, “Comfort and Security and authenticity” and “Luxury Life”.The findings also show the focus of the three global brands Volkswagen, Hyundai and Mazda on the use of implicit and indirect connotations based on the natural environment and its beauty and animals but the Iranian brand of Bahman has benefited more from direct and simple references to the appearance and technical features such as power, speed, acceleration, balance and modern options of its product.

The purpose of study was a comparative analysis of the BBCPersian and the IRINN websites on how to reflect the speeches of the Presidents of Iran and the United States at the 73rd General Assembly of the United Nations, with an integrated approach to qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The results showed that the BBC Persian website, while reflecting Hassan Rouhani's criticism of US foreign policy, highlighted the US withdrawal from the (JCPOA) and the possibility of renegotiation in its news, and pointed to countries' opposition to Donald Trump's views. References to Iran's regional policies, changes in economic indicators following Trump's speech, and the return of sanctions were other areas of media coverage. The domestic media tried to mention the most important goal of our President in New York to explain the nature of US policies and the denial of negotiations with it along with the defense capability and influence of Iran in region and the defeat of Iranophobia policy . This dissertation also sought to identify the similarities and contrasts between the two media in terms of news structure and interactive and multimedia tools. Quantitative analysis showed that their news coverage was not statistically significant in terms of news elements and values, presentation method, thematic frequency of content, bias and multimedia tools, but in terms of sources and method of content preparation, the use of Short and specific news, use of value traits, use of interactive web tools and social networking facilities, differences were obvious or significant.

shortly after the Web 2 revolution and the emergence of interactive virtual space, we have witnessed the rapid expansion of social networks. With the birth of the new world, all human societies are now faced with a divided world. Many researchers came to investigate and understand the relationship between humans and this new field. In order to find the coordinates of this new world, many of them evaluated human concepts in cyberspace and redefined these concepts. Conversation is the main action in Web 2, and this issue shows the importance of examining the coordinates of the public domain as a platform for public conversations in virtual space. A platform for conversation between users that both shapes the construction of the network and distributes power throughout the network. The countless capacities of virtual space promised the realization of the public sphere; On the other hand, challenges build a barrier against every human ideal, including the public domain. The purpose of this research is to understand the equations in virtual networks by looking at the rules of the public sphere; Then we can have a proper understanding of the Iranian society and we can hope for the formation of a public sphere that can bridge the gap between the private sphere of individuals and macro-political and social issues and promote them. MethodologyIn this research, critical ethnography has been used. In this research, the five main steps of Karspeakan method are used. The first stage of collecting documents and observational data has been done. In the second stage, we have made a preliminary analysis of the observational data collected in the first stage. Then, in the third stage, through interviews, we have received the opinions and points of view of the participants. Then, in the fourth stage, we have explored and identified the systemic relationships between what was discovered in the field of research and broader fields. Finally, in the fifth stage, the findings of the previous stages have been linked to the larger sociological structures. We know that no population can represent the whole truth. Each society has its own perspective that can be evaluated and compared with other groups in the social environment. In this research, the voices of different social groups have been heard and used in the research. Sampling from the number that are available directly and non-probability sampling method is used for some members of the social network to be anonymous. It starts with targeted sampling and continues based on theoretical sampling until data saturation.Results and discussionfive strengthening components and eleven weakening components of the normative and prescriptive public sphere in the context of social networks include "lack of Coherence, the lack of historical progress of the conversation, the issue of elites, the commercialization of social networks, the priority of streamlining over the creation of conversation, the limitations of the platform, the criterion of likes and followers instead of logic, context-oriented culture, "the other" hostile and polarization, lack of belief in "Social construction, disruptive groups, facilitation of communication, diversity of narratives, facilitation of the speed of information transmission, and a new arena of representation" were identified. In the end, by analyzing the components, it was found that all kinds of speech acts are taking place in social networks, if we consider the public domain to be public conversations. We must admit that all three approaches need to pay attention to the sub-discourses within themselves and the statements of other users in addition to mutual dialogue. This issue is beyond the current discussion, but one can observe changes in the various sub-discourses that are under these three main approaches in the last decade, and these changes are still ongoing. If these changes are not understood correctly, we will soon see a change in the arrangement of discourse in cyber space. In the end, it should be said that if the purpose of the current research is only to investigate the existence of virtual social networks in the public sphere at the moment. The researcher believes that this has not been achieved, but if we look at the future, we consider this possibility. It should be mentioned that the multifaceted equation of the future of Iran's complex society, on the one hand, and the hope of promoting the virtual space even beyond Web 2, i.e., the formation of Web 3, promise very diverse and sometimes exciting situations, in some of which it may be possible to form the virtual public sphere was promising even in its ideal form.

