نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 66 (تابستان 1402)

Rhetoric is a science whose subject is to investigate and show the techniques and artistic methods of making words effective through the use of literary beauty. Since the examination of various aspects of beauty and showing the miraculous aspects of the Holy Quran has always been very important among commentators, knowing the rhetoric and rhetorical methods of the Quran not only reveals the aspects of the rhetorical miracles of this holy book, but also its hidden meanings and hidden treasures. also reveals The present article is a research in which the authors have tried with an analytical-descriptive method and direct reference to two Qur'anic and literary interpretations of Rooz al-Jinnan and Ruh al-Jinnan by Abul Fattoh Razi and Kashf al-Asrar and Kita al-Abrar by Abolfazl Mebidi, literary beauties that have remained away from the eyes of commentators or Find the ones that have been treated less and compare them. After analyzing the examples, the authors conclude that in these two commentaries, special techniques are used such as: Chinese layout or introduction, sayings or basic references to the meaning, complex or breaking the word between two stanzas, etc. Two items are used in Kashf al-Asrar and two items are used in both interpretations.

In recent years, statistical analysis is used as a tool to evaluate the independent characteristics of texts. Keith Johnson, one of the theorists of statistical stylistics, believes that the style of that text can be obtained by calculating the ratio of the vocabulary of each text. In translation studies, this model can also be used to check the vocabulary diversity of the target text and compare it with the source text. The Inside Out (2015) is the winner of the Oscar award for the best animation, which was well received due to the fascinating subject of psychology and artistic depictions of mental concepts. In terms of style, the script of this animation is full of general and specialized words, a feature that is also evident in the translation of the script. In this research, an attempt is made to compare the lexical diversity of the Arabic and Persian dubbing of the above animation by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and referring to Johnson's model. The results show that the vocabulary of the Arabic dubbing of animation (52%) is more diverse than its Persian dubbing (45%). The reason for this variety of vocabulary can be found in the word production process in Arabic (based on derivation) and its clear difference from the word production process in Persian language (based on composition); Because the process of derivation provides the possibility of producing more diverse words than the process of composition.

The present article compares the common themes of love in the poems of Walada and Ibn Zaydun with Lily and Majnoon (Nezami). In this article, the poem Lily and Majnoon, the immortal poem of Hakim Nezami Ganjavi, has been examined and verses from this poem that had romantic themes have been compared with the poems of Walada and Ibn Zaydun, poets of the same age, written in Arabic. . Undoubtedly, the origin of this story belongs to the Arabs and its history dates back to the late seventh century AD. The name of Walada was always appropriate with the name of Abu al-Walid Ahmad ibn Zaydun, a minister and poet who saw a lot of love and affection for Walada and composed his most beautiful and delicate poems for him. The research method in this letter is the use of source books and a variety of library research (survey) and descriptive-analytical.

Poetry as a Fuzzy Domain: How Metaphor and Ambiguity Make Poetry Fuzzy?AbstractFuzzy logic is, in all likelihood, an ancient domain known probably even to Aristotle's predecessors. However, it was not until 1965 when professor Lotfizade published his article ''Fuzzy Sets'' that it was systematized into a decent field of study. Fuzzy Logic challenges Aristotelian logic on many grounds, rejecting its rigid division of the world phenomena into binary oppositions, its certainty and its ignorance of the grey ground in between. Little work is done in Iran on the implications of fuzzy logic for literature and especially poetry. Far from being a first step, this study is an attempt to answer the call, posing such questions as the following. Is literature a fuzzy phenomenon? How? Can metaphoricity be graded? What about ambiguity? How does metaphor and ambiguity make poetry a fuzzy domain, introducing the concept of continuum and blurring the previously-held boundaries?Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Literature, Poetry, Metaphor, Ambiguity.

Ali Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, versus Shahnameh. Applying a descriptive-analytical method and library references, the present paper aims to determine the influence level of this less known religious epic from the stylistic elements of Shahnameh linguistically. This is a comparative study; therefore, at first, we have chosen two stories from Shahnameh, “Rostam’s combat with Ashkbous” and “Amroas’s combat with Imam Ali” and Ali Nameh composed by Rabi’e. The stories were compared and contrasted phonologically, morphologically and syntactically in order to figure out their common and distinct features linguistically. The findings reveal that although Ali Nameh has been composed against Shahnameh 70 years after that, it is highly affected by Shahnameh in term of linguistic styles. In fact, Ali Nameh includes a majority of phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Shahnameh and its Khorasani style. The high level of influence from Shahnameh proves that Shahnameh has always been considered as an indicator and stylist work which has inspired other epic poets.

Nader Naderpour, a Persian pictorial poet, and Nizar Qabbani, an Arab romancer, are famous contemporary figures. Naderpour's poetry is a pure image. Qabbani expands love in the concept of all attachments and creates magnificent and pristine images. The reflection of his petition against the rampages and trampled women's right is shown in romances with new images. The theme of two poets' poems is sadness and love; Both of them moved away from their homeland and depict the time and place of exile. This research has a descriptive-analytical method and evaluates and compares the prominent images of two poets' poems by classifying them and criticizes the use of nature effects in the structure of the images. Naderpour is very masterful in creating atmosphere and gives a narrative form to the poem. The findings show; Phenomena play a fundamental role in their image structures. Reflection of romantic feelings and depiction with beautiful pictures of creation makes their poetry attractive. The depth of thought affects both humans and beyond the ideal world, extensive sadness and love in the images and creates empathy. The free thought of two poets plays a prominent role in the formation of images and they achieve innovation with the modern structure. Naderpour's and Qabbani's poems are consistent and compatible in terms of themes and image structures.

