Journal of Engineering in Industrial Research
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Dec 2020

 Natural gas hydrate is a solid crystalline compound formed from the combination of water and gas and is part of the clathrite family. Guest gas molecules are trapped within the cavities of the water network, which is formed by hydrogen bonding between water molecules. .They fell. A good example of these gas molecules are compounds smaller than pentane in natural gas such as methane, ethane, propane and carbon dioxide. Gaseous hydrates can be formed by pure gas or a gas mixture consisting of two or more components. They are considered a solid solution in which guest gas molecules and hydrate gases are in contact with the host network (water). Chemical inhibitors are used to prevent gaseous hydrates in gas transmission pipelines. Thermodynamic and kinetic inhibitors are divided into two groups. These inhibitors also differ in the type and extent of use in pipelines.These inhibitors also differ in the type and extent of use in pipelines.

Reactive power and voltage control are one of the most important ancillary services that is a very important role in network stability and optimum utilization of the market. If the independent power system operators, uncertainties in levels of generation, transmission, and distribution in order not to be considered reactive power market clearing, events may lead to drastic changes in the reactive power system voltage instability and even resulting network will be off. In this paper, the objective function that is used in the process of reactive power market clearing optimization constraint that they have been reviewed and modified scenarios. Finally, to settle the right to enter the market despite the lack of definitive reactive activities, the NSGA algorithm is presented that the purpose of this algorithm, creating a compromise between the technical and economic objectives and targets system. This structure introduced by more realistic and reactive power distribution is done in such a way that in case of contingency, interest independent system operator will be better prepared to overcome them, and they sustained fewer expenses due change contracts with market participants.

In this method, particles are separated from each other using destructive energies such as ultrasonic vibrational energy. The propagation of ultrasonic waves in solution produces very large local pressures thousands of times the atmospheric pressure, which breaks the bond from clumping. Changing the pH of the plating bath changes the zeta potential of the particles. Zeta potential is the electric potential that exists at the boundary between the solid surface and the liquid environment in which the solid particles are located and is a function of the surface charge of the particle, the adsorbed layer at the interface, the type and composition of the medium in which the particle is suspended. The magnitude of the zeta potential of a particle is a measure of the interaction of particles in such a way that it can be used to predict the long-term stability of the solution. If the particles have a positive or negative charge, they tend to repel each other and resist agglomeration. On the other hand, if the particles have low zeta potential, there is no factor to prevent the particles from agglomerating and as a result, the particles become agglomerated. The boundary between stable and unstable solutions is +20 mV and -20 mV, which means that if the zeta potential of the solution is more than + 20 mV or less than -20 mV, the solution is usually stable, and if the zeta potential is between 20+ mV and -20 mV, there are unstable solutions and agglomerated particles.

The progress of novel bioactive and antibacterial food packaging materials that prolong the shelf life of food is a significant purpose in food industry. Bioresource polymers like poly (lactic acid)(PLA) are superior compared with old style petroleum polymers like polypropylene. On the other hand, PLA is a natural based polymer that manufactured from sugar or starch in carbohydrate resources like rice , tapioca, molasses , wheat, sugar beet , corn, whey, wheat straw sugar cane, sweet potato, barley , corn stover and black wheat, so at recent years extruded PLA packages have been modified using phytochemical characterized preparations for extensive performs like cups, over wrap, blister packages and food containers. For improving renewable and degradable packaging materials, mixtures of PLA matrix with other fillers like anti-oxidants, proteins, vitamin E, rosin and various nanoparticles have also been explored in form of PLA nanocomposites applied as food packaging. This review paper aims at summarizing the researches on the new development of PLA nanocomposites for manufacturing active food packaging.

Composite coatings are obtained by simultaneously placing non-conducting and insoluble particles inside the metal. These coatings have desirable mechanical properties and are more resistant to abrasion and corrosion than metal coatings. The degree of increase in their strength depends on the morphology of the neutral fine particles inside the composite coating and their amount. Reducing the size of the background grain as well as reducing the diameter of the reinforcing particles improves the properties of the composite coating. Good mechanical properties and oxidation resistance and good magnetic properties of these coatings have caused special attention in recent years and are widely used in various industries. Electric deposition method due to simplicity and cheapness, low process temperature, ease of achievement Nano structure as well as the production of high density and porosity-free coatings is one of the suitable methods for applying these coatings and has been of special interest to researchers in the past few decades. Nano-sized ceramic particles, the deposition of very thin coatings. They have made it possible for motor components and bearings to be highly regarded and used in micromechanical manufacturing units. Cream coatings prepared by the electrical coating method are very important in engineering parts. Cream coating has many applications due to abrasion resistance and high chemical resistance to protect the base metal against abrasion, corrosion at high temperatures and decorative applications. Cream composite coatings improve the deposition structure of the cream, for example, the abrasive and lubricating properties of the coating are improved.

One of the most important properties and quality features of a high quality gasoline product is also low levels of pollutants such as sulfur, benzene, and aromatic compounds such as sulfur, benzene, and aromatic compounds and lead and manganese particles from environmental standards, octane number of the fuel. The higher the octane number is, the fuel is more resistant to combustion, pressure and heat. Basically, the octane number is a measure to indicate the gasoline resistance to the heat, push and start of spontaneous combustion. The octane number is a fully conventional quantity of terms that have assumed the normal octane number of heptane, zero and the iso-octane 95, and the rest of the compounds have been calculated to these two. In the case of hydrocarbons, they are paraffinic the higher the number of branches increases, the higher the octane number increases. Being cyclic and aromatic also increases the octane number. Regarding the mentioned cases, it is obvious that the conversion of normal paraffin hydrocarbons to iso paraffin’s, naphthenes and aromatics leads to an increase in the octane number.

As mentioned, another important characteristic of gasoline produced in addition to octane number is the amount of benzene in it. The maximum permitted benzene level is 1% vol. in accordance with the European standard of 2005 in gasoline. Of course, for 2011, the United States has lowered benzene levels to 0.62%. Therefore, in optimizing the gasoline product, the parameters affecting the reduction of benzene production should be considered. In this research, we tried to study the changes in the distillation curve of the refined heavy naphtha catalytic converter unit, the results of the octane number and the benzene volume percentage contained in the final gasoline product. In order to carry out this study, changes in the Reboiler thermal bar of the naphtha hydrogen purifier separator tower should be made in response to the low temperature variations of the tower and, consequently, the value of the product distillation curve at the bottom of the tower, which is essentially the feed of the catalytic converter unit. This study was carried out under nominal capacity of 150 ton/hr, heavy catalytic converter and flow of 22 ton per circulating gas with 92 percent purity of hydrogen and 800 kg/h of catalyst and 525 °C reactors input.