The main point of this research is to design the executive model of strategic media management of the Judiciary with the approach of promoting social fund in social media. The research method is qualitative-quantitative, the qualitative phase with the Delphi technique and the interview tool, the statistical population according to "Berkhoff" including 11 experts been selected and are using the content analysis technique to analyze the text of the interviews regarding the dimensions and components been used. Semi-structured interviews in the form of basic themes and components of social capital in cognitive, structural and communication dimensions and strategic media management in the dimensions of environmental analysis, formulation and determination of strategies, allocation of resources, implementation and strategic control and to determine the current situation of the dimensions of A one-sample test was used. By analyzing the content of the interviews, 7 dimensions and 27 statistical components and a strategic management model of the judiciary were designed. The results showed that strategic media management in social media leads to the improvement of the social capital of the judiciary. During the content analysis, coding and the output matrix, showed that the judiciary does not have a favorable situation in terms of strategic media management, and it is very necessary to have a clever and administrative model for the implementation of organizational strategies.

Due to the increasing use of social media, this study has sought to find the effect of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, trust and perceived risk of social media on their actual use through behavioral intentions in travel planning and how these factors affect. The method of data collection is library resources for theoretical foundations of the subject and a questionnaire to test hypotheses. The statistical population of this research consists of tourists in Tehran. The final sample includes 420 completed questionnaires. To analyze the data, first a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the model was evaluated and then the hypothetical relationships between the structures were validated through the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that perceived enjoyment and convenience of technology have a positive effect on perceived ease of use and perceived ease of use along with media richness and trust enhances the perceived usefulness of social networks. While perceived risk has a negative effect on the behavioral intent of using social media, this effect is offset by perceived trust, ease of use, and perceived usefulness. Ultimately, behavioral intent leads to the actual use of social media. In fact, this study by examining the relationships between the factors affecting the use of social media in travel planning in Iran can help to understand how different factors affect the use of social media for travel planning.

By the beginning of the 1980s, the increasing number of women in higher education in the world intensified the notion of feminization of higher education. However, the passage of five decades and a review of women's achievements in higher education revealed the persistence of several inequalities, including the unequal share of women in leadership and management positions. Women comprise only 17% of the leaders in higher education across the world. This study aims to investigate and compare the obstacles and challenges that women experience on the path to leadership by reviewing research findings using the Meta-Synthesis method in 37 highly cited articles; in the global experience which includes more than 30 countries around the world. The findings revealed that the absence of female leaders in higher education has a variety of reasons that can be classified in the seven main components of “patriarchy and prevalent gender norms along with prejudice”, “division of gender work and conflict between multiple identities”, “acceptance of women in leadership positions, women as immature men”, “success in leadership positions”, “skills, interest and the role of mentoring”, “organizational factors and double standards” and “political interventions and super-structural relations”.Present findings revealed that women perceived several invisible and invisible barriers including laws, norms, and procedures, which constantly make various demands on them, and women have to afford different costs to reach and stay in a leadership position. Visible barriers such as wage inequality, inflexible working hours, low share of women in high academic rankings and discrimination in employment are easier to be identified and confronted, however invisible barriers are more effective and efficient. The pressure of hidden barriers such as the male network of distribution of academic opportunities, normative pressure of organizational culture, gender stereotypes and bias, non-acceptance of women as a leader, toxic relationships, and family demands, form an atmosphere around women that has commanding control over women and are invisible and acting like ghosts. However, this situation can be called as entering into the "territory of the wandering ghosts".These wandering ghosts include procedures, behaviors, stereotypes, expectations, and biased and invisible evaluations that the women leaders might obtain their satisfaction and obey to their commands in order to remain and hold the leadership position. Morley (2014) called women as "absent leaders" in higher education, and this study shows that these absent leaders must live in a "wandering ghost territory" and in order to develop competence and achieve higher positions should pay multiple personal, psychological, and family costs. This conclusion does not neglect the unique and precious role of higher education in the development of empowerment and agency for women but emphasizes that women pass in to the realm of wandering ghosts to be in a leadership position in this so called productive, powerful, and prestigious structure. Key Words: Women, Leadership, Higher education, Absent Leaders, Women in Management

