نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1402)

Due to the fact that the media plays an important role in the transmission of daily events, it examines the issue of Corona in different aspects of human life. One of the innovations of the current research is the investigation of metaphorical concepts from a multi-level view. By specifying the type of mapping in the four levels of image schema, domain matrix, frame and mental space between the two domains of origin and destination, this research shows which semantic domains are mostly used in the Kurdish language. Then, according to the influence of language on the thoughts of people in the society, it is determined what role has played in the society by each of the metaphorical structures.

This research aims to investigate the organization of Persian learner’s writings. Organization refers to the relationship between main ideas and the coherence of the text. Among the various approaches, the rhetorical structure (RST) by Mann and Thompson (Mann & Thompson, 1988) and Swale’s rhetorical movement (Swales, 1990) are advantageous for analyzing the coherence of written productions. Since each approach has its shortcomings that the other can address, this study combines these two approaches to efficiently investigate organization.

Autism, first introduced by Bleuler (1940) and later developed by Kanner (1940), is a neurodevelopmental disorder that poses challenges in communication for autistic individuals, hindering their social interactions and activities. Autism encompasses cognitive and linguistic difficulties, with genetics believed to be a contributing factor. Symptoms often become evident between 18 to 36 months of age. Autistic individuals commonly struggle with verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction, and other activities. Communication difficulties are a core characteristic of autism, with approximately 50% of autistic individuals being unable to use language for communication. A notable trait is the avoidance of the pronoun "I," and the repetition of words and phrases, known as 'echolalia.' There is a wide spectrum of language development among autistic individuals, ranging from those who never speak to those who exhibit slow comprehension despite fluent speech. This spectrum includes both mild and severe forms of autism, with some severely affected individuals being non-verbal or having echolalia. Milder cases learn language but tend to use words and expressions based on their own perspectives, making simple conversations challenging. The speech performance of autistic individuals has been a subject of controversy in psychology, as their appearance is often similar to non-autistic individuals, making it difficult for families to recognize and accept their children's challenges. This lack of recognition can lead to frustration for parents, who may not receive the verbal and practical affection they need.

Semiotic-semantic discourse analysis, as a suitable model for religious text analysis, particularly Nahj al-Balagha, utilizes the tensive semiotics model introduced by Jacques Fontanille and Claude Zilberberg. This model delves into the intricate interplay between intensive (emotional, internal) and expansive (cognitive, external) valencies, offering valuable insights into the dynamic structure of the text, emphasizing the tensive-active and sensory-perceptive relationships. This article explores how meaning is intricately woven in the enunciation, bridging the gap between quantitative and qualitative dimensions, thus shedding light on the production of meaning in the discourse processes within the Imam's letters to Mu’awiyah. The study transcends a mere analysis of the fixed letter structure, focusing on the fluid and adaptable nature of the letters' production process and the interactive dimension between the agent and the actor in the enunciation space.

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to compounding by linguists worldwide. While Persian linguists have extensively studied root and verbal compounds, phrasal compounds have received relatively little attention, possibly due to the lack of correspondence between the structures of phrasal compounds and common compound standards. This article aims to describe and analyze contemporary Persian phrasal compounds using a dataset of 281 phrasal compound words (135 synthetic and 146 root compound words).

Language plays various roles, and the significance of these roles varies across different societies. The communicative role, however, can be considered one of the most pivotal functions of language. Through communication, social categories, socio-political ideologies, relationships, individual social networks, and social control can be identified and influenced. According to Troike (2003), language has a clear role in social control because it directly conveys instructions to people. Humorous works serve as a significant source for shaping a society's culture, and an examination of the language used in these works can provide insights into the culture of that society. Profanity is a speech genre within popular culture, and its usage in humorous texts has seen substantial growth in recent decades. This research investigates the use of profanity in Sedgi's "Abnabat" collection using Hymes' model. In addition to classifying the profanities in this collection, we analyze the motivations behind their usage, aiming to answer the following questions: What functions do profanities serve in this novel? Is the use of profanity in this humor collection appropriate for the genre of the work and its intended audience?

Dependency Grammar, as one of the prominent linguistic theories in recent decades, examines the relationships among sentence elements, emphasizing their holistic and component-based connections. This theory defines the head and dependent relationship, wherein the verb serves as the head or governing element, dictating the number and types of complements required in a sentence (Herbest, 1988, p. 209). Dependency Grammar theory falls within the domain of structural and Formalist theories, focusing on the investigation of dependency relations among head elements and dependents within syntactic phrases, aiming to describe syntactic structures across diverse languages.Within the framework of Dependency Grammar, every sentence features a central verb. By considering its obligatory and optional complements, one can ascertain the fundamental structure of sentences in which the verb is employed. Tabibzadeh (2012), following Dependency Grammar theory and an analysis of verb valency structures, has identified twenty-four syntactic structures referred to as the basic structure for Persian sentences. These basic structures serve as foundational templates, enabling the generation, definition, combination, or conversion of sentences within a language. They provide the basis for producing all potential and existing sentences in that language. Due to the limited number of governing principles governing their expansion and combination, children can rapidly acquire the syntactic structure of a language.The extraction of these basic structures plays a pivotal and essential role in syntactic analysis. These structured and recurrent configurations constitute the building blocks for all syntactic structures in a language (Tabibzadeh, 1998). Despite ongoing efforts to extract syntactic structures in the Persian language, no prior research has focused on recognizing the syntactic features of children. Thus, this research is pioneering in its attention to the syntactic characteristics of sentences generated by children. The primary objective of this study is to examine the basic structure of sentences within written texts produced by children aged 10 to 12 years, employing the twenty-four basic structures of the Persian language (Tabibzadeh, 2012) within a dependency framework.