Undoubtedly the love of the homeland of the most important affairs tenderness the poets home to it has dealt stray missile hit his house. A tattered French uniform to dusand home one of the important extension of poetry poets of the. mor depths of the people. Feel, friendship in history humanity among all peoples huma are responsible to different problem. Mohamad maghote of poets and writers and literaturemoasear arabeaceandandconsidered. Of Syria is but a part of his life. in Lebanon run. Like two too homeland Adouneasand emaciated gobani years Far from home life. But Malik bahare of laureate the most outstanding poets and writers, the representative of active and militant several of the National Council and the most famous journalists and dignitaries and political intellectuals period of constitutional monarchy and semi-the First Pahlavi monarchy is the political life of him from the beginning of the national movement mashroutehpolitical life of spring like other aspects of his life and complex, and the other with performing the scientific and literary him close poet affect bad conditions of society political poems From Islamic Shariats point composed by writing poems color, sense of friendship and become a shoe and stimulate and seed hatred of enemies in their hearts within both the poet In the period of colonial hard, poverty, UAE corruption, tyranny From Islamic Shariats point of life the ruling political time terms were similar.

"Attavassol elattarassol" and "Mesbaholrasayel va mesbaholfazayel" are two works of type of origin with technical style. The first of which is a collection of correspondence and the second of which is in the etiquette of correspondence.Undoubtedly the works with the same literary type and historical period are matched style. but sometimes a unique work emerges and is followed, or the similarity of the two works is such that it is worthy of attention. Attavassol elattarassol is also one of the excellent texts, which Mesbaholrasayel , of the valuable secretarial books and of the first works written in correspondence, with a unique resemblance to it.This article seeks to show the practicing of Movaffagh ebne Mohammad Majdi (author of Mesbaholrasayel ...) to the style of Bahaeddin Mohammad e Baghdadi (author of Attavassol ...) and the unique similarity of their work.Therefore the two mentioned works are compared with comparative and analytical method, its upshot is expressed based foundations of stylistics and mentioning the evidence in this speech.The results show that "Movaffagh ebne Mohammad e Majdi" followed writings of "Bahaeddin Mohammad e Baghdadi" as a model and wrote the principles of writing in accordance with the religion contained in his writings. Through this research, the factors that differentiate the two works in question have also been revealed. The available evidence shows that the difference between the two arises from the different subject matter of these books and sometimes the personal interests of their authors.

In this research, the background of wine poetry in Arabic and Persian literature and how it evolved in the literature and nation of Iran and the Arabs is shown to express the spirit of both nations. Description of wine has been an inseparable part of ancient Arabic Qside(odes) or a long time and in the course of time, this type of literature was given a complete and independent structure from Arabic Qaside(odes) by the Iranian poet of Arab descent.Hasan lbn Hani known as Abu navas with name of khamrieh. in Arabic literature, the material aspect has always prevailed in this kind of literature, and rarely did the spiritual aspect find its way, that Ibn Fariz was the representative of this type of thinking in Arabic poetry, of course, this aspect was not late in Arabic poetry. in Persian literature, due to the non-existence of poetry in the pre-islamic period, we can recover and reread the heritage of this literary form only from the time of Rudaki Samarqandi.and in addition to its material aspect and the writing of this poem in the description of wine in royal parties and gatherings by famous poets such as Daqiqi ،Kesai، Manochehri ،Khayyam and… in the description of wine and related matters to Saqi, Nadim, Motreb ,Jam(cup) , sagar (saghar) and…

Society and literature have a reciprocal and two-way relationship, and literary works are the product of life and the social environment. Realism is in fact the representation of the real life of human society and addressing the realities and issues in society and expresses the sense of responsibility and attention of poets and writers to the tangible realities of society, which after the Second World War with the Zionist efforts became more prominent. This sense of commitment of writers to the realities of the Islamic world became more apparent. "Mohammad Afifi Matar" and "Mehdi Akhavan Sales" live in two societies with similar social conditions and have common views in dealing with existing social issues due to common intellectual and ideological backgrounds. This article, while defining the school of realism and introducing these two prominent poets of Egypt and Iran, and examining their revolutionary poems, tries to express the most important components of realism in their poems. These include: patriotism, continuing to protest against tyrants, waiting for freedom and the elimination of oppression, poverty and hunger, and loving the mother.

The present research considers the analysis comparative types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the count Monte Cristo. Samak-e- Ayar is the greatest inheritance of the Persian written in prose in the 6th century Hijri and the count Monte Cristo was created by Alexander Dumas in the 19th century A.D. which belong to Romance in the classification of fictional literature. The major problem in the research is how the types of narrative apply in these two outstanding Persian and French works. They will be studied by descriptive- analytical method. The narration is the most important fictional item in the works. The writers have considered not only the presentation of type of narrator but also characterization and description. The findings show that the narrator of Samak-e Ayar and count Monte Cristo are a text-oriented heterogonous unlimited wise person. It can be seen the types of narrative to two forms: the 3rd person singular and the 1st person plural. Multiplicity of the narrative can be seen in Samak-e- Ayar and the count Monte Cristo, so it causes to be more attractiveness. The narrator have the same function. It is endoscope of out.