The importance of the knowledge of target culture, in order to communicate correctly and efficiently, has entered the field of English language education since 1970s. Many scholars consider this issue to be aligned with the ideological aspects of English and cultural imperialism. They believe that excessive focus on the culture of English speaking countries not only exposes learners to identity conflict, but also leads them to separate from their cultural heritage. The present study, thus, has investigated maxims that guide English language teachers to teach cultural issues included in international textbooks. Data was collected through semi-structured interview with six English language teachers, in addition to distribution of an open-ended questionnaire among them. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Data analysis showed that "increasing learners' involvement", "conformity to the textbook methodology", and "paying attention to learners' needs" were maxims that led teachers to address cultural issues included in the textbooks. The findings also showed that "teacher education", "institutions' requirements", and "lack of critical vision" played an effective role in establishing their maxims. Based on the findings, the need for concentrating on critical pedagogy in teacher preparation and compiling national textbooks with the main focus on preserving and promoting national culture have been discussed.

Emphasizing on awareness and the obstacles to its transformation, this research has investigated why gender inequality persists in the works of Shahrnoush Parsipour. Parsipour's works, which are novels based on Iran's social history, and women's issues are one of the main axes in these novels, formed socio-statistics, and the ruling vision of this research was influenced by Lukács and Mannheim. The research method was grounded theory and the results showed that hallucinating illusion with the subcategories of hallucinating, cognitive bias and sanctification, the category of the temptation of stability and the fall of the power of thought with the subcategories of intellectual freezing, fear of knowledge and insisting on not knowing, the category of history-making narratives with the subcategories of adherence to error. collective and acceptance of distorted history and finally, the category of reproducing the chains of thought captivity with the subcategories of women's self-made conflicts and their superficial preoccupations are the obstacles to the evolution of consciousness and as a result, the stagnation of consciousness and the continuation of gender inequality, which in many cases is represented by natural women.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model for empowering new elementary school teachers in Tehran. Current study In terms of purpose Applied, In terms of data collection method it was a descriptive-survey. The present study was descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. In the first part (qualitative) for conducting field interviews, the statistical population of the research, prominent professors in the field of educational management and prominent and successful teachers with a long history in primary education were purposefully selected for qualitative interviews on research (18 The interview with 18 people continued to the point of theoretical saturation). In the second part (quantitative) after collecting information from qualitative research, a questionnaire was made and this questionnaire (53 items in the form of 8 components) among all new elementary teachers (elementary teachers in Tehran who have less than 3 years of work experience) were distributed (270 teachers). Max QDA Pro version software was used to analyze the interviews and extract the research codes. Stretch and skewers indicators to check the distribution of data (normal or abnormal) and to review and answer research questions and draw and develop a measurement model and structural model of SPSS software version 24, Smart PLS Version 0.2 was used. The results showed that all eight variables obtained from the present study, which include teaching and learning, teacher knowledge promotion, attitude, individual, communication, barriers to teacher empowerment, organizational and managerial, are components.