This study investigates non-canonical syntax in the Persian language from a non-hierarchical perspective, emphasizing the significant role of information-structural triggers, including topic and focus, in shaping the non-canonical order of left-dislocated possessive constructions. We apply Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993; 2004) to account for the grammatical and pragmatic properties of these constructions. Additionally, we utilize Syntax First Alignment (Newson, 2004; 2010) to explore the constraints and discourse-pragmatic reasons for left-dislocated possessive constructions, particularly those related to left dislocation in Persian.While left dislocation may resemble preposing, it differs in that a co-referential pronoun occupies the canonical position of the marked constituent (Schiffrin & Hamilton, 2008). Dabir-Moghaddam (2005) explains that left dislocation involves moving an item to the sentence-initial position, with a resumptive pronoun taking its original place.

The object marker "râ" has been extensively studied in the realm of Persian speech syntax. It has been posited that this object marker serves various functions, including definiteness marking, specificity marking, topicalization, and discourse management. Given the significance of the object marker "râ" in Persian sentence structure, it has not been thoroughly explored from various semantic theoretical perspectives. As a result, this study addresses this gap by considering different semantic factors and approaches to examine the object marker "râ" in Persian speech.The primary objective of this study is to provide a description and analysis of the factors influencing the presence or absence of "râ" in the Persian language. To achieve this, we hypothesize that the semantic attributes of the direct object, the semantic characteristics of the direct verb, and the extent to which the direct object is affected by the verb are the three principal factors influencing the usage of "râ" in Persian.

Neurolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field that explores the relationship between language and various aspects of cognitive function. It investigates the inner workings of the mind within the framework of linguistics (Ahlsen, 2006). A recurring question in this field is whether an individual's linguistic and pragmatic abilities can independently enhance or hinder communication for those with neurological disorders. Some individuals with aphasia can compensate for their linguistic deficits by relying on their pragmatic skills. However, it has been observed that individuals with dementia, due to impaired pragmatic abilities, struggle to maintain their communication skills (Ulatowska & Chapman, 1995). Despite numerous studies, the exact nature of the pragmatic breakdown in dementia remains poorly understood and is a subject of ongoing debate (Garcia & Joanette, 1994).Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. According to the International Classification of Diseases, Alzheimer's is characterized as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive function that impairs daily activities (Kilmova et al., 2015). This disease affects various aspects of cognitive function, including memory, reasoning, thinking, language, and judgment, gradually causing linguistic and cognitive problems by shrinking the cerebral cortex (Milton, 2008). Linguistic deficits are often among the first cognitive signs of Alzheimer's disease. These deficits manifest as difficulties in understanding word meanings, finding appropriate words, naming objects, and comprehending words due to a decline in the social aspects of language. Consequently, individuals with Alzheimer's may struggle in social communication, speaking excessively, loudly, repeating themselves, or losing track of the conversation's topic.Assessing and identifying the language problems of individuals with Alzheimer's requires a comprehensive understanding of how the disease impacts language and the patients' cognitive perceptions. Recognizing the language abilities and disabilities of Alzheimer's patients at different stages of the disease can inform the provision of rehabilitation services for this segment of society. This research seeks to provide scientific insights into the linguistic performance of Persian-speaking Alzheimer's patients. The study aims to compare the discourse of Persian-speaking normal individuals and patients with Alzheimer's (at early and middle stages of the disease) at both linguistic and pragmatic levels. The study aims to address the following questions:Is there a significant difference in the discourse of Persian-speaking normal individuals and patients with Alzheimer's (at the early and middle stages of the disease) at linguistic levels?Is there a significant difference in the discourse of Persian-speaking normal individuals and patients with Alzheimer's (at the early and middle stages of the disease) at pragmatic levels?

Call centers are often regarded as a reflection of organizations responsible for answering customer inquiries and promoting new products and services. The manner in which call center operators engage in conversations is of utmost importance. Failure to adopt effective communication strategies can lead to verbal challenges, potentially tarnishing the company's brand image and resulting in customer loss. This study falls within the realm of pragmatics and seeks to investigate the conversational attributes of Tejarat Bank's call center operators, both male and female. It employs the principles of Austin's Speech Act Theory, Yule's Speech Act Theory, Grice's Cooperative Principles, and Yule's Principles of Implicatures. The research aims to address the following questions:What differences exist in the frequency of speech act types in conversations between male and female operators at Tejarat Bank's call center?How do the frequencies of implicature types in these conversations differ between male and female operators at Tejarat Bank's call center?What are the variations in the frequencies of speech types between male and female operators at Tejarat Bank's call center?How do the frequencies of Grice's Cooperative Principles differ in conversations between male and female operators at Tejarat Bank's call center?